Index

Index

ABA Guidelines for the Appointment and Performance of Defense Counsel in Death Penalty Cases, 237–238

Abernathy, Christopher, 47, 215

Ablin-Hertz, Keren, 364

abolition of the death penalty, 20, 145, 155–156, 167 See also specific states

abuse cases. See rape cases; Shaken Baby Syndrome cases

Abusive Head Trauma cases, 187, 189–190, 192 See also Shaken Baby Syndrome cases

accuracy

DNA technology and, 78, 85, 97

informant testimony and, 87–88, 92–94

plea bargaining and, 86–87, 89–92 See also evidentiary inaccuracies

ACLU, 241

acquittals, perception of, 28

Actual Innocence (Scheck, Neufeld, and Dwyer), 58, 117, 120

actual innocence vs. “not guilty” verdict, 62, 80 See also innocence

Adams, James, 152

Adelman, Lynn, 27

administrative rule reform, 118, 130–131

AEDPA. See Antiterrorism and Effective Death Penalty Act (1996)

Aeschylus, 380

Africa, 367–368 See also South Africa

African Americans. See racial discrimination

AHT. See Abusive Head Trauma cases

Air Quality Project, 125

Alabama, 230–231, 310

Aleman v. Village of Hanover Park, 194–195

Alexander, Richard, 55

Alford plea, 269, 289

Allen, Ronald J., 149, 265–266

Alschuler, Albert, 97

Altegeld, Peter, 154

Alvarez, Anita, 107–110

Ambrosius, Christel, 363–364

American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP), 195

American Association of Law Schools Committee on the Future of the In-House Clinic, 123

American Bar Association (ABA), 123, 224, 226, 232, 237–238, 242

American Board of Forensic Odontology, 211

American Board of Forensic Pathology, 321

American Civil Liberties Union (ACLU), 241

Amici, 109

Amnesty International, 145

Amsterdam, Anthony, 14–15, 239, 297

Anderson, James, 128–129

Angola, 300, 308

animal control codes, 336

Animal Rights Rattling the Cage (Posner), 339

animals. See nonhuman beings

Antiterrorism and Effective Death Penalty Act (1996), 26–27, 253–256

appeals and appellate court procedures, 9, 18, 51–52, 252–253 See also habeas corpus relief; trials; specific type of appeals

Argentina, 361–362, 387

Argosy Magazine, 140

Arkansas, 310–311

Armstrong, Ken, 228

Armstrong, Patrick, 357–358

Arridy, Joe, 143, 294

arson cases, 8, 187, 189–190, 199–201, 231 See also Willingham, Cameron Todd

Ashley’s Laws, 43

Asia, 364–367 See also specific countries

Askew, Reuben, 17

Association in Defence of the Wrongfully Convicted (AIDWYC), 360

Atkins v. Virginia, 172–173

Australia, 360

Avery, William, 47

Aymond, Lucille, 300

Bailey, Rene, 198–199

Baker, Lena, 143, 294–295

Baliles, Gerald L., 139

Baltrip, Henry, 216, 224

Barak, Aharon, 389

bargaining. See plea bargaining

Barr, Bob, 179

Barry, Margaret Martin, 123, 125

Bator, Paul, 26

Baumgartner, Frank, 169

Beamer, Margaret, 21–22

Bedau, Hugo Adam

archives of, 157

The Death Penalty in America, 57

DPIC Innocence List and, 140–142

early work on wrongful convictions, 152

on exoneration vs. innocence, 62–63

Stanford Law Review 1987 article, 57–58, 140–142, 149

Bekoff, Marc, 339

Bennett, Mark W., 237–238

Bern, Gregory, 339

Berner, Eta, 192

Bernhard, Adele, 226–240

Best, Joel, 69

Bibas, Stephanos, 90

Bigelow, Jerry, 153

Biggers, Archie, 21–22

Birmingham Six case, 357–358, 388–389

bite mark evidence, 49, 168–169, 211 See also forensic evidence

Bivens, Phillip, 44

Black, Charles L., Jr., 18

Black Americans. See racial discrimination

Blackmun, Harry, 16, 52, 219

Blackstone, William, 70, 268

Blair, Michael, 43

Blakely v. Washington, 234

Bloodsworth, Kirk, 294

blood type evidence, 49 See also forensic evidence

Bolding, James, 321

Boniello, Ralph A., III, 341

Borchard, Edwin, 18, 30, 57–58

Bordenkircher v. Hayes, 218–219

Borrero, Elba, 18–19

Boston Medical Center, 195

Bower, Lester, 160

Bowers v. Norfolk S. Corp., 191–193

Bradford, Ted, 51, 128–129

Brady v. Maryland, 8–9, 23–25, 52, 208

Brady v. United States, 89–90

brain injury cases. See Abusive Head Trauma cases; Shaken Baby Syndrome cases

Brecht v. Abrahamson, 27

Brennan, William J., Jr., 21–22, 26, 308

Breyer, Stephen G.

on death penalty, 7, 153, 161, 169–171

on punishment phase and proof of innocence, 162–163

Brookings Institute, 242

Brooks, Justin, 123

Brown, James, 300

Brown, Jessie, 153

Brown, Leon, 51–53, 163–164

Brown, Michael, 108

Brown v. Allen, 16, 26

burden of proof, 28–29, 62

Burger Court on habeas corpus, 26

Burnham, Margaret, 291–304

Burns, Ken, 42

Burns, Sarah, 42

Bush, George W., 390

Cal, Cedric, 107–109

California Innocence Project, 123, 361–362

California Western School of Law, 361–362

Callaghan, Hugh, 358

Cambridge Declaration on Consciousness, 338–339

Camm, David, 51–52

Canada, 302–303, 360

capital cases. See specific case names

capital punishment. See death penalty

Capital Punishment, The Inevitability of Caprice and Mistake (Black), 18

Cardiff Law School Innocence Project (Wales), 360–361

Cardozo School of Law, 117, 152, 359 See also Innocence Project (New York City)

Career Girls Murders, 18–20

Carpenter, Anna E., 125

Carrera, Fernando, 362

Cassell, Paul

chapter by, 264–281

cost-benefit analysis of death penalty by, 149, 151

on exoneration vs. innocence, 62–63

causation, 190 See also differential etiology

Center on Actual Innocence, 214

Center on Wrongful Convictions, 87

Central Park Five, 41–43, 295

Centurion Ministries, 140, 184, 359

certainty, scientific, 187–188

certiorari requests, 51–52, 308

Chaparro, Anthony, 52

Chen Long-Qi, 365–366

Chicago Tribune, 106, 228

Child and Youth Advocacy Clinic (IPNW), 127

child rape, 171–172

Chile, 361–362, 387

chimpanzees. See nonhuman beings

China, 303, 366–367, 369

Christie, Chris, 220

Chun-I, James Lee, 365–366

civil damage vs. exclusionary rule, 10

Civil War, U.S., 381–382

class and wrongful convictions, 30–31 See also defense lawyering

client representation. See defense lawyering

client representation innocence clinics, 117

clinical legal education

checklists used in, 239–240

establishment of, 123

Innocence Movement and, 6–7, 123–126

structure of, 123, 125

summary of, 117–118, 123

system analysis of, 124–125 See also specific schools

cocaine sentences, 216

codeine cases, 216–217

coercion, 41–43, 359 See also witness misidentifications

Cohen, G. Ben, 159–173

Coker v. Georgia, 297–298, 307

Cole, Timothy, 11

Coleman, Johnny, 20

Coleman, Roger Keith, 143–144

Coles, Sylvester “Redd,” 160

Columbia (country), 361–362

Columbia University Law School Human Rights Law Review, 160

Combatant Status Review Tribunals (CSRT), 391

Committee on Child Abuse and Neglect, 195

Comparative Bullet Lead Analysis (CBLA), 187, 202

compensation for wrongful convictions, 42, 121, 128

composite bullet lead analysis, 316–317

confessions

prevalence of, 276

in SBS cases, 194–195 See also false confessions; Miranda rights; police interrogation

