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Index

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  05 August 2016

Edited by
Iulia Motoc  and
Ineta Ziemele
Iulia Motoc
Affiliation:
European Court of Human Rights; Universitatea din Bucureşti, Romania
Ineta Ziemele
Affiliation:
Constitutional Court of Latvia; Riga Graduate School of Law, Latvia

Information

Type
Chapter
Information
The Impact of the ECHR on Democratic Change in Central and Eastern Europe
Judicial Perspectives
 , pp. 502 - 529
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Print publication year: 2016

Index

Abortion
Poland, ECtHR case law in, 321–322
Access to courts
Albania, ECtHR case law in, 20–21
Armenia, ECtHR case law in, 54
Croatia, ECtHR case law in, 116–117
Macedonia, ECtHR case law in, 271–272, 276–277
Romania, ECtHR case law in, 332
in Slovakia
Constitutional Court case law, 414–415
ECtHR case law, 414–415
Ukraine, ECtHR case law in, 475, 480–481
Access to information
challenges regarding, 498–499
Hungary, ECtHR case law in, 197–198
Administrative cases
in Lithuania, 239–240, 263–264
Ukraine, ECtHR case law in, 477–478
Admissibility Guide, 286
Albania
Code of Civil Procedure, 28
Code of Criminal Procedure, 28
Constitution, 14
Constitutional Court
death penalty and, 31–32
elections and voting and, 32
extradition and, 35
immunity and, 33
overview, 4, 30–36
property rights and, 32
reopening of cases and, 33–35
restitution and, 32
in Council of Europe, 15
death penalty in, 31–32, 35
ECHR and
accession to, 15
Article 2 cases, 19
Article 7 cases, 25
Article 8 cases, 25
Article 13 cases, 26
Protocol 1 cases, 26
relationship between domestic and international law in, 15–16
status of in domestic law, 17–18
ECtHR case law
access to courts, 20–21
conviction in absentia, 24
executive branch, effect on, 29–30
Hague Convention and, 25
independence and impartiality of courts, 21–22
inhuman and degrading treatment, 20
judiciary, effect on, 30–36
legal certainty principle, 21
legal representation, 22–23
legislative drafting, effect on, 27–29
length of proceedings, 22
non-enforcement of decisions, 24–25
overview, 18–19
parliamentary debate, effect on, 27
presumption of innocence, 24
property rights, 24–25
right to be heard, 22–23
right to counsel, 22–23
torture, 19–20
witnesses, 23
executive branch, effect of ECtHR case law on, 29–30
Helsinki Committee, 36
human rights organisations, effect of ECtHR case law on, 36
judiciary, effect of ECtHR case law on, 30–36
legislature, effect of ECtHR case law on
legislative drafting, 27–29
parliamentary debate, 27
Magistrates School, 37
overview, 13–14, 38
remedies in, 37
School of Public Administration, 37
Supreme Court, 21–22, 29, 30–36
Armenia
Alternative Service Act, 40
Code of Civil Procedure, 53, 54
Code of Criminal Procedure, 51–52, 53, 54–56
Constitution, 40–41, 51
Constitutional Court, 47–49
in Council of Europe, 40
Court of Cassation, 49–54
ECHR and
accession to, 41–42
ratification of, 41–42
status of in domestic law, 39–41
ECtHR case law
overview, 42
access to courts, 54
appeals, 49–50
classification of cases, 49
coerced confessions, 46
conscientious objectors, 42–45
Constitutional Court, effect on, 47–49
Court of Cassation, effect on, 49–54
defamation, 48–49
freedom of assembly, 53–54
freedom of expression, 48–49
judiciary, effect on, 47
legislature, effect on, 54–56
liberty rights, 50–51
remand measures, 51–52
reopening of cases, 48, 52–53
Judicial Code, 49
judiciary, effect of ECtHR case law on
overview, 47
Constitutional Court, 47–49
Court of Cassation, 49–54
legislature, effect of ECtHR case law on, 54–56
overview, 39–41, 56
Assembly, freedom of
Armenia, ECtHR case law in, 53–54
in Hungary
Constitutional Court case law, 195
ECtHR case law, 195
Latvia, ECtHR case law in, 227
Poland, ECtHR case law in, 324–325
Ukraine, ECtHR case law in, 473–474, 478–479
Association, freedom of
Azerbaijan, ECtHR case law in, 71
Ukraine, ECtHR case law in, 478–479
Attorneys
dissemination of information by
in Latvia, 221
in Serbia, 387
in Slovakia, 422
right to counsel
Albania, ECtHR case law in, 22–23
ECtHR case law in Ukraine, 468–469, 480
Azerbaijan
Code of Civil Procedures, 60, 62
Code of Criminal Procedures, 60
Committee of Ministers and, 75
Constitution, 58–59, 72
Constitutional Court, 59–60, 61–64, 76
Constitutional Law on Human Rights, 59–61
in Council of Europe, 57
Court of Cassation, 62
Criminal Code, 74
Democratic Party of Azerbaijan, 66
dissemination of information in, 78–79
ECHR and
accession to, 58
implementation and coordination of, 59–64
ratification of, 58, 59
relationship between domestic and international law, 59
status of in domestic law, 59
ECtHR case law
defamation, 69–70
detention, 68–69
displaced persons, 64–65
elections and voting, 71–73
fair trial, 65–66
freedom of association, 71
freedom of expression, 69–70
freedom of press, 69–70
inhuman and degrading treatment, 67–68
legal certainty principle, 64–65
overview, 64
refugees, 64–65
torture, 66–67
Electoral Code, 72
executive branch
effect of ECtHR case law on, 73–75
implementation and coordination of ECHR by, 61
falaka, 66–67
Government Agent, 61
Judicial Council, 78–79
judiciary
effect of ECtHR case law on, 75–78
implementation and coordination of ECHR by, 61–64
Law of 10 May 1997 on Courts and Judges, 59
legislature, implementation and coordination of ECHR by, 59–61
Ministry of Justice, 71, 75–76, 77–78
National Programme for Action to Raise Effectiveness of the Protection of Human Rights and Freedoms, 61, 73–74
NGOs in, 75–76, 77–78
Ombudsperson, 59–60
“On Modernization of Judicial System” (Presidential Decree), 60–61
Organized Crime Unit, 66
overview, 57–58, 79
rule of law in, 62
Supreme Court, 60–61, 63–64, 75–78
Baku State University, 78
Balance of powers, 494–495
Balancing of rights, 497
Bangalore Principles of Judicial Conduct, 419
Beneš, Edvard, 138, 144, 415
Bernhardt, Rudolf, 9
Blind persons
Slovenia, Constitutional Court case law in, 449–450
Bosnia and Herzegovina
Anglo-American legal theory compared, 89–90
Constituent Peoples in, 94
Constitution, 81–82, 84–91, 92, 108
Constitutional Court, 92, 107, 108
continental legal theory compared, 89–90
in Council of Europe, 83, 108
Criminal Code, 92, 101
Criminal Procedure Code, 92
Dayton Peace Agreement, 83, 85, 89, 93–94, 97, 98, 109
death penalty in, 101–102
ECHR and
accession to, 82–83
constitutional principle and, 86
ratification of, 82–83, 86
relationship between domestic and international law, 86–89
status of in domestic law, 89–91
ECtHR case law
Dayton Peace Agreement, 93–94
family rights, 100
forced disappearances, 98–100
judiciary, effect on, 106–107
legislature, effect on, 105–106
minority rights, 94–97
overview, 91–93
war crimes, 100, 101–105
former Yugoslavia, war crimes under laws of, 101–104
Human Rights Chamber, 98, 106
Human Rights Commission, 98, 106
human rights in, 81–82, 85–86, 108
Jews in, 94, 95–96, 97
judiciary, effect of ECtHR case law on, 106–107
legislature, effect of ECtHR case law on, 105–106
Ministry of Human Rights and Refugees, 108
NGOs in, 107
Office of the High Representative, 92, 101
“Others” in, 94, 96
overview, 80–82, 107–109
Parliamentary Assembly, 86
Roma people in, 94, 95–96, 97
Special Department for War Crimes, 92
State Court, 92
Structured Dialogue on Justice, 101–102
War Crimes Chamber, 101–104
Bulgaria
ratification of ECHR by, 7
Bulletin slovenskej advokácie (journal), 422
Case law.See specific court or country
Charter of Fundamental Rights, 156
Chechnya, 9
Child abduction
Estonia, ECtHR case law in, 158, 172–173
Latvia, ECtHR case law in, 213, 229
