Index

Shira L. Lander

Index

Abitinia, 18

Abitinian Martyrs, 89

adoratio, 115

Africa, 13, 59, 105, 127, 161, 163–165, 195, 197, 222, 227

and Christians, 17, 28, 69, 94, 239

and internecine controversy, 132

and the law prohibiting “heretical assemblies” from convening or setting up an altar, 145

bishops called on to resolve the controversy concerning readmission into the Church of the lapsed, 81

entered by Germanic tribes through the straights of Gibraltar, 163

law included rebaptism in its enumeration of “heresies”, 145

proconsuls of, 22, 126, 145, 155, 228

provinces 32, 152

tribunes, 160, 163

African martyr shrines, 103, 105, see also shrines

African officials, 147, 188

African petitions, 126

Alamiliaria (Mauretania), 163–171, 165 f3.5

Alamiliaria Basilica of Robba, 170 f3.6

Alexandria, 45–46, 120, 191, 228

Algeria, 83, 87, 97–98, 116 f2.8, 135, 138, 143, 208, 232, 234

altar, 65–66, 95, 101, 108, 145, 146, 151–152, 173, 181, 184–185

associated with the sacrificial death of both Christ and the martyrs, 65

church, 65, 135

destroyed Catholic, 142

historic, 108

linking sectarian, 43, 66, see also church altars; mensa

Ambrose, Bishop of Milan, 198, 198 n94, 228

Ammianus Marcellinus, 45, 91 n69, 94 n93, 142 n95

anti-Christian interlocutors, 43

Antioch, 2, 28, 36, 70, 141

anti-Vandal bias, 168

Anullinus, 22

Aphrodite, 27, 59

Apollo temples, 101

apologists, 3, 7

early Christian, 46, 75

rejected the localization of holiness, 42

Appian, 125

Arcadius (emperor), 29 f0.2, 225

archaeological evidence, 4–5, 7, 8, 10, 11–12, 200, 202, 215, 217, 218

archaeological excavations, 9, 95

archaeologists, 4–5, 8–9, 10, 117, 208

early twentieth-century, 205

modern, 89

architectural dispossession, 26, 33, 34, 124–125, 171–172, 175, 176, 208, 230–231, 236–237

and the discourse of spatial supersession, 192

and the distinction between interiority and exteriority, 151

meets rhetorical supersessionism, 192

phenomenon of, 175, 240

strategy of, 145, 239

Arian Vandals, 165, 167

Arians, 167, 171, 230

aristocracy, 106, 107, 178, 180, 222 n32, 238

Arles, Council of, 23, 126, 127

Arnobius, 91–94, 99, 101, 105, 116–117, 184

Arsacius, 55

Asclepiodotus, 226–227

Asclepius-church, 205, 210, 211 f4.3

Askariya Shrine, 240–241

assemblies, 3–4, 46, 75, 78, 79, 80, 118, 122, 145, 147

banning of, 155

blasphemous, 233

heretical, 145

Jewish, 226

non-Christian, 203

public, 230

religious, 1

assets, 23, 188, 241

Assuras (Zanfour, Tunisia), 150, 151

Augustine, (Bishop of Hippo), 3–4, 44, 71–72, 95, 102–103, 104–107, 106 n134, 115, 158–159, 178, 179–181, 189–190, 193–195, 196–197, 222, 222 n31

and the Good Friday sermon, 160

and the New Year’s Day sermons, 199

and the providentialist interpretation of Theodosian legislation, 67

and the analysis of memory-retrieval, 62

associates the spatial metaphor for the abstract notion of Church unity, 150, 199

charges dissidents with burning Catholic churches, 157

contrasts “fixed” idols and the “living God”, 196

correspondence with Publicola, 211

description of church attacks, 187

indignation at Optatus escaping punishment, 147

oversees the construction of a martyrium adjacent to the basilica in Hippo, 106, 222