Conlon, Gerry, 357–358

Connecticut, 219

Conrad, Peter, 69

conservatism on death penalty, 147–148, 170

constitutionality of death penalty

conception of innocence and, 161

conviction vs. penalty, 161–163

relevance of residual doubt, 163–169

Supreme Court justices on, 153, 161, 169, 173 See also death penalty; Eighth Amendment

Convicting the Innocent (Borchard), 30, 57

Convicting the Innocent: Where Criminal Prosecutions Go Wrong (Garrett), 5, 43, 58, 76

Conviction Integrity Units, xviii, 47, 253

Cooley Law Review, 141

corporate exonerations, 335, 346

Costa Rica, 361–362

Council on Legal Education for Professional Responsibility, 123

The Court of Last Resort (Gardner), 57–58, 140

credibility of witness testimony, 215, 331 See also informant testimony; witness misidentifications

crimes

cost of, 268

recidivism, 268–269 See also specific type of crimes

crime victim vs. wrongful conviction victim, 265–270

Criminal Appeal Act (1995, UK), 358–359

Criminal Cases Review Commission (CCRC), 358–361, 363

criminal deal. See plea bargaining

criminal justice system irregularities

access to counsel after investigating, 325–327, 332

in drug testing, 317

duty to notify and logistics involved in, 322–325

individual investigations on, 314, 317

mass investigations on, 314–316

notification process after discovery of, 318–322

procedural barriers after discovery of, 315–316

systemic response to, 327–328, 333

types of, 316–318

criminal justice system reforms

on administrative rule, 118, 130–131

on defense lawyering, 10–11, 226–227

implications of, 266–270

innocence clinics and, 6–7, 117–118

Innocence Movement and, 118, 120–122

macro-level, xviii–xix, 96

micro-level, xviii–xix, 77, 220

plea bargaining and, 96–98, 218–219

to pretrial procedures, 10

summary of procedural reform, 9–12, 150

summary of trade-offs in, 264, 280–281

systemic analysis due to DNA exonerations, 23, 29–30, 60–61, 78, 184–185 See also legislation; National Office for the Rights of the Indigent (NORI); post-conviction reforms; specific processes

Crowell, Cathleen, 106

Croy, Patrick, 153

Cruel and Unusual Punishment clause. See Eighth Amendment

Cuba. See Guantánamo Bay detention

Cunningham, Arron, 360

Czech Republic, 362, 364

Davis, Al, 176

Davis, Angela, 217

Davis, Donya, 51

Davis, Larry, 128–129

Davis, Troy Anthony, 160, 173

Deadly Dilemmas (Allen and Laudan), 265–266

Dead Man Walking (Prejean), 146

death penalty

1963 moratorium on, 26

ABA Guidelines for the Appointment and Performance of Defense Counsel in Death Penalty Cases, 237–238

abolition of, 20, 145, 155–156, 167

conservatism on, 147–148, 170

cost-benefit analysis of, 149–150

costs of, 7

declining support for, 144–145

declining U.S. rate of, 145–147, 169–170

deterrance and, 146, 149–150, 156

DNA exonerations and support for, 7, 138–139

DPIC on, 78

fiscal austerity of, 147

innocence and support of, 148–151, 306

insanity and, 165

LDF on, 20

list of famous wrongful executions, 159–160

LWOP and, 145–146

as murder victim-service program, 148

posthumous exonerations and, 10–11, 142–144

pre-DNA exoneration research, 140

racial discrimination and, 7, 150

for rape cases in Louisiana, 298–300

religious community on, 146–147

retributive benefit of, 171

support from direct effects, 148–149

support from indirect effects, 150–151

Supreme Court justices on (See specific justices) See also constitutionality of death penalty

The Death Penalty in America (Bedau), 57

Death Penalty Information Center (DPIC), 59

2014 statistics by, 145

on capital punishment, 78

criteria for list, 141

on definition of exoneration, 63–64

Edwards and, 63

exonerees posted on website, 79

Innocence List, 63–64, 140–142 See also death penalty

defense lawyering

ABA survey on, 226

application process in New York, 243

best practices and assessment of, 238–241, 244

client representation innocence clinics, 117

exculpatory evidence examination by, 234

importance of actual innocence claims to, 277–280

increased resources for indigent cases, 273–274

Innocence Movement and, 119–120

IPNW and, 126–127

prosecution-defense balance and reforms, 23–25

reforms in, 10–11, 226–227

studies on, 228–229

wrongful conviction accountability of, 290 See also ineffective assistance of defense counsel (IAC)

defenses in animal control laws, 336

De Los Santos, George, 140

Del Prete, Jennifer, 199

Del Prete v. Thompson, 199

DeLuna, Carlos, 160

deoxyribonucleic acid. See under DNA

Department of Justice (DOJ)

on flawed evidence, 144, 168–169

on habeas relief, 34

mass investigations agreement by, 314–315

Descartes, Rene, 338

deterrance and death penalty, 146, 149–150, 156

Dieter, Richard, 141

differential diagnosis process, 190–191

differential etiology, 191–193

direct appeal cases, 16–17

disabilities, people with

death penalty regulation for, 146, 172–173

death sentencing of, 150

false confessions by, 47, 139, 143, 215, 285, 294

disclosure of evidence, 23–25

Dixon, Bobby Ray, 44

DNA databases, 85 See also Death Penalty Information Center (DPIC); Innocence Project; National Registry of Exonerations (NRE)

DNA exonerations

of Abernathy, 215

of Brown and McCollum, 163–164

Central Park Five, 41–43

criminal justice system analysis due to, 23, 29–30, 60–61, 78, 184–185

definition, 2–3

of Dotson, 2–3, 106, 111, 139

false confession statistics and, 45–47

flawed forensic evidence statistics in, 48–50

of Gonzalez, 40–41

guilty pleas and, 87

of Haynesworth, 43

of House, 164

IAC claims in, 228

informant testimony statistics in, 51

Innocence Project list, 62, 73

Innocence Project statistics on, 59

as launch for Innocence Movement, xvii–xviii, 185

list of cases, 55, 114

vs. non-DNA exonerations, 85–86, 185–186

origin of term, 59, 61

plea bargaining and, 92

vs. pretrial testings, 8, 12–13

racial discrimination and, 44–45

recantations and, 106, 112

statistics on, 43–44, 48–50, 59, 106

summary on, 53–54

trials and, 44, 49

types of crime in, 44–45

types of evidence and, 45–46

of Vasquez, 2–3, 111, 139

of Youngblood, 52 See also exonerations; habeas corpus relief

DNA technology

accuracy and, 78, 85, 97, 318–319, 322

animals and, 337–338

denial of, 211–212

first two cases using, 2–3

initial use in Innocence Movement, xvii–xviii, 185

limitations of, 15, 53, 143–144

skepticism of, 349

summary of, 2, 12–14, 73–74

Supreme Court challenges and, xvii–xviii

technological innovations and changes in, 31, 131 See also forensic evidence

dogs. See nonhuman beings

Dogs are People, Too (Bern), 339

dog-scent lineups, 316–317

domain expansion, 5, 69–70

Dookhan, Annie, 316

Dotson, Gary

DNA exoneration of, 2–3, 106, 111, 139

recantation of false trial testimony and, 6, 106

sentencing of, 112

summary of, 2–3

double-blind witness procedures, 89, 96, 249, 258

Douglas, William O., 307–308, 384–385

DPIC. See Death Penalty Information Center (DPIC)