Coerced confessions
Armenia, ECtHR case law in, 46
Committee for the Prevention of Torture and Inhuman and Degrading Treatment (CPT)
Azerbaijan and, 66, 74
Estonia and, 162
Hungary and, 190
Poland and, 320
Ukraine and, 476
Committee of Ministers
Azerbaijan and, 75
Croatia and, 122, 124, 126
Hungary and, 189–190
Interim Resolution of the Committee of Ministers, 315
Lithuania and, 243–244, 246, 252
Macedonia and, 281
Roma people and, 408, 409
Russia and, 369, 370
Slovakia and, 408, 409, 416, 418
Ukraine and, 460, 465, 466, 468, 469, 476, 477
Conflict of laws
Czech Republic, ECtHR case law in, 144–145
in Hungary, 182–185
Conscientious objectors
Armenia, ECtHR case law in, 42–45
Constitutional Courts, ECHR and.See also specific country
overview, 4
Supreme Courts versus, 7
Consultative Council of European Prosecutors General, 367
Conviction in absentia
Albania, ECtHR case law in, 24
Corruption
in Estonia, 174
in Hungary, 198
in Latvia, 228
Costa, Jean-Paul, 304
Council of Europe
Albania in, 15
Armenia in, 40
Azerbaijan in, 57
Bosnia and Herzegovina in, 83, 108
Czechoslovakia in, 136–137
Directorate General of Human Rights and Rule of Law, 304
dissemination of information by, 498
Estonia in, 153
Hungary in, 178
Latvia in, 201
Lithuania in, 235
Macedonia in, 267–268
Montenegro in, 291
Poland in, 305
Romania in, 330
Serbia and Montenegro in, 376–377
Serbia in, 373, 376–377
Slovenia in, 432
training programs, 78–79
Ukraine and
Action Plan for Ukraine 2008-2011, 462–463
Action Plan for Ukraine 2011-2014, 463
Court of Justice, 208
Courts, access to.See Access to courts
CPT.See Committee for the Prevention of Torture and Inhuman and Degrading Treatment (CPT)
Crimea, 9
Criminal investigations
in Lithuania
domestic case law, 247
ECtHR case law, 246–247
Macedonia, ECtHR case law in, 271, 274
Romania, ECtHR case law in, 332
Slovakia, Constitutional Court case law in, 406
Criminal procedure
impact of ECHR and ECtHR on, 494
Poland, ECtHR case law in, 312–314
Ukraine, ECtHR case law in, 466–469
Croatia
Administrative Disputes Act, 117
Anti-Discrimination Law, 131
Attorney General, 129
bill of rights, 111
Civil Procedure Act, 116
Committee of Ministers and, 122, 124, 126
Constitution, 111–112
Constitutional Court
criminal procedure and, 117–118
ECHR and, 120–121
fair trial and, 116
overview, 111–112, 132–133, 134–135
proportionality and, 119–120
remedies and, 123–124, 125
reopening of cases and, 125–127
Council for Execution of ECtHR’s Judgments and Decisions, 122
Courts Act, 124–125
Criminal Procedure Act, 117–118
ECHR and
Constitutional Court and, 120–121
implementation and coordination of, 120–122
ratification of, 110
status of in domestic law, 112–113
ECtHR case law
access to courts, 116–117
displaced persons, 130–132
double jeopardy, 118–119
fair trial, 116, 117–118
freedom of press, 132
inhuman and degrading treatment, 125
judiciary, effect on, 128
legislature, effect on, 127–128
length of proceedings, 116
mental illness, 119
minority rights, 130–132
money laundering, 118
overview, 114–115
parentage, 119
proportionality, 119–120
refugees, 130–132
statistics, 114–115
table, 114t. 7.1.
war crimes, 128–130
Family Act, 119
judiciary, effect of ECtHR case law on, 128
Law on Hate Crimes, 131
legislature, effect of ECtHR case law on, 127–128
Ministry of Interior, 129
Obligations Act, 125
Office for Cooperation with ECtHR, 122
opportunity to remedy
overview, 123
general remedies, 123–125
reopening of cases, 125–127
overview, 110, 132–135
Penal Code, 118–119, 131
Persons with Mental Illness Act, 119
Religious Communities Act, 131
Roma people in, 130–132
Rule of law in, 132
Stabilization and Association Agreement, 120
Supreme Court, 121–122
Custody of children
Czech Republic, ECtHR case law in, 147
Czechoslovakia.See also Czech Republic; Slovakia
Charter of Fundamental Rights and Freedoms, 139–140
Constitution, 138
in Council of Europe, 136–137
end of democracy in, 138
historical background, 137–139
ratification of ECHR by, 7, 136–137
Czech Republic
Act on the Constitutional Court, 142
Code of Civil Procedure, 146–147
Constitution, 140
Constitutional Court, 138, 140
ECHR and
Protocol 14, 150–151
ratification of, 7, 136–137
ECtHR case law
conflict of laws, 144–145
credit unions, 148
custody of children, 147
education, 147–148
evidence, 141–142
length of proceedings, 145
mental illness, 151
minority shareholders, 148–149
procedural rules, 145–147
property rights, 140–141, 143–144, 149–150
publicity of laws, 141
overview, 136, 151–152
restitution, 143–144, 149–150
Extrajudicial Rehabilitation Act, 143–144
Roma people in, 147–148
Dayton Peace Agreement, 83, 85, 89, 93–94, 97, 98, 109
Death penalty
in Albania, 31–32, 35
in Bosnia and Herzegovina, 101–102
in Estonia, 154
in Russia, 363
in Ukraine, 459
Defamation
Armenia, ECtHR case law in, 48–49
Azerbaijan, ECtHR case law in, 69–70
in Hungary
Constitutional Court case law, 195–197
ECtHR case law, 195–197
in Latvia
ECtHR case law, 225–227
Supreme Court case law, 227
Montenegro, ECtHR case law in, 298–301
Poland, ECtHR case law in, 322–324
Romania, ECtHR case law in, 333
Serbia, ECtHR case law and, 382–383
Ukraine, domestic case law in, 484–485
Democratisation
impact of ECHR and ECtHR on, 492–493, 494–495
Denationalisation of property
Slovakia, ECtHR case law in, 416
Deportation
Latvia, ECtHR case law in, 229
Slovakia, ECtHR case law in, 418
Detention
Azerbaijan, ECtHR case law in, 68–69
Estonia, ECtHR case law in, 160–161, 172
Hungary, ECtHR case law in, 193
impact of ECHR and ECtHR on, 496
Latvia, ECtHR case law in, 211–213
in Lithuania
Supreme Administrative Court case law, 261
Supreme Court case law, 258
Macedonia, ECtHR case law in, 272, 273, 274–275
Poland, ECtHR case law in, 312–313, 314
in Romania
domestic case law, 342, 346–347
ECtHR case law, 337
in Russia
Ministry of Justice and, 369
Supreme Court resolution on, 362–363
Slovakia, ECtHR case law in, 409–412
in Ukraine
Code of Criminal Procedure and, 466–467, 468, 476
ECtHR case law, 466–467, 478
Dilution of standards, 9–10
Displaced persons
Azerbaijan, ECtHR case law in, 64–65
Croatia, ECtHR case law in, 130–132
Dissemination of information
in Azerbaijan, 78–79
by Council of Europe, 498
in Latvia
attorneys, 221
by judiciary, 220–221
scholarship, 220
teaching, 219–220
in Lithuania, 264
in Montenegro, 303–304
in Serbia
attorneys, 387
by judiciary, 387
scholarship, 386
teaching, 386
in Slovakia, 421–423
in Ukraine, 488–489
Double jeopardy
Croatia, ECtHR case law in, 118–119
Due process
Latvia, ECtHR case law in, 224–225
Slovenia, Constitutional Court case law in, 451
ECHR (European Convention on Human Rights).See specific country or topic
ECtHR (European Court of Human Rights).See specific country or topic
Education
Czech Republic, ECtHR case law in, 147–148
Slovakia, domestic case law in, 409
Elections and voting
Albania, Constitutional Court case law in, 32
Azerbaijan, ECtHR case law in, 71–73
challenges regarding, 499
in Hungary
Criminal Code and, 194–195
ECtHR case law, 194–195
Fundamental Law, 195, 197
in Latvia
Administrative Procedure Law and, 215
ECtHR case law, 215, 216, 222–223, 229, 232
Parliamentary Elections Law, 216, 230
Russia, ECtHR case law in, 359
Slovakia, Constitutional Court case law in, 421
Entrapment
impact of ECHR and ECtHR on, 496
Ukraine, domestic case law in, 487
Eötvös Loránd University, 199
Equal protection
Latvia, ECtHR case law in, 223–224
in Macedonia
ECtHR case law, 271, 278–279
Supreme Court case law, 278–279
in Serbia
Constitution, 391–392
Constitutional Court case law, 391–394
Slovenia, Constitutional Court case law in, 449–451
