Figures
1.2Individual heritage speakers along the bilingual continuum
2.1Russian, Ukrainian and Italian mean VOT values (in sec) for stops /p,t,k/ by generation compared to the Canadian English and homeland standards (based on the literature)
2.4Proportion of input in Spanish and in English in two bilingual children
2.5Development of Spanish and English in two bilingual children
3.1Object split (marked/unmarked) and factors that determine the prominence of marked objects in different languages
3.2Syntactic representation for DOM in Spanish and other languages
4.1Language change in individuals, societies, and nations over time
4.3Percentage accuracy on DOM with animate, specific direct objects in 3-year-old monolingual and bilingual Spanish-speaking children
4.4Mean acceptability ratings on ungrammatical sentences without DOM
4.5Percentage of the DOM omission in Spanish speakers in the Netherlands
5.2The dynamics of heritage language acquisition and heritage language change
5.3Example test items from the elicited oral production task
5.4Sample picture and sentences used in the aural/written comprehension task (accusative condition)
5.5Sample picture and sentences used in the aural/written comprehension task (dative condition)
6.1Spanish study: Mean percentage accuracy on animate specific direct objects in the oral narrative task
6.2Spanish study: Individual results on DOM marking with animate specific direct objects in the oral narrative task
6.3Mean percentage accuracy on animate specific direct objects in the Spanish elicited oral production task
6.4Individual results on DOM marking with animate specific direct objects in the Spanish elicited production task
6.5Mean percentage accuracy in the Spanish written production task
6.6Accuracy on animate specific direct objects by participants in the Spanish written production task
6.7Mean accuracy on sentences with animate, specific direct objects in the Spanish auditory comprehension task (accusative condition)
6.8Mean accuracy on sentences with indirect objects in the Spanish auditory comprehension task (dative condition)
6.9Mean acceptability ratings of animate and inanimate specific direct objects with and without DOM in the Spanish bimodal acceptability judgment task
6.10Mean acceptability ratings on a omission with dative subjects and indirect objects in the Spanish bimodal acceptability judgment task
7.1Hindi study: Mean percentage accuracy on -ko marking with animate specific direct objects in the oral narrative task
7.2Hindi study: Individual results on DOM marking (-ko) with animate specific direct objects in the oral narrative task
7.3Mean percentage accuracy on animate specific direct objects in the Hindi elicited oral production task
7.4Individual results on DOM marking with animate specific direct objects in the Hindi elicited production task
7.5Mean percentage accuracy in the Hindi written production task
7.6Accuracy on animate specific direct objects by participants in the Hindi written production task
7.7Mean accuracy on sentences with animate, specific direct objects in the Hindi written comprehension task
7.8Mean accuracy on sentences with indirect objects in the Hindi written comprehension task
7.9Mean acceptability ratings of specific and nonspecific objects with and without DOM in the Hindi bimodal acceptability judgment task
7.10Mean acceptability ratings on -ko omission with dative subjects and indirect objects in the Hindi bimodal acceptability judgment task
8.1Romanian study: Mean percentage accuracy on -pe marking (DOM) and clitic-doubling (CD) with animate specific direct objects in the oral narrative task
8.2Romanian study: Individual results on pe-marking (DOM) with animate specific direct objects in the oral narrative task
8.3Romanian study: Individual results on accusative clitic doubling (CD) with animate specific direct objects in the oral narrative task
8.4Mean percentage accuracy on pe-marking (DOM) and clitic-doubling (CD) with animate specific direct objects (names) in the Romanian elicited oral production task
8.5Individual results on DOM marking with animate specific direct objects (names) in the Romanian elicited production task
8.6Individual results on CD marking with animate specific direct objects (names) in the Romanian elicited production task
8.7Mean percentage accuracy in the Romanian written production task
8.8Accuracy on animate specific direct objects and clitic doubling by participants in the Romanian written production task
8.9Mean accuracy on sentences with animate, specific direct objects in the Romanian auditory comprehension task
8.10Mean accuracy on sentences with indirect objects marked with pe in the Romanian auditory comprehension task
8.11Mean acceptability ratings of animate and specific objects with and without DOM and CD in the Romanian bimodal acceptability judgment task
8.12Mean acceptability ratings on pe-omission with locatives and indirect objects in the Romanian bimodal acceptability judgment task
9.1Mean percentage accuracy on written proficiency and DOM in oral production in the three heritage speaker groups
9.2Mean acceptability ratings on DOM omission by the three heritage speaker groups
9.3Mean composite score on quantity and quality of input and use along the lifetime in the three heritage speaker groups
9.4Mean percentage accuracy on written proficiency and DOM in oral production in the three immigrant groups
9.5Mean acceptability ratings on DOM omission in the three immigrant groups
9.6Mexico and Latin America groups: Mean percentage accuracy on animate specific direct objects in the oral narrative task
9.7Mexican and Latin America groups: Individual results on DOM marking with animate specific direct objects in the oral narrative task
9.8Mexico and Latin America groups: Mean percentage accuracy on animate specific direct objects in the Spanish elicited oral production task
9.9Mexico and Latin America groups: Individual results on DOM marking with animate specific direct objects in Spanish elicited production task
9.10Mexico and Latin America groups: Mean acceptability ratings of animate and inanimate objects with and without DOM in the Spanish bimodal acceptability judgment task
9.11Syntactic representation for animate and inanimate direct objects in English
9.12Syntactic representation for animate and inanimate direct objects in Spanish
9.13Syntactic representation of animate objects in Spanish heritage speakers
9.14Syntactic representations of animate objects with activated and dormant animate features
10.2DOM omission in L2 learners, heritage speakers and first-generation immigrants
10.3The dynamics of language acquisition and change of DOM in Spanish in the United States
10.4Idealized developmental trajectories of L1 acquisition, L1 attrition, and incomplete acquisition in heritage speakers and their caregivers
10.5Mean accuracy on DOM with animate and inanimate objects in matrix clauses
10.6Mean accuracy percentages by speaker type and age in the story retelling task
10.7Spanish heritage speakers and their mothers’ mean percentage accuracy with animate, specific direct objects in the oral narrative task
10.8DOM accuracy on the oral narrative by individual child heritages speakers of Spanish and their mothers
10.9DOM accuracy on the oral narrative by individual young adult heritage speakers of Spanish and their mothers