Drake, Henry, 152–153

Drinan, Robert, 147

drug cases

case of multiple wrongful convictions, 269

informant testimony in, 92

plea bargaining in, 91, 219, 224

police misconduct in, 216–217

systemic irregularities in, 317, 320

drylabbing, 320, 323, 330 See also forensic evidence

Dubber, Markus, 336

Du Bois, Herman, 363–364

due process clause (Fifth Amendment), 161–163

due process clause (Fourteenth Amendment), 14–15, 161–163

Dukakis, Michael, 142–143

Duke, Steven, 276

Dwyer, Jim, 58, 117, 120

East Timor, 303

Edith Cowan University, 360

Edmunds, Audrey, 197–198

education. See clinical legal education

Edwards, Don, 63

Eighth Amendment

constitutionality of death penalty, 161, 169–173

contemporary standards of decency, 169–170

jurisprudence of, 160–161

penological purpose, 170–171

punishment phase and, 162

systemic risk of wrongful execution and, 171–173 See also constitutionality of death penalty

Ejchart-Dubois, Maria, 364

Emergency Committee to Save Habeas Corpus, 147

England, 331, 343–344 See also Great Britain

erroneous convictions. See wrongful convictions

ethical training for prosecutors, 221

European Innocence Conference, 362–364

European Innocence Movement, 362–364

European justice system, 199, 219–220, 225 See also specific countries

evidence

disclosure of, 23–25

plea bargaining and, 90

preservation bill on, 128

evidentiary inaccuracies

vs. DNA accuracy, 15, 21, 85–86

DOJ and FBI on, 144

forensic evidence errors, 121

trials and, 88–89 See also accuracy; perjury; plea bargaining; witness misidentifications; specific types

exclusionary rule, 10, 15

exculpatory information, 29, 208–209, 234 See also prosecutorial misconduct

execution. See death penalty

executor’s responsibilities, 166

exonerations

advantages to, 71–73

in arson cases, 200–201

of Blair, 43

of Bloodsworth, 294

certainty and innocence-based, 72

certiorari and, 51–52

for corporations, 335, 346

definition, 2–3, 43, 62, 66–67, 335

vs. definition of factual innocence, 67–71

DNA vs. non-DNA, 85–86, 185–186

domain expansion and, 69–70

DPIC on, 63–64

vs. innocence, 61–63

legal exoneration, 62–64, 80

moral legitimacy of, 70–71

NRE definition of, 65–67, 112

objectivity and judgments on, 68–69

organization of death row exonerees, 148

posthumous exonerations, 10–11, 142–144, 154, 291–292, 294–295

reentry challenges post-, 119–120, 148

statistics on, 173, 295–296

support for capital punishment and, 7

trial statistics on, 89 See also DNA exonerations; habeas corpus relief; National Registry of Exonerations (NRE); posthumous exonerations

“Exonerations in the United States, 1989 through 2003” (Gross), 61–62

eyewitness identification. See witness misidentifications

factual innocence

definition of exoneration vs., 67–71

NRE on, 79

post-conviction reforms and, 272–273

wrong man cases, xvii, 57–61 See also innocence

Fagan, Jeffrey, 228

Failed Evidence (Harris), 211

Fairbanks Four case, 13

false accusations, 142

false confessions

DNA exoneration statistics and, 45–47

juveniles and, 47, 250

Miranda rights and, 10, 15, 275–277

by people with disabilities, 47, 139, 143, 215, 285, 294

summary of, 5

term “proven false confession,” 67–68 See also false trial testimony

false convictions

Gross and O’Brien on, 79, 82

NRE on, 65

term “proven false conviction,” 68 See also wrongful convictions

false evidence. See evidentiary inaccuracies

false trial testimony, 6 See also false confessions; informant testimony; recantations; trials; witness misidentifications

Family and Child Advocacy, 195

family law, 342–344 See also juveniles

Farmer v. Brennan, 166

Farrell, Amy, 28

Fay v. Noia, 26

FBI (Federal Bureau of Investigation)

on flawed testimony, 144, 168–169

on hair analysis, 251

mass investigations agreement by, 314–315

Federal Legislation Clinic, 135–136

felonies

plea bargaining and, 87

wrongful convictions on, 96

feminism, 292, 300–302

fiber evidence, 49

field test cases, 216–217, 219

Fifth Amendment, Due Process Clause, 161–163 See also constitutionality of death penalty

finality

DNA technology and, xviii

post-conviction reforms and, 10

science-based evidence and, 187–188

Findley, Keith

on challenges to policy reform, 122

chapter by, 184–202

on clinical legal education, 124

on innocence, 57, 66

on objectivity and judgments, 71–72

fingerprint evidence, 49, 210 See also forensic evidence

fire science, 199–201 See also arson cases

fiscal austerity of death penalty, 147, 149–150

flawed testimony, 144 See also informant testimony; witness misidentifications

Florida, 219

Ford Foundation, 17

Ford v. Wainwright, 165

forensic evidence

advancements in, 131, 316–317

bite mark evidence, 49, 168–169, 211

critical analysis on methods in, 168–169, 188, 210–211

drylabbing, 320, 323, 330

errors in, 121, 187–189, 211, 250–251

fingerprint evidence, 49, 210

hair analysis (See hair-microscopy)

mass investigations into errors in, 314–316

preservation bill on, 128

serology or blood typing, 49

shoe print evidence, 49

skepticism of, 188–193

statistics on, 48–50

trials and, 49–50 See also DNA technology; science-dependent cases

Fourteenth Amendment, Due Process Clause, 14–15 See also constitutionality of death penalty

Fourth Amendment, exclusionary rule, 274–275

France, 362, 364, 382

Francione, Gary, 338

Frank, Barbara, 30–31, 57

Frank, Jerome, 30–31, 57, 219

Frankfurt, Harry, 384

Freedman, Eric, 345

Friendly, Henry, 27, 272

Furman v. Georgia, 17, 26, 152, 297

Gagnon, Richard, 52

Gallup Poll on execution vs. LWOP, 145

Gardner, Erle Stanley, 57–58

Garrett, Brandon

chapter by, 40–54

Convicting the Innocent, 5, 43, 58, 76

on ghost of the innocent man, 16

on IAC claims in Innocence Project list, 234

Judging Innocence, 24

study sample of, 305

gay marriage, 346

Geneva Convention, 386–387, 389, 394

George, Dwaine, 360–361

Georgetown University Law Center, 125

Georgia, 294–295

Germany, 219, 362, 371, 383

Gershman, Bennett L., 25

Gertner, Nancy, 231

ghost of the innocent man, 16

Gideon v. Wainwright, 24, 226, 241

Gilbert v. California, 22

Ginsburg, Ruth Bader, 161, 307, 311

Givelber, Dan, 28

Gleeson, Harry, 362–363

Glendening, Paris, 143, 294

global innocence movement

in Africa, 367–368

in Asia, 364–367

barriers in, 369–371

in Europe, 362–364

in Latin America, 361–362

origin of, 357–361

summary of, 12, 54, 356–357, 371–372 See also Innocence Movement; specific countries