Establishment of religion
in Hungary, 184–185
Estonia
Code of Administrative Court Procedure, 166, 168–169
Code of Civil Procedure, 166, 168–169, 170
Code of Criminal Procedure, 160–161, 164, 166, 168–170
Constitution, 154–155, 156, 171
corruption in, 174
in Council of Europe, 153
death penalty in, 154
ECHR and
accession to, 153–154
Protocols, 154
ratification of, 153–154
status of in domestic law, 154–155
ECtHR case law
child abduction, 158, 172–173
detention, 160–161, 172
effect of, 172–173
evidence, 164, 172
fair trial, 163–167
family rights, 168
foreseeability, 168
freedom of expression, 167
freedom of press, 167
Hague Convention and, 172–173
length of proceedings, 165–167
liberty rights, 160–161
mental illness, 161
overview, 157–158
prison conditions, 157, 161–163, 172
property rights, 153–154
reopening of cases, 168–169
restitution, 153–154
retroactivity, 168
witnesses, 164
Ministry of Justice, 162
overview, 173–175
rule of law in, 173–175
Soviet occupation of, 159–160
State Liability Act, 166–167
Supreme Court
impartiality of, 164–165
length of proceedings and, 166–167
overview, 154–155
prison conditions and, 162–163
references to ECHR and ECtHR, 169
reopening of cases, 168–169, 171–172
European Commission of Human Rights, 241
European Convention on Human Rights (ECHR).See specific country or topic
European Court of Human Rights (ECtHR).See specific country or topic
European Court of Justice, 182
European Union
EU-Ukraine Cooperation Council, 463
Lithuania in, 235
Poland in, 305–306
Evidence
Czech Republic, ECtHR case law in, 141–142
Estonia, ECtHR case law in, 164, 172
in Lithuania
Constitutional Court case law, 245
ECtHR case law, 245–246
Poland, ECtHR case law in, 314
Romania, domestic case law in, 342
in Russia
ECtHR case law in, 358–359
Supreme Commercial Court resolution on, 364
in Ukraine
Code of Criminal Procedure and, 469
Constitutional Court case law, 483
ECtHR case law, 468–469
Executive branches
Albania, effect of ECtHR case law in, 29–30
Azerbaijan, implementation and coordination of ECHR in, 61
Hungary, implementation and coordination of ECHR in, 189–190
Latvia, implementation and coordination of ECHR in, 207
Macedonia, effect of ECtHR case law in, 285–286
Ukraine, implementation and coordination of ECHR in, 462–464
Expression, freedom of
Armenia, ECtHR case law in, 48–49
Azerbaijan, ECtHR case law in, 69–70
challenges regarding, 498–499
Estonia, ECtHR case law in, 167
in Hungary
Criminal Code and, 195–196, 197
ECtHR case law, 186–187, 189–190, 192, 193, 196–197
impact of ECHR and ECtHR on, 497
Latvia, ECtHR case law in, 225–227
Montenegro, ECtHR case law in, 298–301
Poland, ECtHR case law in, 322–324
Romania, ECtHR case law in, 333
Russia, Supreme Court resolution on, 361–362
Serbia, ECtHR case law and, 382–383
Slovenia, Constitutional Court case law in, 451–452
Ukraine, ECtHR case law in, 480
Extradition
Albania, Constitutional Court case law in, 35
Russia, Supreme Court resolution on, 363
in Ukraine
Code of Criminal Procedure and, 477
ECtHR case law, 477
Extraordinary rendition
Macedonia, ECtHR case law in, 276
Extremist groups
Serbia, Constitutional Court case law in, 389–391
Fair trial
Azerbaijan, ECtHR case law in, 65–66
in Croatia
Constitutional Court case law, 116
ECtHR case law, 116, 117–118
Estonia, ECtHR case law in, 163–167
Latvia, ECtHR case law in, 211–213
Lithuania, ECtHR case law in, 245–249
Macedonia, ECtHR case law in, 271
Poland, ECtHR case law in, 313–314
in Russia
ECtHR case law in, 356–357
Supreme Commercial Court circular on, 363–364
Slovakia, ECtHR case law in, 412–415
Slovenia, Constitutional Court case law in, 451
Family rights
Bosnia and Herzegovina, ECtHR case law in, 100
Estonia, ECtHR case law in, 168
Hungary, Constitutional Court case law in, 183–184
Slovakia, ECtHR case law in, 408–409
Slovenia, ECtHR case law in, 438
Fines
Slovakia, ECtHR case law in, 404–405
Forced disappearances
Bosnia and Herzegovina, ECtHR case law in, 98–100
Framework Convention for the Protection of National Minorities, 96
Freedom of assembly.See Assembly, freedom of
Freedom of association.See Association, freedom of
Freedom of expression.See Expression, freedom of
Freedom of press.See Press, freedom of
Freedom of religion.See Religion, freedom of
Garden colonies
Slovakia, ECtHR case law in, 417
Garlicki, Lech, 3
Gender discrimination
Romania, domestic case law in, 346
Geneva Protocol, 138
Germany
Federal Constitutional Court, 206
Hague Convention on the Civil Aspects of International Child Abduction
Albania and, 25
Estonia and, 172–173
Latvia and, 213
Havel, Václav, 3, 139
Health care
Hungary, ECtHR case law in, 186
Hearings
Albania, ECtHR case law in, 22–23
Historical background
accession to ECHR, 3
dilution of standards, 9–10
evolution of ECtHR, 10–11
Interim Consultative Committee, 8
in 1990s, 7
overview, 6–7, 12
preparatory compatibility studies, 8–9
stylistic differences, 12
HIV
Romania, ECtHR case law in, 336–337
Housing
Slovakia, domestic case law in, 409
Human rights
Macedonia, ECtHR case law in, 270–273
Human Rights Centre of the Faculty of Law in Podgorica, 303–304
Human rights organisations
Albania, effect of ECtHR case law in, 36
Hungary
Budapest Regional Court, 195
Civil Code, 194
Code of Criminal Procedure, 178, 188
Commissioner for Fundamental Rights, 177
Committee of Ministers and, 189–190
communism in, 198–199
conflict of laws, 182–185
Constitution, 194
Constitutional Court
defamation and, 195–197
ECHR and, 192–193
family rights and, 183–184
freedom of assembly and, 195
freedom of press and, 195–197
Fundamental Law and, 185
overview, 4, 176, 177–178, 199–200
treaties and, 180–182
corruption in, 198
in Council of Europe, 178
Criminal Code
elections and voting and, 194–195
freedom of expression and, 195–196, 197
judicial review of, 188
overview, 178, 200
use of communist symbols, 186–187, 192, 193
Curia, 190–191
ECHR and
accession to, 178–179
conflicts with Fundamental Law, 182–185
Constitutional Court and, 192–193
implementation and coordination of, 185–194
ratification of, 7, 178–179
status of in domestic law, 179–182
supremacy of, 182
ECtHR case law
access to information, 197–198
defamation, 195–197
detention, 193
elections and voting, 194–195
freedom of assembly, 195
freedom of expression, 186–187, 189–190, 192, 193, 196–197
freedom of press, 195–196
health care, 186
prison conditions, 185–186, 190
establishment of religion in, 184–185
European Roma Rights Center, 194
executive branch, implementation and coordination of ECHR by, 189–190
Family Protection Act, 183–184
Fundamental Law
amendments to, 200
conflicts with ECHR, 182–185
elections and voting and, 195, 197
overview, 176–178
status of ECHR and, 179–182
human rights in, 177–178
Hungarian Civil Liberties Union (TASZ), 197–198
Hungarian Helsinki Committee, 194
immunity of Members of Parliament, 196–197
Inter-Ministerial Committee, 178–179, 181
judiciary, implementation and coordination of ECHR by, 190–194
legislature, implementation and coordination of ECHR by, 185–189
Mental Disability Advocacy Center, 194
Metropolitan Court of Appeal, 192, 193
Ministry of Public Administration and Justice, 187, 190
National Academy of Justice, 194, 200
NGOs in, 194, 209
Office for International Relations and European Law, 191
Office of the Agent before ECHR, 187–188, 189
overview, 198–200
Parliament, 176
Parliamentary Committees, 188–189
Pécs Court of Appeal, 192
Penal Code, 178
President, 176–177
Prime Minister, 177
Roma people in, 200
same-sex marriage in, 183–184
State Security Service, 198
Supreme Court, 191–192
treaties and, 180–182