usage of “consecro”, 105

Aurelius (Bishop of Carthage), 222 n32

Axido, 132–133

Baal shrine, 124

Babylas (martyr), 28

Bagaï clergy, 115, 135–136, 138, 143, 149, 154

banquets, 160, 180, 181

baptisms, 16, 44, 113, 130

Barnes, Timothy, 19–20

Basilica,

Lemellef, 142

Maiorem (Hippo), 166

Maiorum/Perpetua Restituta (Carthage), 240

Mappalia, 104, 166

Mensa Cypriani, 166

Novarum, 88

of Servus (Church III), 154, 205, 211 f4.3, 212, 213 f4.4

of Thamugadi, 185

Algeria line drawing of sculpted chancel pillar from dissident church, 116 f2.8

Restituta, 146, 166, 240

term, 84, 87–89

Basilica plan of Castellum Tingitanum, 174 f3.8

basilicas, 85 f2.1, 89, 120–122, 128–129, 130–132, 134–136, 138–139, 148–149, 150–152, 170–172, 173–175

captured, 143

cemetery constructed over important tombs, 102

Christian, 46, 94, 121, 164, 194

civic, 229

civil, 107, 202–203

dissident, 25, 33, 89, 126, 127, 129, 155, 160, 171, 185

monumental, 138

newly occupied, 148

seized, 166

battles, 37, 38, 42, 121, 175, 182, 184–185, 186, 233, 238

apocalyptic, 234

intra-Christian, 181

military, 143

political, 17, 19

Bauer, Adolph, 29 f0.1

Bayliss, Richard, 202

Black, Joel, 64

Bonifatius, 160

Bourdieu, Pierre, 48, 49

Boyarin, Daniel, 70

Brennan, Peter, 29 f0.2

Brown, Peter, 33, 52, 68, 68 n128, 137

building dedications, 76, 83, 106

Burns, J. Patout, 13, 109, 156–157

Byzacena, 15, 148, 166, 212

Byzantine church, 10, 208, 212, 230, 240

Cadenat, Pierre, 235 f5.5

Caecilianists, 24, 127, 129

Caecilianus, 19–23, 24, 127, 131

Caelestis, 197, 198, 200–201

Caesarea, 164–165

Calama, Numidia (Guelma, Algeria), 54, 154, 186, 190–191, 228, 241

Cameron, Alan, 184–185

Capitolium, 45–46, 212

Carthage, 11, 15–16, 17–20, 46–47, 148, 163–165, 167–168, 169–171, 195–197, 200–201, 222 n32

African capital of, 32

and Bishop Mensurius, 18, 20

Council of, 104, 114, 171

Jewish community of, 12

Roman defeat of, 125

Carthaginians, 19, 79, 95

basilicas, 130, 166

Christians, 15, 80

city and ports of, 197, 229

Catholic baptisms, 144, 157

Catholic basilicas, 26, 146, 157, 190

Catholic bishops, 23, 88, 125, 128, 130, 154, 156, 160, 163, 170–171

Catholic Christians, 44, 64, 71, 139, 163, 179, 191

Catholic Church, 16, 22, 24, 89, 108, 127, 155

Catholic clergy, 22, 188

Catholic jurisdiction, 160

Catholic lobbying, 153

Catholic “unity” Church, 156

Catholic-dissident conflict, 52, 134

Catholic-dissident violence, 168

Catholics, 22–123, 24–25, 88–89, 103–104, 112–114, 139–143, 152–153, 158–160, 169–172, 237–238