Glossip, Richard, 153, 173

Glossip v. Gross, 7, 161, 170–171

Godsey, Mark, 356–372

Goldberg, Arthur, 308

Golden, Larry, 122

Gonzalez, Angel, 40–41

Goodall, Jane, 339

Goodman, Bruce, 92

Gould, Jon B., 24, 121–122

Graber, Mark, 192

Great Britain

appeal legislation in, 358–359

criminal justice system in, 219

family law in, 343

slavery in, 343–344 See also England; United Kingdom

Gregg v. Georgia, 167, 297

Griffin, Thomas and Meeks, 143, 295

Griffith University Innocence Project, 360, 362–363

Gross, Sam

on criminal confessions, 276

on exoneration as legal concept, 80

on exoneration rate, 76, 79

as founder of NRE, 59–60

on frequency of wrongful convictions, 271

on investigative trials for innocence claims, 272

on misdemeanor wrongful convictions, 94

publication by, 61–62

on sources of wrongful convictions, 87–88, 295

on total number of wrongful convictions, 144 See also National Registry of Exonerations (NRE)

Grotius, Hugo, 385

Guantánamo Bay detention, 344, 390–393

Guidelines for the Appointment and Performance of Defense Counsel in Death Penalty Cases (ABA), 232, 237–238

Guildford Four case, 357–358, 388

guilt vs. legal guilt, 166, 187

guilty pleas. See plea bargaining

Guzek, Randy Lee, 162

habeas corpus relief

access to counsel and, 325–326

DOJ on, 34

family law and, 342–344

Friendly on, 27

for Guantánamo Bay detentees, 344, 390–393

Habeas Report, 232–235

history of, 352–354

innocence and, 25–28, 272–273

limitations of, 235

reforms and, 10, 12, 253, 257

Rehnquist Court on, 26–27

statistics on, 51–52, 272

Supreme Court on, 285

survey of, 228

Warren Court on, 25–26 See also DNA exonerations; exonerations; nonhuman beings

Habeas Report, 232–235

hair-microscopy

exoneration statistics and use of, 49

FBI review of, 251

mass errors in, 168, 315, 317

new scientific evidence in, 187, 202 See also forensic evidence

Hale, Matthew, 343

Halliday, Paul, 342–343

Halsey, Byron, 44

Hamm, Carolyn Jean, 139

Hand, Billings Learned, 16, 58, 370

Hansen, Matt, 176

Harris, David, 211

Hartung, Stephanie Roberts

chapter by, 247–257

references to, 272–273

Hattery, A. J., 305

Hayes, Paul, 218–219

Haymarket affair, 154

Hayne, Steven, 321

Haynesworth, Thomas E., 43, 51

Hebrew University of Jerusalem, 364

Hebshie, James, 231

Hennis, Timothy, 142, 153

Hercules (chimpanzee), 341

Hernandez, Carlos, 160

Herrera v. Collins, 184

Hill, Patrick Joseph, 358

Hill, Paul Michael, 357–358

Hinton, Anthony Ray, 230–231

Hinton, Ray, 169

Hinton v. Alabama, 230–231

Hispanic Americans. See racial discrimination

Hoffert, Emily, 18

Hoffman, Joseph, 26–27, 272

Hogan, Frank, 19

Holmes, Warren, 17

homicide rates, 146

Honeycutt, Edward, 299

Horovitz, Anat, 364

House, Paul, 164

House v. Bell, 164

Houston Free Press, 217

Houston Police Department Crime Laboratory, 316, 321, 332 See also Texas

Hsichih Trio case, 364–365

Huang Chih-Hsien, 365

Hunter, Gerard, 358

Hunter, Rene, 214–215

Hurley, Neil, 359

IAC. See ineffective assistance of defense counsel (IAC)

Illinois, 170, 176–177, 228

immigration, 91, 332

impartiality, 29

In Doubt (Simons), 212

ineffective assistance of defense counsel (IAC)

claims in DNA exonerations, 228

for exculpatory evidence investigation, 234

for failure to investigate testimonial, 234–235

by guilty defendants, 242

Habeas Report, 232–235

judges and, 229

prevalence of, 228

sentencing and, 236–238

statistics on, 232–234

studies on, 228–229

successes of, 235–236

summary of, 9, 227 See also defense lawyering

informant testimony

drug cases and, 92

exonerations and, 52

IAC claim of failure to investigate, 234–235

negotiated evidence and, 92–94

perjury and, 6, 109–110

as plea bargaining, 87

regulation and reform of, 98

statistics on, 51, 100

video record of, 217–218 See also witness misidentifications

innocence

actual innocence vs. “not guilty” verdict, 80

burden of proof, 28–29, 277–280

certainty and exonerations based on, 72

definition, 3, 5, 8, 13, 59–60

Eighth Amendment and, 169–173

evidence disclosure and, 23–25

vs. exoneration, 61–63

Findley on complexity of, 57, 66

as frame of systemic analysis, 293–294

habeas corpus relief and, 25–28, 272–273

history of skepticism and, 3–4, 28, 58

judgment statistics on, 51–53

litigation track of, 10, 15

post-conviction relief and, 25–28

pre-DNA criminal system and, 15–20, 23–25

punishment phase and, 162–165

reform for establishing, 120–121

trials and, 28–29

of witches, 166–167

witness identification and, 21–23

wrongful conviction and guilty pleas, 18 See also factual innocence; Innocence Movement; war and innocence; wrongful convictions

innocence clinics, 6–7, 117–118 See also clinical legal education

innocence commissions, 214, 269, 328, 331, 387

innocence consciousness, 60, 74–75, 77

Innocence List (DPIC), 63–64, 140–142 See also Death Penalty Information Center (DPIC)

Innocence Movement

on best practices, 121–122

client representation in, 117, 119–120

clinical legal education and, 6–7, 123–126

criminal justice system reforms and, 118, 120–122

DNA exonerations as launch for, 185

future of, xviii–xix, 66–67, 185–187

IAC and, 9

initial reaction to, xviii

media and, 14, 29, 59, 77, 110

moral legitimacy of exonerations and, 70–71

origins of, xvii–xviii, 30, 43–44, 357–359

post-conviction reforms and, 247–248

on pretrial and trial reforms, 248

science-dependent cases and, 201–202

success of, 29–30, 59

on term DNA exoneration, 59

Zalman on, 129 See also global innocence movement; specific topics of concern

Innocence Network, 140, 357, 361

Innocence Network United Kingdom (INUK), 359–360, 373

Innocence Project

caseload of, 130

DNA exoneration list, 64, 73

DNA exoneration list vs. NRE, 74, 106

IAC and list of, 234

list criteria for, 61–62

mass investigations by, 314–315

network of, 140

plea bargaining and, 86

website of, 59, 61–62 See also specific state groups

Innocence Project (New York City)

accepted cases by, 85

establishment of, 117, 140, 152, 359

post-conviction reforms and, 247–248

on wrongful conviction statistics, 4

Innocence Project New Zealand, 360

Innocence Project Northwest (IPNW, University of Washington)

client representation by, 126–127

legislative advocacy by, 117–118, 126–129

summary of, 6–7, 126, 129

Innocence Project South Africa, 367

Innocence Protection Act (2004), 77

The Innocents (Radin), 57

Innocents Database, 79

insanity, 165

Inslee, Jay, 128, 178

In Spite of Innocence (Radelet, Bedau, Putnam), 142

International Criminal Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia, 386

international humanitarian law (IHL), 385

International Innocence Conference, 361, 363, 362

International Law Commission, 386

International Military Tribunal, 383

interracial laws and rape cases, 298–302, 307–310, 312 See also racial discrimination