Hunger strikes
Ukraine, ECtHR case law in, 478
ICCPR (International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights), 205, 291
Ilves, Toomas Hendrik, 175
Immunity
Albania, Constitutional Court case law in, 33
Impact of ECHR, 2–3. See also specific topic
“The Impact of the European Convention on Human Rights and the Case Law on Democratic Changes and Developments in Eastern Europe” (conference), xvi
Impeachment
Lithuania, Constitutional Court case law in, 251
Independence and impartiality of courts
Albania, ECtHR case law in, 21–22
in Lithuania
domestic case law, 251
ECtHR case law, 251–252
in Macedonia
ECtHR case law, 278
Supreme Court case law, 278
Poland, ECtHR case law in, 317–318
in Slovakia
Constitutional Court case law, 418–419
ECtHR case law, 418–419
Ukraine, ECtHR case law in, 471–473
Information, access to
challenges regarding, 498–499
Hungary, ECtHR case law in, 197–198
Inhuman and degrading treatment
Albania, ECtHR case law in, 20
Azerbaijan, ECtHR case law in, 67–68
Croatia, ECtHR case law in, 125
Slovakia, ECtHR case law in, 407–408
Initiative and referendum
in Lithuania, 257–258
Inter-American Court of Human Rights, xv
Interim Consultative Committee, 8
Interim Resolution of the Committee of Ministers, 315
Interlaken Declaration, 265
International Bill of Human Rights, 234
International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (ICCPR), 205, 291
International Criminal Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia, 98, 101, 104–105, 127–128
Janouch, František, 139
Jews
in Bosnia and Herzegovina, 94, 95–96, 97
Jočienė, Danutė, 3
Judiciaries
Albania, effect of ECtHR case law in, 30–36
in Armenia
Constitutional Court, effect of ECtHR case law on, 47–49
Court of Cassation, effect of ECtHR case law on, 49–54
overview, 47
Azerbaijan, implementation and coordination of ECHR by, 61–64
Bosnia and Herzegovina, effect of ECtHR case law in, 106–107
challenges facing, 492
Croatia, effect of ECtHR case law in, 128
Hungary, implementation and coordination of ECHR in, 190–194
impact of ECHR and ECtHR on, 494
in Latvia
dissemination of information in, 220–221
effect of ECtHR case law in, 216–218
implementation and coordination of ECHR in, 208
Lithuania, effect of ECtHR case law in
Constitutional Court, 255–258
Supreme Administrative Court, 260–262
Supreme Court, 258–260
Macedonia, effect of ECtHR case law in, 283–284
Serbia, dissemination of information in, 387
in Slovenia
ECtHR case law, effect of, 445–446
implementation and coordination of ECHR of ECHR in, 435–436
Jurisdiction
Poland, Constitutional Court, 306, 307, 308–309, 310
Russia, Supreme Court resolution on, 353–354, 360–361
Serbia, Constitutional Court case law in, 376
Justičná revue (journal), 422
“KGB” cases
in Latvia, 222
in Lithuania, 3, 249–251
Klaus, Václav, 142
Lalumière, Catherine, 10
Latvia
Administrative Procedure Law
elections and voting and, 215
implementation and coordination of ECHR and, 208
overview, 202–203, 224, 230
pensions and, 224
proportionality and, 225
remedies and, 218
Administrative Violations Code, 212
Cabinet of Ministers, 202
Civil Procedure Law, 208, 224
communism in, 3
Communist Party, 222
Constitution, 201, 202–206, 230, 233
Constitutional Court
implementation and coordination of ECHR and, 216, 217–218
LGBT rights and, 227
overview, 202, 230, 233
relationship between domestic and international law and, 204
status of ECHR in domestic law and, 205–206
corruption in, 228
in Council of Europe, 201
Criminal Procedure Law, 212, 224–225, 230, 232
dissemination of information in
attorneys, 221
by judiciary, 220–221
scholarship, 220
teaching, 219–220
ECHR and
accession to, 201–202
implementation and coordination of, 206–209
influence of, 230–233
ratification of, 201
relationship between domestic and international law, 203–205
status of in domestic law, 205–206
ECtHR case law
child abduction, 213, 229
defamation, 225–227
deportation, 229
detention, 211–213
due process, 224–225
elections and voting, 215, 216, 222–223, 229, 232
equal protection, 223–224
fair trial, 211–213
freedom of assembly, 227
freedom of expression, 225–227
freedom of press, 226
freedom of religion, 213
Hague Convention and, 213
judiciary, effect on, 216–218
“KGB” cases, 222
Latvian case law and, 228–230
legislature, effect on, 215–216
LGBT rights, 227
liberty rights, 211–213
life, right to, 211
lustration, 223
overview, 210
pensions, 223–224
prison conditions, 226, 229
property rights, 214
residency, 213–214
torture, 211
war crimes, 228–229, 232
executive branch, implementation and coordination of ECHR by, 207
informal implementation and coordination of ECHR, 208–209
judiciary
dissemination of information by, 220–221
effect of ECtHR case law on, 216–218
implementation and coordination of ECHR by, 208
KGB and, 222
Latvian Centre for Human Rights, 209
Latvian Human Rights Centre, 221
Latvian Human Rights Committee, 205, 221
Latvian Judicial Training Centre, 219–220
Law on the International Treaties of the Republic of Latvia, 203–204
legislature
effect of ECtHR case law on, 215–216
implementation and coordination of ECHR by, 206
Ministry of Justice, 207, 215–216, 224
NGOs in, 209
overview, 230–233
Parliament
Legal Committee, 216
Legal Office, 206
overview, 202
Rules of Procedure, 206
Parliamentary Elections Law, 216, 230
President, 202
Prime Minister, 202
remedies in, 218–219
Representative of the Government of the Republic of Latvia before the International Human Rights Institutions, 207, 219–221
rule of law in, 4–5
Russia, treaties with, 224
Soviet occupation of, 222, 223–224
Supreme Court
defamation and, 227
dissemination of information by, 220–221
implementation and coordination of ECHR and, 217–218
overview, 4–5, 202–203, 230, 231, 233
remedies and, 218–219
Latvian Human Rights Quarterly, 220
League of Nations, 138
Legal certainty principle
Albania, ECtHR case law in, 21
Azerbaijan, ECtHR case law in, 64–65
Legislatures
in Albania
legislative drafting, effect of ECtHR case law on, 27–29
parliamentary debate, effect of ECtHR case law on, 27
Armenia, effect of ECtHR case law in, 54–56
Azerbaijan, implementation and coordination of ECHR in, 59–61
Bosnia and Herzegovina, effect of ECtHR case law in, 105–106
challenges facing, 491–492
Croatia, effect of ECtHR case law in, 127–128
Hungary, implementation and coordination of ECHR in, 185–189
in Latvia
effect of ECtHR case law in, 215–216
implementation and coordination of ECHR in, 206
Macedonia, effect of ECtHR case law in, 281–283
Slovenia, effect of ECtHR case law in, 442–443
Ukraine, implementation and coordination of ECHR in, 460–462
Length of proceedings
Albania, ECtHR case law in, 22
Croatia, ECtHR case law in, 116
Czech Republic, ECtHR case law in, 145
Estonia, ECtHR case law in, 165–167
in Lithuania
ECtHR case law, 264–265
Supreme Administrative Court case law, 262
Supreme Court case law, 259–260
Macedonia, ECtHR case law in, 270–271, 272, 276
Montenegro, ECtHR case law in, 293–298
Poland, ECtHR case law in, 318–319
in Romania
domestic case law, 342–343
ECtHR case law, 335, 349
in Serbia
Constitutional Court case law, 384
Constitution and, 384
in Slovakia
Constitutional Court case law, 405–406, 412, 413–414
ECtHR case law, 410, 412, 413–414
in Slovenia
Constitutional Court case law, 441–442, 443
Constitution and, 441
ECtHR case law, 440–442
Ukraine, ECtHR case law in, 467–468
Lex mitior, 102, 104–105
Lex posteriori derogate legi priori, 113, 180
LGBT rights
in Latvia
Constitutional Court case law, 227
ECtHR case law, 227
Lithuania, domestic case law in, 260–261
Poland, ECtHR case law in, 324–325
Romania, domestic case law in, 340–341
