As our understanding of the neurobiological and molecular bases of sleep expands, it is becoming increasingly clear that both the quality and quantity of sleep can greatly affect our physical and mental health; it is therefore critical that issues affecting sleep and wake be adequately recognized and appropriately managed. As the state of the science of sleep improves, so does our ability to differentially diagnose and effectively treat sleep/wake disorders. There are numerous pharmacological and nonpharmacological treatment options available that target various components of the sleep/wake circuit to improve sleep/wake issues. There are also several agents under investigation for their potential as treatments and possibly disease-modifying drugs for an assortment of sleep/wake disorders.