In the Name of the Father (film), 358

Invitation to a Lynching (Miller), 17

IPNW. See Innocence Project Northwest (IPNW, University of Washington)

Ireland

DNA testing in, 369

Irish Innocence Project, 360, 362–363

wrongful conviction cases in, 357–358, 388–389

Isola, Frank, 18

Israel, 364, 389

Italy Innocence Project, 362, 364

Jackson, Dwayne, 213

Jackson, John, 144

Jackson, Robert, 26, 385

jailhouse snitch. See informant testimony

Japan, 364

Japanese Americans, 292 See also racial discrimination

Jeffries, John, Jr., 272

Jenkins, Jerry Lee, 213

Jenny, Carole, 195

Jesus Christ, 381

Jesus on Death Row (Osler), 381

Johnson, Willie, 107–109

judgments

objectivity and, 68–69, 71–72

reversal of, 51–53

subjectivity and, 82, 85

judges

backgrounds of, 242

IAC and, 229

plea bargaining and, 218–219

role of, 312 See also trials

Judging Innocence (Garrett), 24

jury and representation, 29, 299 See also trials

Just Mercy (Stevenson), 155

“just war” theory, 385, 396

juveniles

brain disorders of, 195

death penalty regulation for, 146

eyewitness misidentification by, 48

false confessions and, 47, 250, 295

laws related to, 43, 317–318

murder cases of, 302–303

race and exoneration of, 295

rape cases of, 171–172, 215–216

systemic errors affecting, 329

victim testimony by, 215–216 See also Shaken Baby Syndrome cases

Kagonyera, Kenneth, 269–270

Kansas v. Marsh, 159

Kennedy, Anthony, 171–172, 174, 346

Kennedy v. Louisiana, 171–172, 298, 311

Kennelly, Matthew, 199

Kentucky Habitual Offender Act, 218

Kerry, Bob, 154

Kiko (chimpanzee), 341

King, Nancy, 272

Kirby v. Illinois, 22

Kirkman, Albert, 107–109

Kitzhaber, John, 178

Knoops’ Innocence Project, 363–364

Korematsu, Fred, 292

Kuppelberg, James, 114

Langwallner, David, 362

Larkin, Willie, 309

Latin America, 361–362

Laudan, Larry, 265–266, 268

Laufer, William, 29

Laurin, Jennifer, 188, 197, 201–202

law of armed conflict (LOAC), 385

Law & Order (television show), 210

law school and law school clinics. See clinical legal education

Learned Hand, Billings, 16, 58, 370

Lee, Wilbert, 17–18

Legal Defense Fund (LDF), 17, 20 See also National Office for the Rights of the Indigent (NORI)

legal exonerations, 62–64, 80 See also exonerations

legal guilt vs. guilt, 166, 187

legal innocence. See innocence

legislation

on evidence preservation, 128

on perjury prosecutions, 110, 112

on police interrogation, 249–250

to prevent wrongful convictions, 121–122

on wrongful conviction compensation, 128

on wrongful convictions, 77, 85, 316, 323 See also criminal justice system reforms

Legislative Advocacy Clinic (IPNW), 117–118, 126–129 See also Innocence Project Northwest (IPNW, University of Washington)

legislative advocacy clinics, 7

legislative lawyer, 135–136

Leo (chimpanzee), 341

Leo, Richard A.

chapter by, 57–75

on prevention of wrongful convictions, 122

on wrongful conviction databases, 212–213

wrongful conviction sources, 121

liberalism on death penalty, 147

Liebman, James S., 228

Life After Death Row (Westervelt and Cook), 148

Life Imprisonment without Parole (LWOP), 145–146

lineup procedural reform, 22–23

Lockett, Clayton, 342

Lofquist, William, 141

loitering, 95

Lo Ping-Cheng, 364

Lord v. Wood, 243

Lo Shi-Hsiang, 365

Louisiana, 298–300, 306, 308–311

Luna, Erik, 379–394

Luparia, Luca, 362, 364

MacCrate Report (ABA), 123, 240

MacKinnon, Catherine A., 301, 311

Maguire Seven case, 388

Makuna, Johannes Dingaan, 367–368

Manson v. Braithwaite, 22

Maphakane, Levi, 368

Marceau, Justin F., 334–346

Marion, William Jackson, 154

Markham, Stephen, 62–63, 149, 151

Marquis, Josh, 265

Marshall, Donald, Jr., 302–303

Marshall, John, 345

Marshall, Thurgood, 236, 238

Maryland, 95, 163

Massachusetts, 252–253, 258, 291–292, 314, 316

Maxwell v. Bishop, 297, 310–311

McCloskey, James, 140

McCollum, Henry Lee, 16, 43, 51–53, 163–164

McGautha v. California, 297

McGee, Willie, 304

McIlkenny, Richard, 358

McMahon, David, 42

McMillian, Walter, 155

McMurtrie, Jacqueline, 117–129

McQuiggin v. Perkins, 256

media

coverage of cases by, 18, 59, 392

Innocence Movement and, 14, 29, 77, 110

medical claims, 190–193

Medwed, Daniel S.

on accuracy of wrongful conviction lists, 81

chapter by, 2–13

on clinical legal education, 124–125

on contemporary nature of DNA testing, 73–74

on Dotson and Vasquez cases, 111

on prevention of prosecutorial misconduct, 217

Meese, Edwin, 58, 76

Meltsner, Michael, 14–30

mental illness, people with, 47, 150, 165

Mermel, Michael, 211–212

Mexican-American War, 381–382

Mexico, 361–362

Miami Herald, 17

microscopic hair analysis. See hair-microscopy

military combat. See war and innocence

Military Commissions Act (2006), 344

Miller, Gene, 17

Mills, Steve, 228

Miranda rights, 10, 15, 275–277 See also false confessions

Miscarriages of Justice Organization (MOJO), 358

miscegenation. See interracial laws and rape cases

misdemeanors and plea bargaining, 87, 91, 94–96

misidentifications. See witness misidentifications

Mississippi, 321

Mitchell, Andrew, 153

Molaudzi, Thembekile, 367–368

moral legitimacy of exonerations, 70–71

Morin, Guy Paul, 302–303

Moskos, Peter, 95

Mosteller, Robert, 278–279, 286

murder cases, 44–45 See also specific cases

A Murder in the Park (movie), 283

Murphy, Frank, 383, 385–386

NAACP LDF. See Legal Defense Fund (LDF)

Natapoff, Alexandra, 85–98

National Academy of Sciences, 48, 53, 168–169, 188

National Academy of Sciences Report, 251

National Association for Criminal Defense Lawyers (NACDL), 314–315

National Cancer Institute, 190

National Center for State Courts, 228

National District Attorneys’ Association Summit on Prosecution Integrity, 110

National Fire Protection Association (NFPA), 200

National Institute of Justice Guide, 23, 249

National Legal Aid and Defender Association, 239

National Office for the Rights of the Indigent (NORI), 17 See also Legal Defense Fund (LDF)