Serbia, Constitutional Court case law in, 394–396
Slovenia, Constitutional Court case law in, 450–451
Liberty rights
Armenia, ECtHR case law in, 50–51
challenges regarding, 498–499
Estonia, ECtHR case law in, 160–161
Latvia, ECtHR case law in, 211–213
Macedonia, ECtHR case law in, 274–275
Poland, ECtHR case law in, 312–313
Slovakia, ECtHR case law in, 409–412
in Ukraine
Constitutional Court case law, 483
ECtHR case law, 481
Library of Václav Havel (NGO), 139
Life, right to
Latvia, ECtHR case law in, 211
Macedonia, ECtHR case law in, 280
Slovakia, ECtHR case law in, 407
Lithuania
Act of the Re-Establishment of the State of Lithuania, 234
Bailiffs’ Office, 243
Civil Code, 263, 264–265
Code on Civil Procedure, 263
Code on Criminal Procedure, 245–246, 251, 253, 263
Committee of Ministers and, 243–244, 246, 252
Constitution
amendments, 256–258
“KGB” cases, 250–251
overview, 234
property rights and, 262
treaties and, 237
Constitutional Court
effect of ECtHR case law on, 255–258
evidence and, 245
impeachment and, 251
initiative and referendum and, 257–258
opinion on ECHR, 236, 238–241
overview, 4, 244, 250, 254–255
property rights and, 255–256
secret evidence and, 248
in Council of Europe, 235
Court of Appeal, 251, 259
Criminal Code, 263
dissemination of information in, 264
ECHR and
administrative cases, 239–240, 263–264
civil versus criminal cases, 239
Constitutional Court opinion on, 236, 238–241
influence of, 263–265
ratification of, 235, 240
relationship between domestic and international law, 238
reservations, 240
status of in domestic law, 236–237
Working Group, 235–236
ECtHR case law
Constitutional Court, effect on, 255–258
criminal investigations, 246–247
evidence, 245–246
fair trial, 245–249
independence and impartiality of courts, 251–252
“KGB” cases, 3, 249–251
length of proceedings, 264–265
nationalisation of property, 243–244
overview, 241–242
presumption of innocence, 252–253
prison conditions, 253–254
property rights, 243–244
secret evidence, 247–249
statistics, 241–242
Supreme Administrative Court, effect on, 260–262
Supreme Court, effect on, 258–260
witnesses, 245–246
in European Union, 235
impeachment in, 251
judiciary, effect of ECtHR case law on
Constitutional Court, 255–258
Supreme Administrative Court, 260–262
Supreme Court, 258–260
Law on Administrative Proceedings, 248
Law on Information to the Public, 236
Law on International Treaties, 237
Law on Mental Health Care, 236
Law on the Evaluation of the USSR State Security Committee and the Present Activities of Former Permanent Employees of the Organisation, 249
Law on the Protection of Personal Data, 236
Migration Department, 248
Ministry of Justice, 254
in NATO, 235
overview, 234–235, 263–265
rule of law in, 5
State Border Guard Service, 253
State Security Department, 247
Supreme Administrative Court
detention and, 261
effect of ECtHR case law on, 260–262
length of proceedings and, 262
LGBT rights and, 260–261
overview, 254–255
secret evidence and, 248, 261
transgender rights and, 260–261
Supreme Council, 234
Supreme Court
criminal investigations and, 247
detention and, 258
effect of ECtHR case law on, 258–260
independence and impartiality and, 251
length of proceedings and, 259–260
overview, 5, 254–255
property rights and, 259
treaties and, 237
Vetting Law, 250
Vilnius Regional Administrative Court, 254, 262
Lustration
Latvia, ECtHR case law in, 223
Poland, ECtHR case law in, 3, 315–317, 326
Slovakia, ECtHR case law in, 417–418
Macedonia
Academy for Judges and Public Prosecutors, 274, 279, 284–285
Act on Administrative Disputes, 281
Act on Civil Liability for Insult and Defamation, 282
Act on the Enforcement of Decisions of the ECtHR, 282, 284, 285
Administrative Court, 284
Bureau of Government’s Agent, 284, 285
Civil Proceedings Act, 281, 282, 284
Code on Criminal Procedure, 271, 281
Constitution, 269
Constitutional Court, 283, 285, 288
in Council of Europe, 267–268
Court of Appeal, 272, 279
Court of First Instance, 284
Courts Act, 272, 277, 282, 284
Criminal Code, 283
Criminal Proceedings Act, 272
ECHR and
accession to, 267–269
influence of, 287–288
ratification of, 267–269
ECtHR case law
access to courts, 271–272, 276–277
criminal investigations, 271, 274
detention, 272, 273, 274–275
equal protection, 271, 278–279
executive branch, effect on, 285–286
extraordinary rendition, 276
fair trial, 271
human rights, 270–273
independence and impartiality of courts, 278
judiciary, effect on, 283–284
legislature, effect on, 281–283
length of proceedings, 270–271, 272, 276
liberty rights, 274–275
life, right to, 280
Macedonian case law and, 286–287
nationalization of property, 273, 279–280
overview, 269–270, 273–274
police misconduct, 271, 274
property rights, 273, 279–280
executive branch, effect of ECtHR case law on, 285–286
Interdepartmental Committee, 285–286
Internal Affairs Law, 268
Judicial Council Act, 282
judiciary, effect of ECtHR case law on, 283–284
Law on Courts, 268
Law on Criminal Procedure, 283
Law on Defense, 268
Law on Local Self-Government, 268
Law on Political Parties, 268
legislature, effect of ECtHR case law on, 281–283
overview, 266–267, 287–288
Police Academy, 274
remedies in, 284–285
rule of law in, 5
Supreme Court
ECtHR case law, effect of, 282, 283–284
equal protection and, 278–279
independence and impartiality of courts and, 278
overview, 5, 284, 288
Martens clause, 353–354
Mazowiecki, Tadeusz, 305
Mental illness
Croatia, ECtHR case law in, 119
Czech Republic, ECtHR case law in, 151
Estonia, ECtHR case law in, 161
Meri, Lennart, 153
Minority rights
Bosnia and Herzegovina, ECtHR case law in, 94–97
Croatia, ECtHR case law in, 130–132
“reasonable” discrimination, 95
Minority Rights Group International (NGO), 95
Minority shareholders
Czech Republic, ECtHR case law in, 148–149
“Mirror effect” of ECHR and ECtHR, 155–156, 495–496
Money laundering
Croatia, ECtHR case law in, 118
Montenegro
Civil Procedure Act, 292, 293, 303
Constitution, 289–290, 301, 302
Constitutional Court, 299, 300, 301–303, 304
Constitutional Court Act, 301
in Council of Europe, 291
Courts Act, 293
Courts of Appeals, 302
Courts of First Instance
Cetinje, 297
Danilovgrad, 297
Kolašin, 297
Podgorica, 299, 300, 302
Žabljak, 297
Criminal Procedure Code, 303
dissemination of information in, 303–304
ECHR and
effects of, 303–304
ratification of, 291
ECtHR case law
defamation, 298–301
freedom of expression, 298–301
length of proceedings, 293–298
procedural rules, 291–293
state succession, 290–291
High Court, 299, 300, 302
Judicial Training Centre, 303
NGOs in, 291, 303–304
Obligations Act, 293
overview, 289–290
Right to a Trial within a Reasonable Time Act, 293, 294–297
rule of law in, 5
Supreme Court, 291–294, 298, 299, 300, 304
Motoc, Iulia Antoanella, xvi
Muižnieks, Nils, 232–233
Mykolas Romeris University, 264
Nationalization of property
Lithuania, ECtHR case law in, 243–244
Macedonia, ECtHR case law in, 273, 279–280
Slovakia, ECtHR case law in, 415–416
National perspective of cases, 491
NATO (North Atlantic Treaty Organization)
Lithuania in, 235
Poland in, 305–306
Ne bis in idem, 130
Non-enforcement of decisions
Albania, ECtHR case law in, 24–25
in Russia, 368–369
Ukraine, ECtHR case law in, 465–466
Non-governmental organizations (NGOs).See also specific NGO
in Azerbaijan, 75–76, 77–78
in Bosnia and Herzegovina, 107
in Hungary, 194, 209
in Latvia, 209
in Montenegro, 291, 303–304
in Serbia, 387
in Ukraine, 489–490
North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO)
Lithuania in, 235
Poland in, 305–306
Nulla poena sine lege, 102, 104–105
Nullum crimem, 102, 104–105