and required rebaptism, 157

differentiated, 46

fifth century, 173

persecuted, 165

sacraments, 142

state-backed, 126, 128

unity of, 147, 155

cemeteries, 107

cemetery basilicas, 102

Centenionalis (Double) of Usurper Magnentius, 100 f2.4

Ceres Temple, 206, 240

Ceres-church, 205–206, 207 f4.1

Chapel of Jucundus, 109

Chapel of St. Salsa of Tipasa, 100

chapels, 74, 99–101, 107

fourth-century, 109

martyr, 104

Christ, 14, 23, 65–66, 97, 100, 103, 111, 157, 159, 196, 199, 201

dwelling-place of, 90

name of, 100, 149

spurned, 59

“thread of”, 86

turned to, 14, 233

Christian, 45, 75, 78, 80, 101, 239

administration and the Roman administrative apparatus, 26

and idolatrous sites, 78

and non-Christian relations, 34

and Roman traditionalist neighbors, 47

and Roman traditionalist notions of place, 93

antagonism, 185

antagonism toward traditional Roman literature, 185

assemblies, 79, 110, 117

audiences, 139, 177, 184

basilicas, 46, 94, 121, 164, 194

bishops, 184, 191

building policies, 87, 100, 112, 116, 212, 240

cemetery areas, 99, 117, 200

churches, 76, 161, 182, 186, 205, 208

clergy, 16

community, 15, 43, 53–54, 86, 91, 149, 159, 185

congregations, 95

constructions, 117, 185

discourse, 10, 177

factionalism, 32, 34, 151, 175

historians, 5

historiography, 36

ideology, 49

leaders, 1, 46, 81, 177, 236, 238

liturgy, 181

martyrs, see martyrs

morals, 190

narratives, 34, 125

obedience, 121

opinion makers, 197

persecution, 94, 122

practices, 178, 199, 214

preachers in Africa, 186

priests, 221

property, 120, 126

rites, 39, 53, 214

ritual, 85, 108, 175

violence, 228

worship, 78, 89–90, 91–92, 123, 157, 211

writers, 1, 2, 7, 63, 65, 68, 70, 75, 176, 177

Christianity, 7, 13, 15, 34–35, 43, 45, 158, 184–185, 193–194, 203–204

dissident, 143

growth of, 196, 202

non-Catholic, 144

pre-Constantinian, 46

victory over both Judaism and traditional Roman religion, 214, 235

Christianization, 1, 5, 34–36, 177, 233

of the healing water, 211

of the population, 184, 214

Christian-Jewish relationships, 34, 236

“Christianness”, 69–70, 189–190, 197

Christian-pagan conflicts, 65

Christian-pagan relations, 34, 210

Christians, 12–15, 38–40, 43–44, 74–80, 92–93, 116–119, 121–122, 189–190, 194–195, 235–237

absolving of, 233

association of, 191

attacks against, 123

Carthaginian, 15, 80

Catholic, 44, 64, 71, 139, 179, 191

dissenting, 154

dissident, 163

excommunication of, 182

false, 159

imperially sanctioned, 39

killing of, 194

lapsed, 43

Nicene, 199

non-Catholic, 158

Orthodox, 158

polemicizing of, 236

schism, 33, 83, 88

schismatic groups, 182

sectarian, 232

sectarian disputes, 126

sects of, 171

self-understanding in opposition to traditional Roman religion, 67

sermons and treatises, 186

sites of, 75, 105, 117, 134, 218

zealous, 191

Christofle, Marcel, 208

Chrysostom, John, 28

church, 52–54, 89–90, 109–110, 122–124, 156–158, 188–190, 205–210, 212–214, 228–229, 233–236

altars, 65, 135

buildings, 2, 82, 103, 119, 135, 137, 148

canons, 108

construction, 183, 208

councils, 156

desecration, 153

destruction, 153

dissident, 9, 88, 115–116, 133, 146–147, 148, 155, 160, 172

elders, 20

unity, 141, 150

universal, 127, 139

walls, 80, 103

Church III, 205, 212–213, 213 f4.4

Church of the Holy Sepulcher, 27, 123

church property, 18–19, 26, 132

circumcellions (also in text as ”cliff-jumpers”), 32 n145,, 114 n162, 132–134, 136, 146 n120, 153, 154, 179 n9, 194 n78