National Registry of Exonerations (NRE)

benefit of data from, 72–73

on Brady violations, 208–209

on causes of wrongful convictions, 282

contestation of listed exonerees, 83

definition of exoneration, 65–67, 112

establishment of, 59–62, 64–65

exoneration and trial statistics, 89

on factual innocence, 79

fluidity of exonerees list, 81

vs. Innocence Project list of DNA exonerations, 74

management of, 59–60, 142

plea bargain statistics on, 86, 101

statistics of, 119, 201

study on prosecutorial misconduct from, 8–9, 212–213, 213–214

summary of, 13 See also exonerations

National Research Council, 168, 210–211

Naughton, Michael, 359

Nazi war crimes, 383, 385

Nebraska, 155–156, 170

negotiations. See plea bargaining

Netherlands, 220, 362–364

Netherlands Forensic Institute, 363–364

Neufeld, Peter

Actual Innocence, 58, 117, 120

foreword by, xvii–xix

as founder of Innocence Project, 59, 61, 117, 140

New Iberia Research Center, 341

New Jersey, 23, 258

New Mexico, 155

New Scientist, 339

New York

abolition of death penalty in, 20, 167

animal control codes in, 336

defense attorney applications in, 243

informant regulation bill in, 98

new evidence procedures in, 261

racial discrimination and misdemeanors, 94–95

The New Yorker, 58

New York Police Department, 94–95

New Zealand, 303, 360

NhRP. See Nonhuman Rights Project (NhRP)

Nightingale, Florence, 393

nonhuman beings

animal control codes, 336

captivity and innocence of, 337–341

DNA and, 337–338

dog-scent lineups, 316–317

emotions and cognitive ability of, 338–340, 350–351

legal status of animals, 336–337, 349, 352–353

Nonhuman Rights Project (NhRP), 335, 340–341, 352–353

practical considerations of habeas relief for, 341–344, 354

as property and rights of, 347–348

summary of habeas relief for, 11–12, 334–335, 340, 344–346

Nonhuman Rights Project (NhRP), 335, 340–341, 352–353

Norris, Robert, 60, 64, 121

North American Primate Sanctuary, 340

North Carolina Innocence Inquiry Commission, 214, 269, 328

Northeastern University School of Law, 4

Northern Ireland, 303, 357–358, 388–389

Northrop, Alan, 128–129

Norway, 362–363

Not Guilty (Frank and Frank), 57

“not guilty” vs. actual innocence verdict, 62, 80

notification of systemic irregularities

access to counsel after, 325–327, 332

false motives of, 331

logistics and duty to, 322–325

process of, 318–322

NRE. See National Registry of Exonerations (NRE)

Nuremberg trial, 383, 385

objectivity and judgments, 68–69, 71–72

O’Brien, Barbara, 82

Ochoa, James, 55

O’Connor, Sandra Day, 184

Ohio Innocence Project, 361

Oklahoma, 342

“online solicitation of a minor” law, 317–318

open file policy, 217, 224

Oracle of Delphi, 15

Oregon, 162, 170, 177, 258

Oregon v. Guzek, 162

Osler, Mark, 381

Palestine, 389

Paul, Rand, 170, 178–179

Pearson, Edmund, 58

Pennsylvania, 170, 177, 228–229

Pentagon Papers, 384

perjury

exoneration statistics from, 142

guilty pleas as, 269–270

legislation on, 110, 112

by police officers, 114

by prosecutors, 209

recantation and, 6, 109–110, 115–116

Perry, Rick, 200

Peru, 361–362

Pew Center surveys, 145–146, 151

Philippines, 364

Pieper, Ronald, 363–364

Pierce, Gareth, 357–358

Pinochet, Augusto, 387

Piteau, Shalea, 194

Pitts, Freddie, 17–18

Pittsburgh Courier, 309

plea bargaining

accuracy and, 89–92

Alford plea, 269, 289

in drug cases, 91, 219, 224

evidence and accuracy as commodities, 86, 87

faults of, 6

informants and, 87

judges’ involvement in, 218–219

misdemeanors and, 87, 91, 94–96

perjury and, 269–270

recantations and, 109

statistics on, 86–87, 101

summary of, 89–92

use of, 15, 278–279 See also evidentiary inaccuracies

Poland, 304, 364

police interrogation

best practices in, 48–49, 53, 77

in China, 366–367

coercion, 41–43

double-blind procedures, 89, 96, 249, 258

lineup reform, 22–23

Miranda rights reforms and, 10, 15, 275–277

reforms to, 10, 249–250

statistics on, 47

videotaping of, 217–218, 250, 276–277

police procedural misconduct

examples of, 213, 216–217

Fourth Amendment exclusionary rule and, 274–275

perjury, 114

Ponsonby, Arthur, 380

Pope Innocent III, 381

Porter, Anthony, 269, 283

Porter, Dennis J., 108–109

Portugal, 225

Posner, Richard, 194–195, 339, 344, 352

post-conviction exoneration. See DNA exonerations; exonerations

post-conviction reforms

AEDPA, 26–27, 253–256

summary of, 10, 247–248, 252, 256–257 See also appeals; criminal justice system reforms; habeas corpus relief; specific processes

posthumous exonerations, 10–11, 142–144, 154, 291–292, 294–295

Potter, Deborah, 69

poverty and wrongful convictions, 30–31 See also defense lawyering

Powell, Lewis F., Jr., 21, 26–27, 218

Power, William, 358

POWs (prisoners of war), 345, 353–354

Prejean, Helen, 146

Presti, Carmen and Christie, 341

Presumed Guilty (film), 362

pretrial testing vs. DNA exonerations, 8, 12–13

Primus, Eve Brensike, 95

prior convictions

plea bargaining and, 91

risk of wrongful conviction and, 268–269

pro bono legal and investigative services. See clinical legal education

propaganda in wartime, 381

prosecutorial misconduct

in Abernathy case, 215

Brady v. Maryland, 8–9, 23–25, 52, 208

Medwed on, 217

open file policy for prevention of, 217, 224

perjury, 209

political pressure and, 219–220, 331

prosecutor training program for prevention of, 220–222

prosecution-defense balance and reforms, 23–25

in Provience case, 214–215

review board for prevention of, 217

rulings on, 222

in Sledge case, 214

statistics on, 52

study of NRE samples on, 212–214

summary of, 8–9, 208–222

Supreme Court on, 209

systemic problems and, 210

in Vasquez case, 215–216 See also trials

prosecutor training program, 220–222

proven false confession, 67–68

proven false conviction, 68

Provience, Dwayne, 214–215

public defense lawyering. See defense lawyering

Puerto Rico, 361–362

Putnam, Constance, 141

Quinn, Pat, 109, 176–177

Raab, Selwyn, 19

racial discrimination

capital punishment and, 7

in death sentencing, 146, 150

DNA exonerations and, 44–45

eyewitness misidentification and, 48

historical record and wrongful murders, 31

in Maryland, 95

misdemeanors and, 94–96

in New York, 94–95

posthumous exonerations and, 10–11, 294–295

statistics on, 295–296

summary of rape cases and, 291–292, 296–297, 304–305

Supreme Court on, 297–298

trials and, 102

Whitmore case, 18–20 See also National Office for the Rights of the Indigent (NORI); slavery