Open Society Justice Initiative (NGO), 96
Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe (OSCE)
seminars, 303–304
training programs, 78–79
O’Sullivan, Finola, 5
Parentage
Croatia, ECtHR case law in, 119
Romania, domestic case law in, 343
Slovakia, Constitutional Court case law in, 420
Parental leave
Russia, ECtHR case law in, 359
Pejchal, Aleš, 3
Pensions
in Latvia
Administrative Procedure Law and, 224
ECtHR case law, 223–224
Romania, domestic case law in, 344–345
Pilsudski, Józef, 138–139
Pluralism
Serbia, Constitutional Court case law in, 389–391
Slovenia, Constitutional Court case law in, 449
Poland
Abortion Act, 322
Code of Civil Procedure, 309
Code of Criminal Procedure, 312–314
Commissioner of Public Interest, 315, 316–317
communism in, 305
Constitution, 306–309
Constitutional Court
abortion and, 321
freedom of press and, 322–323, 329
independence and impartiality of, 317–318
jurisdiction, 306, 307, 308–309, 310
lustration and, 316, 326, 329
overview, 4
prison conditions and, 320
in Council of Europe, 305
Criminal Code, 322–323
ECHR and
accession to, 305–306
ratification of, 7, 305
relationship between domestic and international law, 306–310
status of in domestic law, 306–310
ECtHR case law
abortion, 321–322
confrontational function of, 329
corrective function of, 329
criminal procedure, 312–314
defamation, 322–324
democratization, effect on, 325–328
detention, 312–313, 314
evidence, 314
fair trial, 313–314
freedom of assembly, 324–325
freedom of expression, 322–324
freedom of press, 323, 324
independence and impartiality of courts, 317–318
inspirational function of, 328–329
legitimizing function of, 329
length of proceedings, 318–319
LGBT rights, 324–325
liberty rights, 312–313
lustration, 3, 315–317, 326
overview, 310–312
“pilot judgments,” 326–327
pluralism, effect on, 325–328
prison conditions, 319–321
remand measures, 313, 314–315
statistics, 310–312
witnesses, 313–314
in European Union, 305–306
“First Solidarity” period, 305
Lustration Act, 315, 316
Minister of Justice, 313, 317
in NATO, 305–306
overview, 305–306, 328–329
President, 306, 307
Press Act, 324, 329
Prosecutor General, 313
Road Traffic Act, 324–325
Round Table Talks, 305
Supreme Administrative Court, 310
Supreme Court, 309, 310, 320
treaties and, 306–309
Police misconduct
Macedonia, ECtHR case law in, 271, 274
Romania, ECtHR case law in, 332
Russia, Prosecutor General circulars on, 365–367
in Slovenia
Constitutional Court case law, 438–439
ECtHR case law, 438–439
Ukraine, domestic case law in, 484
Preparatory compatibility studies, 8–9
Press, freedom of
Azerbaijan, ECtHR case law in, 69–70
Croatia, ECtHR case law in, 132
Estonia, ECtHR case law in, 167
in Hungary
Constitutional Court case law, 195–197
ECtHR case law, 195–196
Latvia, ECtHR case law in, 226
Poland, ECtHR case law in, 323, 324
Ukraine, ECtHR case law in, 480
Presumption of innocence
Albania, ECtHR case law in, 24
Lithuania, ECtHR case law in, 252–253
Prison conditions
in Estonia
ECtHR case law, 157, 161–163, 172
Supreme Court case law, 162–163
Hungary, ECtHR case law in, 185–186, 190
impact of ECHR and ECtHR on, 496
Latvia, ECtHR case law in, 226, 229
Lithuania, ECtHR case law in, 253–254
Poland, ECtHR case law in, 319–321
Romania, ECtHR case law in, 332–333, 335, 348–349
Russia, Ministry of Justice and, 367–368
in Ukraine
Code of Criminal Procedure and, 470–471
ECtHR case law, 470–471, 475–477
Procedural rules
Czech Republic, ECtHR case law in, 145–147
Montenegro, ECtHR case law in, 291–293
Slovakia, Constitutional Court case law in, 406
Slovenia, ECtHR case law in, 439–440
Ukraine, ECtHR case law in, 480
Property rights
in Albania
Constitutional Court case law, 32
ECtHR case law in, 24–25
Czech Republic, ECtHR case law in, 140–141, 143–144, 149–150
Estonia, ECtHR case law in, 153–154
Latvia, ECtHR case law in, 214
in Lithuania
Constitutional Court case law, 255–256
Constitution and, 262
ECtHR case law, 243–244
Supreme Court case law, 259
Macedonia, ECtHR case law in, 273, 279–280
in Romania
Constitutional Court case law, 344–345, 347–348
ECtHR case law, 333–335
Russia, Supreme Commercial Court circular on, 363–364
Slovakia, ECtHR case law in, 415–417
Ukraine, ECtHR case law in, 479–480
Proportionality
in Croatia
Constitutional Court case law, 119–120
ECtHR case law, 119–120
in Latvia, Administrative Procedure Law and, 225
Ukraine, domestic case law in, 487–488
Publicity of laws
Czech Republic, ECtHR case law in, 141
Ratione temporis, 144, 290–291, 337
Raz, Joseph, 426
Refugees
Azerbaijan, ECtHR case law in, 64–65
Croatia, ECtHR case law in, 130–132
Registry of Court, 11, 491, 498
Religion, freedom of
Hungary, establishment of religion in, 184–185
Latvia, ECtHR case law in, 213
Romania, domestic case law in, 346
Serbia, Constitutional Court case law in, 391–394
in Slovenia
Constitutional Court case law, 447–449
Constitution and, 447–448
Remand measures
Armenia, ECtHR case law in, 51–52
impact of ECHR and ECtHR on, 496
Poland, ECtHR case law in, 313, 314–315
in Slovakia
Constitutional Court case law, 412
ECtHR case law, 410, 412
Ukraine, ECtHR case law in, 467–468
Remedies
in Albania, 37
in Croatia, 123–124, 125
impact of ECHR and ECtHR on, 497
in Latvia, 218–219
in Macedonia, 284–285
in Romania, 348–350
in Serbia, 384–386
in Slovenia, 446–447
Rendition, extraordinary
Macedonia, ECtHR case law in, 276
Rent control
Slovakia, ECtHR case law in, 417
Reopening of cases
Albania, Constitutional Court case law in, 33–35
Armenia, ECtHR case law in, 48, 52–53
in Croatia
Constitutional Court case law, 125–127
opportunity to remedy, 125–127
Estonia, ECtHR case law in, 168–169
in Romania
domestic case law, 347
ECtHR case law, 333
Residency
Latvia, ECtHR case law in, 213–214
Slovakia, ECtHR case law in, 418
Restitution
Albania, Constitutional Court case law in, 32
Czech Republic, ECtHR case law in, 143–144, 149–150
Estonia, ECtHR case law in, 153–154
in Romania
domestic case law, 347–348
ECtHR case law, 333–335
Retroactivity
Estonia, ECtHR case law in, 168
Romania, ECtHR case law in, 338
Riga Graduate School of Law, 219
Right to be heard
Albania, ECtHR case law in, 22–23
Right to counsel
Albania, ECtHR case law in, 22–23
Ukraine, ECtHR case law in, 468–469, 480
Romania
Code of Civil Procedure, 331, 333, 347
Code of Criminal Procedure, 342, 348
communism in, 3
Constitution, 341, 345, 346–348
Constitutional Court
detention and, 342, 346–347
evidence and, 342
freedom of religion and, 346
gender discrimination and, 346
length of proceedings and, 342–343
LGBT rights and, 340–341
overview, 338
parentage and, 343
pensions and, 344–345
property rights and, 344–345, 347–348
reopening of cases and, 347
restitution and, 347–348
wages and, 345
in Council of Europe, 330
Criminal Code, 340–341
ECHR and
accession to, 330
ratification of, 7, 330
ECtHR case law
access to courts, 332
appeals, 331–332
criminal investigations, 332
defamation, 333
detention, 337
freedom of expression, 333
HIV, 336–337
length of proceedings, 335, 349
overview, 330–331
police misconduct, 332
prison conditions, 332–333, 335, 348–349
property rights, 333–335
reopening of cases, 333
restitution, 333–335
retroactivity, 338
Education Law, 340
Law on Finalization of the Process of Physical Restitution or Alternative Compensation in Respect of Immovable Property Wrongly Passed into State Ownership During the Community Regime, 335
National Institute for Magistrates, 350
overview, 350
Penal Code, 333
Procurator-General, 331
relationship between ECtHR and Constitutional Court
authentic references to ECtHR case law, 340–341
dialogue between, 344–348