Cirta (Constantina, Numidia), 18, 25–26, 88, 122

clergy, 10, 24, 53, 82, 87, 102–103, 105–106, 107, 114 n162, 135, 138, 222

Bagaï, 115, 135–136, 138, 143, 149, 154

bishops, 107

Catholic, 22, 188

deacons, 106, 107

non-aristocratic, 107

Roman, 82

wealthy Christian, 208

co-emperors, 225

commemorations, martyrological, 96, 208

Commodianus (poet), 217

communal places, 74

communities, 13, 54–55, 66, 73, 75, 79, 91, 95, 107, 131

human, 74

pagan, 199, 203

religious, 238

rival, 36

conflicts, 15, 24–26, 33, 38–39, 52, 70–71, 125, 139–141, 175

Christian-pagan, 65

civil, 163

dissident, 172

human, 243

identity-based, 70

intangible, 71

internecine, 32, 64, 182, 190

inter-religious, 139, 184, 236

intra-Christian, 64, 172, 239

late fourth-century North African intra-dissident, 153

religious, 10, 30, 51, 57, 143, 242, 243

social, 72

violent, 126

congregations, 19, 71, 89, 126, 129, 145–146, 147, 177, 180, 217

Christian, 95

dissenting, 129

Constans (emperor), 98, 132, 135 n73

Constantine (emperor), 22–26, 27, 32–33, 38, 46, 76–77, 88, 123, 125–129, 132

church-building, 43

involvement in the fourth-century factional disputes, 26

reconfiguration of the Holy Land landscape, 42

reluctance to intervene in internal Church affairs, 23

reunification of the Diocletian tetrarchy, 32

style of Church government, 137

Constantinople, 126, 191, 225

Constantius (emperor), 177, 199

construction, 27, 33, 46, 49, 101, 106, 210–212, 213, 218, 243

basilica, 28

Christian, 117, 185

cultural, 73

of synagogues, 220

rhetorical, 70, 193

second-century, 59

Conybeare, Catherine, 187–188

Cornelius (bishop), 81–82

cosmology, 159

Council, 16, 18–19, 23, 126, 127, 149, 150, 156, 169, 172–173

ecclesiastical, 22

ecumenical, 18, 148

episcopal, 23, 146, 192, 230

of Arles, 23, 126, 127

of Carthage, 104, 114, 171

of Numidia, 19

court petitions see petitions

Cyprian, Bishop of Carthage, 16, 43, 44, 46, 81, 82–83, 86–87, 90–92, 95, 113, 158–159

declares “there is no salvation outside the Church”, 16

reminds Cornelius “the church here is not closed to anyone”, 82

splintering of factions into separate worship places, 43

Damous El Karita, 209

dancing, 160

Dea Caelestis (festival), 199

death, 61, 110, 113, 137–138, 166, 169, 195, 199, 241, 242

martyrs’, 130

of Robba, 169, 171, 172

sacrificial, 65

single Christian, 187

Decian persecution, 43, 90

Decius (emperor), 32, 81 n27, 119 n1

decrees, 25, 39, 134, 145, 177, 193, 228, 230

dedications, 83, 123, 198, 219

bronze, 200

building, 76, 83, 106

church’s, 27

dedicatory inscriptions, 139, 171

Delattre, Alphonse J., 224 f5.2

demonic spaces, 43

dies natalis (also in text as “birthday”), 158

dissident basilicas, 25, 33, 89, 126, 127, 129, 155, 160, 171, 185

bishops, 23, 112, 134, 136, 141–142, 144, 146, 148, 151, 154

dissident Christians, 125, 127, 155–157, 159, 161–163, 168, 169, 182–183, 238, 239

and the process of purification, 114

deterred from abandoning their ancestral churches, 103

formula, 163

intentions of, 114

practices of, 103

dissidents, 88, 112–113, 128–129, 136, 141–143, 146–147, 152–155, 159, 169–171, 172