Racial Justice Act (2014), 43

Radelet, Michael

chapter by, 138–151

on death penalty and innocence, 304

DPIC Innocence List and, 57–58, 140–142

on exoneration vs. innocence, 62–63

Stanford Law Review 1987 article, 57–58, 149

Radin, Edward, 57

The Raffi Horror Show (film), 362

railroad tort case, 191–193

Rakoff, Jed, 86–87, 167

Rampart mass exoneration, 91

Rand Corporation Study, 228–229

rape cases

Central Park Five, 41–43, 295

of children, 171–172, 215–216

conviction errors in, 295–296

DNA evidence and, 186, 295–296

feminism and, 300–302

in Louisiana, 298–300, 306, 308–309

reforms and, 300–302

summary of race and, 291–292, 296–297, 304–305

Supreme Court on race and, 298 See also sex crimes

reasonable doubt. See residual doubt

Recalibrating Constitutional Innocence Protection (Smith), 171

recantations

DNA exonerations and, 106, 112

Dotson and, 6, 106

of informants, 93

perjury and, 6, 109–110, 115–116

plea bargaining and, 109

skepticism of, 106–107, 111

in Whitmore case, 19 See also false trial testimony

recidivism, 268–269

Red Inocente, 361

reentry challenges post-exoneration, 119–120, 148

Registry. See National Registry of Exonerations (NRE)

Rehnquist Court

on habeas corpus, 26–27

procedural reforms by, 26–27 See also United States Supreme Court

Reid interrogation method, 250

Reinhardt, Stephen, 235

religious community on death penalty, 146–147

residual doubt, 163–169

retributive benefit of death penalty, 171

Réveilhac, Géraud, 382

reversal judgments, 51–53

Reyes, Matias, 42

Richardson, Carole, 357–358

Richardson, Gerard, 211

right to counsel. See Sixth Amendment

Risinger, D. Michael, 266–267

Ritter, Bill, 143, 294

Rivera, Jacques, 114, 116

Rivera, Juan, 51

Roach, Kent, 388

Roberts, Amber, 216

Roberts, John G., 164

Robinson, Zoë, 159–173

Rockefeller, Nelson A., 20

Rodriguez, Josefa “Chipita,” 295

Ross v. Moffitt, 27

Rousseau, John, 309

Rudin, Norah, 188

Rudolf v. Alabama, 308

Ruffin, Larry, 44

Rutledge, Wiley, 383

Ryan, George, 176–177

Sacco, Bartolomeo, 16, 142–143, 291–292

Salvador, Jonathan, 323, 330

same-sex marriage, 346

Sawyer v. Whitley, 28

SBS. See Shaken Baby Syndrome cases

Scalia, Antonin

on conviction success rate, 16, 76

on death penalty, 163–164, 172–174

on punishment phase and proof of innocence, 162–163

on unreliability of death penalty, 161

on wrongful convictions, 58

Scheck, Barry

Actual Innocence, 58, 117, 120

establishing Innocence Project, 117, 140

foreword by, xvii–xix

as founder of Innocence Project, 59, 61, 117, 140

Schiff, Gordon, 192

Schlup v. Delo, 28, 256

science-dependent cases

circulatory reasoning in, 194

definition of innocence in, 8

differential etiology in, 191–193

errors and future of innocence in, 187–188

Innocence Movement and, 201–202

skepticism and, 188–193, 349 See also DNA technology; forensic evidence

Scientific American, 338

Scott, Winfield, 381–382

Scottsboro Boys, 16, 304

Sege, Bob, 195

Sellenger Centre Criminal Review Project, 360

sentencing reforms, 20

serology, 49 See also forensic evidence

sex crimes

Ashley’s Laws and, 43

Central Park Five, 41–43, 295

DNA exoneration statistics and, 44–45 See also rape cases

sex laws, 43, 298–302

sexual assault. See rape cases

Shaken Baby Syndrome cases

cases using new scientific evidence, 198–199

condition mimics of, 195

confessions in, 194–195

Edmunds case, 197–198

expert medical opinion in, 8, 192

flawed science in, 8, 187, 189–190

judicial response to changing science in, 197–199

scientific research on, 193–197 See also Abusive Head Trauma cases

Shavell, Amy, 149

Shaw, Stuart, 360–361

Sheppard, Samuel, 16

Sherman, William Tecumseh, 379–380, 393

Sherrer, Hans, 79

Shevin, Robert, 17

She Xianglin, 366–367

shoe print evidence, 49 See also forensic evidence

Shulman, Tara, 123

Sierra Leone, 386–387

Simon, Alstory, 283

Simons, Dan, 212

Singapore, 364, 376

Sise, Joseph, 341

Sixth Amendment, 132, 232 See also ineffective assistance of defense counsel (IAC)

Sixty Minutes, 108

skepticism

in history of criminal innocence, 3–4, 28, 58

of recantations, 106–107, 111

science-dependent cases and, 188–193, 349

slavery, 343–345, 347, 353 See also racial discrimination

Sledge, Joseph, 51, 214

Sloan, Virginia, 147

Slobogin, Chris, 267–268

Smith, Earl, 305

Smith, Larry Dean, 153

Smith, Robert J., 159–173

snitches. See informant testimony

Snowden, John, 143, 294

Somerset, James, 343–344

Sotomayor, Sonia, 153

Souter, David, 159, 164

South Africa, 303, 367, 369, 387

South Carolina, 295

South Korea, 303, 313

Spain, 362

Spencer, Timothy, 139

Stanford Law Review, 57–58, 149

state prisoners’ rights reform, 26

State v. Henderson, 23

State v. Michel, 300

statutory procedural reform, 20

Stevens, John Paul, 22

Stevenson, Bryan, 155, 230, 243

Stewart, Potter, 150, 158, 237, 384

Stiers, Donald, 224

Stiglitz, Jan, 123

Stinney, George, 143, 154, 292

Stony Brook University, 341

Stovall v. Denno, 22

Strickland v. Washington, 9, 227, 235

Stridbeck, Ulf, 363

Stuntz, William, 90, 272, 274, 286

subjectivity and judgments, 82, 85

Supreme Court. See United States Supreme Court

Sweden, 199

Taiwan, 364–366

Taiwan Association for Innocence (TAI), 364–366

Tatel, David, 392

Ten Principles of a Public Defense Delivery (ABA), 242

terrorism, 12, 344, 388–393

Texas

access to counsel and systemic errors in, 326–327

contraband cases in, 216–217

Forensic Science Commission, 323, 331

Houston Police Department Crime Laboratory, 316, 321, 332

legislation on death penalty, 98

legislative reform on wrongful convictions, 316, 323

mass investigations of systemic errors, 332–333

Office of Capital and Forensic Writs, 327

perjury case in, 115–116

posthumous exonerations in, 295

statistics on new appeals in, 333

statute on new scientific evidence, 201

systemic irregularities in, 317–322, 330

The Constitution Project (TCP), 147

Thibodeaux, Damon, 49

Thomas, Arthur Allan, 303

Thomas, George C., III

chapter by, 208–222

references to, 277

Thompson, James R., 112

Thompson, Kenneth, xviii

Thompson, Sandra Guerra, 314–328

Thurman, Joe, 224

Tommy (chimpanzee), 340–341

trespassing convictions, 94–95

Trial Manual for the Defense of Criminal Cases (Amsterdam), 239

trials

conviction phase, 161–163

DNA exoneration statistics and, 44, 49

evidentiary inaccuracy and, 88–89

exoneration and multiple, 18, 51–53

exoneration statistics and, 89

false trial testimony, 6

flawed forensic evidence and, 49–50

Fourth Amendment exclusionary rule and, 274–275

function of, 88, 100

jury and representation in, 29, 299

legal innocence and, 28–29

open file policy, 217, 224

post-conviction and requests for new, 252–253

procedural reforms for pre-trial and, 248

punishment phase of, 162–165

racial discrimination and, 102

wartime, 12, 381–384, 386–387 See also judges; jury; prosecutorial misconduct

Tribe, Laurence H., 347, 349

Trotter, Gary, 388

Truth and Reconciliation Commission, 387

truth commissions, global, 214, 269, 303–304, 328, 331, 387

Tuerkheimer, Deborah, 196–197

Turner, Jenia Iontcheva, 219

United Kingdom, 12, 54, 357–358, 369, 388–389 See also England; Great Britain; Northern Ireland