generic references to ECtHR case law, 339–340
overview, 338–339
reconsideration based on ECtHR case law, 342–344
specific contradiction of ECtHR case law, 341–342
remedies in, 348–350
Roma people in, 336–337
Supreme Court, 331
Roma people
in Bosnia and Herzegovina, 94, 95–96, 97
in Croatia, 130–132
in Czech Republic, 147–148
in Hungary, 200
overview, xv
in Romania, 336–337
in Slovakia, 407–409
Rule of law
in Azerbaijan, 62
in Croatia, 132
ECHR and, 4–5
in Estonia, 173–175
impact of ECHR and ECtHR on, 492–493
in Latvia, 4–5
in Lithuania, 5
in Macedonia, 5
in Montenegro, 5
in Ukraine, 5, 484
Russia
challenges facing, 370–372
Code of Civil Procedure, 357–359, 368
Code of Commercial Procedure, 357, 364
Code of Criminal Procedure, 355–358, 363
Constitution, 352, 353–354
Constitutional Court
ECtHR case law, effect of, 355–359
overview, 4, 355, 369
death penalty in, 363
ECHR and
accession to, 351–352
compatibility study, 354–355
ratification of, 9, 351
relationship between domestic and international law, 353–354
ECtHR case law
Constitutional Court, effect on, 355–359
elections and voting, 359
evidence, 358–359
fair trial, 356–357
Ministry of Justice, effect on, 367–369
parental leave, 359
Prosecutor General, effect on, 365–367
Supreme Commercial Court, effect on, 363–365
Supreme Court, effect on, 360–363
Federal Correctional Service, 367–368
Federal Security System, 367
Latvia, treaties with, 224
Ministry of Justice
detention and, 369
ECtHR case law, effect of, 367–369
non-enforcement of decisions, 368–369
prison conditions and, 367–368
overview, 351–352, 370–372
Prosecutor General
ECtHR case law, effect of, 365–367
police misconduct, circulars on, 365–367
Republican Party, 368
State Duma, 351, 357–358
Supreme Commercial Court
ECtHR case law, effect of, 363–365
evidence, resolution on, 364
fair trial, circular on, 363–364
overview, 355
property rights, circular on, 363–364
Supreme Court
“Bulletin of the European Court of Human Rights” (publication), 361
detention, resolution on, 362–363
ECtHR case law, effect of, 360–363
extradition, resolution on, 363
freedom of expression, resolution on, 361–362
“Human Rights. Case-Law of the European Court of Human Rights” (publication), 361
“International Justice” (publication), 361
jurisdiction, resolution on, 353–354, 360–361
overview, 355, 357, 368
relationship between domestic and international law and, 353–354
subsidiarity, resolution on, 363
Ryssdal, Rolv, 11
Same-sex marriage
in Hungary, 183–184
Secret evidence
in Lithuania
Constitutional Court case law, 248
ECtHR case law, 247–249
Supreme Administrative Court case law, 248, 261
Self-incrimination
Ukraine, ECtHR case law in, 468
Sensitive political issues, challenges regarding, 499–500
Serbia
Administrative Court, 375–376
Administrative Disputes Act, 385–386
Churches and Religious Communities Act, 392–394
Civil Procedure Act, 383–384, 385–386
Commercial Court of Appeal, 375–376
Constitution
equal protection and, 391–392
length of proceedings and, 384
overview, 373–376, 398
remedies and, 384–385
status of ECHR in domestic law and, 377, 379
Constitutional Court
dissemination of information and, 387
ECHR and, 377
ECtHR case law, effect of, 388
equal protection and, 391–394
extremist groups and, 389–391
freedom of religion and, 391–394
jurisdiction, 376
length of proceedings and, 384
LGBT rights and, 394–396
overview, 4, 374, 399–400
pluralism and, 389–391
remedies, 384–385
socially-owned companies and, 381
transgender rights and, 394–396
Constitutional Court Act, 384
in Council of Europe, 373, 376–377
Criminal Procedure Code, 385–386
dissemination of information in
attorneys, 387
by judiciary, 387
scholarship, 386
teaching, 386
ECHR and
accession to, 373
implementation and coordination of, 378–379
ratification of, 376–377
status of in domestic law, 376–378
ECtHR case law
defamation, 382–383
freedom of expression, 382–383
jurisprudence and, 381–382, 396–398
overview, 379–380, 388
references to, 383
socially-owned companies, 380–381
European Court of Human Rights Liaison Committee, 378, 379
Government, 375, 378
High Council of the Judiciary, 375
Information Commissioner, 396–397
Judicial Academy, 387
judiciary, dissemination of information by, 387
legislature, effect of ECtHR case law on, 383–384
Magistrate High Court, 375–376
Ministry of Justice and State Administration, 378, 379
National Assembly, 375, 378–379, 392
NGOs in, 387
Obraz group, 390–391
Official Herald, 387
overview, 373–374, 398–400
President, 375
Public Prosecutor, 390
remedies in, 384–386
Secretariat for Legislation, 378
Serbian Intelligence Agency, 396–397
Supreme Court of Cassation, 375–376
Youth Initiative for Human Rights (NGO), 396–397
Serbia and Montenegro.See also Montenegro; Serbia
in Council of Europe, 376–377
ECHR, ratification of, 376–377
Šikuta, Ján, 403
Slovakia
Civil Code, 410
Code of Criminal Procedure, 411, 412, 419
communism in, 415–416
Constitution, 4, 402, 403–404, 405
Constitutional Court
access to courts and, 414–415
complaints in, 405–406
criminal investigations and, 406
ECHR and, 403–406
ECtHR case law, effect of, 419
elections and voting and, 421
independence and impartiality of courts and, 418–419
length of proceedings and, 405–406, 412, 413–414
overview, 4
parentage and, 420
procedural rules and, 406
remand measures and, 412
subsidiarity and, 411–412
dissemination of information in, 421–423
ECHR and
Constitutional Court and, 403–406
status of in domestic law, 403–406
ECtHR case law
access to courts, 414–415
Constitutional Court, effect on, 419
denationalization of property, 416
deportation, 418
detention, 409–412
effects of, 419–421
fair trial, 412–415
family rights, 408–409
fines, 404–405
garden colonies, 417
independence and impartiality of courts, 418–419
inhuman and degrading treatment, 407–408
length of proceedings, 410, 412, 413–414
liberty rights, 409–412
life, right to, 407
lustration, 417–418
nationalization of property, 415–416
overview, 406–407
property rights, 415–417
remand measures, 410, 412
rent control, 417
residency, 418
Roma people, 407–409
statistics, 406–407
European Parliament Election Act, 421
General Prosecutor, 404, 419, 421
Government, 404, 418
historical background, 401–403
Judicial Academy, 421
Ministry of Interior, 418
Ministry of Justice, 422
National Council Election Act, 421
Office of the Agent for Representation of Slovakia before the Court, 421, 422
overview, 401–403, 423–424
Parliament, 404, 421
President, 404
Public Prosecution Service, 406, 421
Roma people in, 407–409
State Administration of the Judiciary, 413–414
State Liability Act, 410–412, 419–420
State Security Agency, 417–418
Supreme Court, 418–419
treaties and, 403–404
Slovenia
Act on the Judicial Review of Administrative Acts, 441
Act Regulating the Protection of the Right to a Trial without Undue Delay, 442–443
Civil Procedure Act, 443
Code of Criminal Procedure, 439
Constitution
courts of general jurisdiction and, 445–446
freedom of religion and, 447–448
implementation and coordination of ECHR and, 434–436
length of proceedings and, 441
overview, 428–429, 452
relationship between domestic and international law and, 430–431
status of ECHR in domestic law and, 432–433
Constitutional Court
blind persons and, 449–450
cooperation with ECtHR, 444–445
due process and, 451
ECHR and, 430–431, 434–436
ECtHR case law, effect of, 436–437, 445, 447–452
equal protection and, 449–451
fair trial and, 451
freedom of expression and, 451–452
freedom of religion and, 447–449
length of proceedings and, 441–442, 443
LGBT rights and, 450–451
overview, 4
pluralism and, 449
police misconduct and, 438–439