and feelings of betrayal felt towards Catholics, 129

capitulating to Catholicism, 160

demands that Bishop Felix of Abthugni be investigated for collusion during the Diocletian persecution, 23

prevented from venerating their martyrs, 139

washing the walls of basilicas seized from Catholics, 131

Djebel Oust, 205, 210–212, 211 f4.3

domus dei, 76

domus ecclesiae, 76–77

“Donatist Schism”, 17–26, 121see also dissident Christians

“Donatist”, 9 n35, 71 n143, 89, 144, see also dissident Christians

Donatist-Catholic controversy, 17, 26, 119, 175, 156

Donatus (bishop), 38

Dossey, Leslie, 53, 133, 136–137

Drake, Harold, 20, 126

Drawing of Church III Excavation at Sufetula, 213 f4.4

drinking (wine), 181

Dulcitius, 157

Duval, N., Chapel of St. Salsa of Tipasa 101 f2.5, 102 f2.6, 140 f3.1, 171, 174 f3.8

Duval, Yvette, 100, 163, 164 f3.4, 169

ecclesia, 76, 82, 84, 86, 89–90, 153, 217

Egypt, 39, 120, 225, 242

elders, 103

Elvira, 182

Emmel, Stephen, 51

encyclical letters, 222

Ennabli, Liliane, 104 n124

Epitaph of St. Salsa of Tipasa, 102 f2.6

epitaphs, 60, 95, 102 f2.6, 169, 172, 223

Jewish, 218

Latin, 96

Robba basilica, 169–172, 172 f3.7

Vandal period, 166

Eraclius, Deacon of Hippo, 106

eucharist, 160, 180 n16

Euodius, Bishop of Uzalis, 222, 222 n29

Eusebius, 24, 27, 120, 123–124, 126–127, 182

excavations, 10, 161, 164, 229, 230 f5.3, 231 f5.4

archaeological, 9, 95

careless, 10

rescue, 10

Fasir, 132–133

Faustus of Milevus, 3

Felicitas (martyr), 146

Felix (bishop of Abthugni), 23–24, 88

Felix (martyr of Nola), 103, 105

Felix, Minucius, 13–14, 44

Fentress, Elizabeth, 36

Ferguson, James, 72–73

Fifth-century reconstruction of southern side-room of Severan basilica, Lepcis Magna, 231 f5.4

Fine, Steven, 46, 219

Firmus, 32, 143, 144, 235

Fisher, Ronald, 70

Flower, Harriet, 59

Fortunatus (bishop), 15, 81

Fowden, Garth, 8

Fredriksen, Paula, 221

Frend, W. H. C., 158 n178

Friedland, Roger, 56

Fronto (Numidian lawyer), 13

Gaddis, Michael, 32

Galla, 222

Gallienus (emperor), 33

Gammarth Catacomb Lamp, 224 f5.2

Gammarth necropolis, 11

Gaudentius (bishop), 156, 158, 161

Geiseric, 163, 166

gentiles, 3, 55, 156, 177, 188, 216, 232

schism of the, 178

Germanic tribes, 163

Gibbons, Michael, 8, 9

Gildo, 32, 153

God, 32–33, 39, 78–79, 123, 124, 129–130, 157, 194–196, 198, 201–202

a holy temple of a holy, 27

house of, 78

pagan, 211

Gotter, Ulrich, 51

Greek language, 16, 61, 76

group identifications, 2, 4, 7, 69, 72, 74, 90, 180

amorphous, 176

contesting, 53

exclusive, 71

religious, 55

Gsell, Stéphane, 169–170

Gupta, Akhil, 73

Hachlili, Rachel, 229

Hadrian, (emperor), 52 n63, 206

Hahn, Johannes, 51

Halbwachs, Maurice, 56

Hammam Lif, 47, 217

mosaic, 219 f5.1 see also Naro synagogue

Hanson, R. P. C., 205

healing, 222 n32

Hecht, Richard D., 56

Heidegger, Martin, 41, 243

Hellenic religion, 55

heretics, 60–61, 62, 89, 90, 145, 147, 154, 155, 158, 159–160

Hippo (Numidia), 3, 54, 63, 67, 71, 103, 106–107, 166, 216, 222

and Basilica Maiorem, 166

and the dispute divides the congregation, 102

visiting bishop appeals to his Carthaginian audience’s familiarity with city’s landscape, 201