United States

declining death penalty rate in, 145–147

FBI and DOJ on evidentiary inaccuracies, 144

Guantánamo Bay detention by, 344, 390–393

homicide rates, 146

state death penalty laws, 176 See also United States Supreme Court; specific agencies; specific states

United States Constitution. See specific amendments

United States Supreme Court

on accuracy of pleas, 89–90

on Bordenkircher v. Hayes, 218

on constitutionality of death penalty, 153, 161, 173

on constitutionality of DNA databases, 85

on death sentences for disabled persons, 146

on detentions and habeas relief, 344, 391

DNA technology and, xvii–xviii

on expert opinion in medical cases, 192

on function of trial, 88

on gay marriage, 346

on habeas relief, 342

on Hinton v. Alabama, 230–231

on IAC, 227

on juvenile death sentences, 146

on new evidence, 285, 330–331

on prosecutor’s duty, 209

on punishment phase and proof of innocence, 162–163

on race and rape cases, 297–298

on right to counsel, 241

on wartime and innocence, 384–385

on Yamashita tribunal, 383 See also specific cases; specific constitutional amendments; specific justices

United States v. Agurs, 25

United States v. Bagley, 25

United States v. Booker, 234

United States v. Hebshie, 231, 240

United States v. Quinones, 169

United States v. Wade, 22

University of Cincinnati Law Review, 361, 363

University of Michigan Law School, 59–60, 142 See also National Registry of Exonerations (NRE)

University of Washington School of Law, 6–7 See also Innocence Project Northwest (IPNW, University of Washington)

University of Witwatersrand, 367

vacated judgment statistics, 51

van den Haag, Ernest, 149, 157

Vanek, Daniel, 364

Vanzetti, Nicola, 16, 142–143, 291–292

Vasquez, David, 2–3, 111, 139

Vasquez, Mario, 215–216

Versailles Peace Conference (1919), 396

victims of crime vs. victims of wrongful convictions, 265–270

video record of testimony, 217–218, 250, 276–277

Viets, Wilco, 363–364

Virginia, 305, 323

Voboril, Jan, 364

Wales, 360

Walker, John, 358

Walzer, Michael, 393

war and innocence

belligerent killings, 381

detention and, 386, 390–392

“just war” theory, 385, 396

laws of war, 385, 394

military tribunals, 381–382

philosophy on basic human rights and, 385–386

POWs, 345, 353–354

presumption of regularity, 392

summary of, 379–380, 393–394

Supreme Court on, 383–385

suspension of truth during wartime, 380–381

terrorism, 12, 388–393

theological interpretation on, 393

war crimes and military tribunals, 12, 381–384, 386–387

Warden, Rob

chapter by, 106–110

as founder of NRE, 59–60

on media and Innocence Movement, 29

on recantations, 286 See also National Registry of Exonerations (NRE)

Warren Court

on evidence disclosure, 23–25

on habeas corpus, 25–26

innocence and, 15–20

post-conviction relief in, 25–28 See also United States Supreme Court

Washington, 170, 178, 234

Washington Post, 176–177, 198, 210–211, 315

Webb, Cathleen Crowell, 106

Weed, Douglas, 190, 193

West, Valerie, 228

Westlaw database, 208

Whitmore, George, Jr., 18–20

“Why Innocent People Plead Guilty” (Rakoff), 86–87

Wicoff, Robert

chapter by, 314–328

references to, 331–332

Wiggins, Kevin, 232, 237

Wiggins v. Smith, 232, 237

Wikileaks, 392

Wilcoxson, Robert, 269–270

Will, George, 147, 178

Williams, Johnny, 47

Willingham, Cameron Todd, 93, 144, 159–160, 168, 200 See also arson cases

Willis, Ernest Ray, 200–201

Wilson, Harold, 177

Wisconsin Innocence Project, 124

Wise, Steven M., 334–346

witches, 166–167, 292

witness misidentifications

of Abernathy, 215

of Beamer, 21–22

circumstances for, 22

DNA exoneration statistics and, 45

innocence and, 21–23

lineup reliability and reform, 22

as main cause of wrongful conviction, 23, 380

prevalence of, 212

prevention training for, 221

procedural reforms on, 10, 23, 249, 267–268

of Provience, 214–215

racial discrimination and, 310

statistics on, 48, 249

in Vasquez case, 215–216 See also evidentiary inaccuracies; informant testimony; police interrogation

Witness to Innocence, 148

Wits Justice Project, 367–368

Wolf, Tom, 177

Wolfgang, Marvin, 291, 297, 307

Woods, Cathy, 51

Woodson v. North Carolina, 164–165

World War I, 382

World War II, 382–384

writ of habeas corpus. See habeas corpus relief

wrongful convictions

Bedau on, 152

Borchard on, 30

compensation for, 42, 121, 128

crime victim vs. victims of, 265–270

death penalty support and, 148–151

definition, 3, 5, 13

factors in capital cases, 173

famous historical cases of, 16

Garrett on, 5, 24

ghost of the innocent man, 16

Gould on, 24

Guantánamo Bay detentees, 344, 390–393

history of scholarship on, 57–58, 60, 117, 139–140

individual investigations of, 314

informant recantation in, 93

informant testimony and, 87, 92–94

legislation on, 77, 85, 316, 323

list of sources of, 87–88, 121, 228, 314

mass investigations of, 314–315

misdemeanor pleas and, 87, 91, 94–96

paid settlement for, 42

poverty and, 30–31

priors and risk of, 268–269

procedural barriers after discovery of, 315–316

recommendation for more research on, 271, 285

reentry challenges post-exoneration, 119–120

Scalia on, 16, 58, 76

societal cost of, 268

societal effects of, 119

statistics on, 4

term “proven false conviction,” 68

war crimes and, 12 See also criminal justice system irregularities; criminal justice system reforms; death penalty; DNA exonerations; exonerations; innocence; Innocence Movement; specific cases and criminals; specific causes

wrong man cases, xvii, 57–61 See also factual innocence; innocence

Wylie, Janice, 18

Yackle, Larry, 26

Yamashita Tomoyuki, 382–384

Yarris, Nicholas, 177

Youngblood, Larry, 52

Zalman, Marvin

on Allen and Laudan risk ratios, 266

on DPIC’s interpretation, 78

on exoneration as term, 62

on innocence consciousness, 60, 77

on Innocence Movement, 129

on Innocents Database, 79

Zarowsky, Lara, 127

Zhang Zaiyu, 366–367

Zimring, Franklin, 148

Zúñiga, Toño, 362

Zuziashvilli, Yitzhak, 364

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