in Council of Europe, 432
courts of general jurisdiction, effect of ECtHR case law on, 445–446
Criminal Procedure Act, 447
ECHR and
Article 2 cases, 439–440
Constitutional Court and, 430–431, 434–436
implementation and coordination of, 433–436
ratification of, 7, 432
relationship between domestic and international law, 430–431
status of in domestic law, 432–433
ECtHR case law
Constitutional Court, effect on, 436–437, 445, 447–452
family rights, 438
judicial activism in, 426
judiciary, effect on, 445–446
legislature, effect on, 442–443
length of proceedings, 440–442
overview, 436–438
police misconduct, 438–439
procedural rules, 439–440
judiciary
ECtHR case law, effect of, 445–446
implementation and coordination of ECHR by, 435–436
legislature, effect of ECtHR case law on, 442–443
Lukenda Project, 442
Minor Offences Act, 438
National Assembly, 430
Ordinance on Determining and Changing the Names and Courses of the Roads and Streets in the Territory of Ljubljana Municipality, 449
overview, 425–428, 452–456
Police Act, 439
Religious Freedom Act, 447–449
remedies in, 446–447
Supreme Court, 443, 445
treaties and, 430–431
Social benefits
in Ukraine
Constitutional Court case law, 482
domestic case law, 485–486
Socially-owned companies
in Serbia
Constitutional Court case law, 381
ECtHR case law, 380–381
Soviet Union.See also Russia; specific Republic
Border Guard Forces, 222
KGB, 3, 222, 249–251
Special approaches, challenges regarding, 500–501
Speedy trial.See Length of proceedings
Srpska.See Bosnia and Herzegovina
Stalin, Josef, 139
State succession
Montenegro, ECtHR case law in, 290–291
Strasbourg Court (European Court of Human Rights).See specific country or topic
Subsidiarity
ECHR and, 501–502
Russia, Supreme Court resolution on, 363
Slovakia, Constitutional Court case law in, 411–412
Supreme Courts, ECHR and
Constitutional Courts versus, 7 (See also specific country)
Taxation
Ukraine, domestic case law in, 486–487
Tito, Josip Broz, 449
Torture
Albania, ECtHR case law in, 19–20
Azerbaijan, ECtHR case law in, 66–67
Latvia, ECtHR case law in, 211
Ukraine, ECtHR case law in, 463–464
Transgender rights
Lithuania, domestic case law in, 260–261
Serbia, Constitutional Court case law in, 381
Treaties
Hungary and, 180–182
Lithuania and, 237
Poland and, 306–309
Slovakia and, 403–404
Slovenia and, 430–431
Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties, 152, 430
Treaty on the Establishment of Peace throughout Christendom, 137
Trechsel, Stefan, 9
Ukraine
Action Plan on Integration of Ukraine in the European Union for 2013, 463
Associations of Citizens Act, 478–479
Board of the Pension Fund, 482
Code of Administrative Justice, 464, 483–484, 488
Code of Administrative Offences, 477–478, 482–483
Code of Civil Procedure, 464
Code of Commercial Procedure, 464
Code of Criminal Procedure
detention and, 466–467, 468, 476
ECHR and, 464
evidence and, 469
extradition and, 477
prison conditions and, 470–471
rule of law and, 484
witnesses and, 469
Code on Execution of Sentences, 476
Concept of the State Target Program of Formation of the Legal Aid System for 2013-2017, 463
Constitution, 459–460, 474, 483
Constitutional Court
ECtHR case law, effect of, 481–483
evidence and, 483
liberty rights and, 483
overview, 459
social benefits and, 482
Council of Europe and
Action Plan for Ukraine 2008-2011, 462–463
Action Plan for Ukraine 2011-2014, 463
Crimea and, 9
death penalty in, 459
dissemination of information in, 488–489
ECHR and
accession to, 459–460
Code of Criminal Procedure and, 464
implementation and coordination of, 460–464
ratification of, 459
ECtHR case law
access to courts, 475, 480–481
administrative cases, 477–478
Constitutional Court, effect on, 481–483
criminal procedure, 466–469
detention, 466–467, 478
evidence, 468–469
extradition, 477
freedom of assembly, 473–474, 478–479
freedom of association, 478–479
freedom of expression, 480
freedom of press, 480
hunger strikes, 478
independence and impartiality of courts, 471–473
length of proceedings, 467–468
liberty rights, 481
non-enforcement of decisions, 465–466
overview, 464
prison conditions, 470–471, 475–477
procedural rules, 480
property rights, 479–480
remand measures, 467–468
right to counsel, 468–469, 480
self-incrimination, 468
torture, 463–464
Ukrainian case law and, 479–481
witnesses, 468–469
EuroMaidan protests, 458
EU-Ukraine Cooperation Council, 463
executive branch, implementation and coordination of ECHR by, 462–464
Free Legal Assistance Act, 464
Government Agent for the ECtHR, 462–463
High Court of Justice, 471–472
Highest Administrative Court, 471, 486
Law on International Agreements, 460
Law on Militia, 482–483
Law on Public Associations, 478–479
Law on State Guarantees with regard to Enforcement of the Judicial Decisions, 466
Law on the Enforcement of Judgments and Application of Practice of the European Court of Human Rights, 5, 460–462
Law on the High Court of Justice, 472
Law on the Rules of Procedure of the Verkhovna Rada of Ukraine, 473
legislature, implementation and coordination of ECHR by, 460–462
Ministry of Health Protection, 476
Ministry of Interior, 476
Ministry of Internal Affairs, 478
Ministry of Justice, 462, 476, 488
National School of Judges of Ukraine, 489
NGOs in, 489–490
Ombudsman, 462–463, 470
overview, 457–458, 489–490
Parliament, 459–460, 466, 471, 473, 474
Penitentiary Department, 476
rule of law in, 5, 484
State Bailiffs, 466
State Treasury, 466
Strategic Litigations Center, 489–490
Supreme Court, 461, 471, 480, 484
Tax Administration, 487
Tax Code, 486
Ukrainian Association of Media Lawyers, 485
Ukrainian Helsinki Human Rights Union, 474, 489–490
United Nations Committee against Torture, 337
Universal Declaration of Human Rights, 341
Universal Peace Organization, 3, 137
University of Latvia, 219, 220
Venice Commission
Albania and, 27
Azerbaijan and, 58, 74–75
Hungary and, 182–183, 184, 197
Montenegro and, 291
overview, 352
Poland and, 325
Ukraine and, 472
Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties, 152, 430
Vilnius University, 264
Visits to Eastern Europe, 11–12
Voting.See Elections and voting
Wages
Romania, domestic case law in, 345
War crimes
Bosnia and Herzegovina, ECtHR case law in, 100, 101–105
Croatia, ECtHR case law in, 128–130
former Yugoslavia, under laws of, 101–104
Latvia, ECtHR case law in, 228–229, 232
Wildhaber, Luzius, 255, 265, 454, 491, 494, 498
Witnesses
Albania, ECtHR case law in, 23
Estonia, ECtHR case law in, 164
Lithuania, ECtHR case law in, 245–246
Poland, ECtHR case law in, 313–314
in Ukraine
Code of Criminal Procedure and, 469
ECtHR case law, 468–469
Yugoslavia.See also specific Republic
International Criminal Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia, 98, 101, 104–105, 127–128
war crimes under laws of former Yugoslavia, 101–104
Ziemele, Ineta, xvi, 223–224
Zobec, Jan, 4
Zupančič, Boštjan M., 442, 455

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  • Index
  • Edited by Iulia Motoc, Ineta Ziemele
  • Book: The Impact of the ECHR on Democratic Change in Central and Eastern Europe
  • Online publication: 05 August 2016
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  • Index
  • Edited by Iulia Motoc, Ineta Ziemele
  • Book: The Impact of the ECHR on Democratic Change in Central and Eastern Europe
  • Online publication: 05 August 2016
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  • Index
  • Edited by Iulia Motoc, Ineta Ziemele
  • Book: The Impact of the ECHR on Democratic Change in Central and Eastern Europe
  • Online publication: 05 August 2016
Available formats
×