historians, 4, 7–8, 9, 11–12, 42, 117

art, 9, 107

Christian, 5

encouraged by Garth Fowden to take all archaeological evidence into account, 8

Josephus, 124

Mircea Eliade, 47

Paul-Albert Février, 208

Holum, Kenneth, 27, 28

Holy Cross (relics), 97

“Holy Fighters”, 136, see also circumcellions

Holy Ghost, 52 see also Holy Spirit

Holy Land, 43

“holy places”, 76, 103, 105

“holy spaces”, 215

Holy Spirit, 216

Honorius (emperor), 39, 153, 187, 192–193, 196, 225, 240

house-tombs: Roman, 99, 117

identification:

Christian, 45, 75, 78, 80, 101, 239

social, 69, 70

identifications, 9–10, 44–45, 46, 47, 64, 65, 68–69, 72–73, 180, 237

collective, 53, 69, 176, 241

group, 2, 4, 69, 74, 90, 180

religious, 1, 15, 36, 44, 46, 56, 74, 158, 237, 240

identities, 2, 69

multiple, 69

religious, 70, see also identifications

identity, 2, 68–70, 73, 180

conflicts, 70

collective, 72

sociocultural, 52, see also identifications

idols, 39, 67, 78, 79–80, 182, 193–194, 195–196, 200–201, 204–205, 213

fixed, 196

serpent-headed, 232

stone, 200

temple of, 121

town’s bronze serpentine pagan, 143

Illyricum, 225–226, 227

images, 14, 28, 67, 97, 122, 152, 158, 177

abstract, 110

anthropomorphic, 12

biblical, 129

cultic, 179

temple, 219

topographical, 200

triumphal, 239

imperial decrees, 21, 59

Innocentia, primaria of Carthage, healed, 222 n32

inscriptions: basilica funerary, 2, 47, 86–87, 96, 100, 117, 163, 168–169, 171, 218–219

church, 19

commemorative, 130

dedicatory, 139, 171–172

dilapidated, 200

dissident, 239

martyr, 163, 171

memoria sancta, 97

rededication, 184

suburban cemetery church, 87

votive, 100

interlocutors, anti-Christian, 43

internecine spatial contestation, 161

intra-Christian, relations 34

characterized, 229

disturbances, 32

Isayev, Elena, 8

Italy, 16, 59, 103, 105, 225–226

Jerusalem, 111, 196, 221

Jesus Christsee Christ

Jewish,

aggression, 228

assemblies, 226

burial and funerary practices, 223

Christian relations, 49, 214–215, 223, 228

community, 234

houses, 224

synagogues, 7, 26, 226, 238

temples, 123

worship space, 215

Jews, 3–4, 16, 47, 155, 214–215, 216–217, 220–223, 227–229, 230–233, 236–237

and Christian heretical groups, 177

considered faithless, 227

grouped together “with those whom the state had already depicted as enemies”, 228

literal vs. figurative, 232

North African, 218, 219, 223, 231

Jones, A. H. M., 72

Josephus, 124

Judaism, 1, 49, 70, 233, 235, 239

Judeo-Berber Menorah Capital, 235 f5.5

Juergensmeyer, Mark, 63, 64

Julian (emperor), 112, 155, 163, 171

Julianus, 163

Justinian (emperor), 230

Kingsley, Sean, 167

Lactantius, 97, 122–124

late antiquity, 1, 4–5, 11, 12, 26, 52, 197, 202, 210, 213

late Roman, 7, 34, 162 f3.3, 208

Christian rhetoric, 196, 221

Emperors, 225

North Africa, 7, 215

Lavan, Luke, 4

laws, 39, 145, 149, 151, 153–154, 155–156, 158, 191, 194, 223–228

Christian Council, 95 n92

concerning property, 146, 151, 155, 188

personal injury, 155

Roman, 158:

Codex Theodosianus 16.5.12, 146 n116

Codex Theodosianus 16.5.14, 145 n115

Codex Theodosianus 16.5.4, 145 n113

Codex Theodosianus 9.17.6, 104 n121

synagogue protection, 225, 227, see also Theodosian Legal Code

Lefebvre, Henri, 35–36, 41–42, 48–49, 243

Leone, Anna, 5–6, 31, 199, 208

Lepcis Magna, 12, 217, 229, 230 f5.3, 239

Lepelley, Claude, 183, 213

Leroux, Ernest, 165 f3.5, 170 f3.6, 219 f5.1

letters, 22–23, 24–25, 82, 84–85, 127–128, 160, 204, 221, 225, 227–228

bishop’s, 157

encyclical, 222

imperial, 22, 120

large bronze, 198

of Gaudentius, 157

Lieu, Judith, 70

Linder, Amnon, 226, 228

Lord Marculus Memoria, 141 f3.2

Macarius, 38, 134–135

Macrobius, 184–185

Madauros episode, 185–186

Magnentius (imperial usurper), 98

Maiorinus (Numidan anti-bishop), 19, 21–22, 24, 127

Mandouze, André, 65 n117

Manicheans, 177

Mappalian Basilica and cemetery church, 104

Marcellinus (tribune and notary), 156, 161

Marculus (bishop and martyr), 137–138

Marcus Aurelius (emperor), 200

Markus, Robert, 75, 106

martyr churches, 104, 121

Martyr Dedication from Mascula, 164 f3.4

martyrdom, 14, 16, 67, 82, 121, 129, 168–169, 171, 232, 234–235

martyria (basilicas, shrines, chapels), 34, 103, 137, 139, 175, 237

individual

of Marculus, in Vegesela (Donatist), 104

of Stephen, in Hippo, 106, 107

martyriums, 106, 107, 163, 169, 172

martyrological commemorations, 96, 208

martyrology, 143, 232, 234–235

martyrs, 13, 14, 15, 18, 20, 46, 54, 58, 61–62, 65–66, 89, 95, 95 n91, 95 n92, 96, 97, 101–102, 105, 114, 115, 121, 127, 130, 134, 137–139, 146, 158–159, 168, 180, 199, 222, 232

Babylas, 28

communion of saints, 145

Felicitas, 146

Felix, 103

individual

Cyprian, 158

Stephen, 222

Marculus, 137–138

Perpetua, 146

Salsa, 100, 143–144, 234

Mascula, Numidia (Khenchela, Algeria), 171, 239

Matthews, John, 34 n154

Mauretania, 15, 165 f3.5

Mauretania Caesariensis (Algeria), 83, 87, 97

Maxentius (emperor), 18, 126

Maximianists, 39, 148, 149–150, 151

basilicas, 150

Bishop Felicianus, 152

Bishop Praetextatus, 151

Bishop Salvius, 150

Maximus of Madauros, 179

Membressa, Proconsularis (Medjez al-Bab, Tunisia) 150, 151

memorials, 61, 97, 117, 139, 176, 209, 237

memory, 31, 56–61, 62, 96–97, 129, 138, 172, 175, 179

collective, 6, 57, 99

retrieving of, 60, 61–62

sanctions, 59, 62

“memory palace”, 56

mensa (martyr table), 82, 97, 98 f2.2, 134, 138

Mensurius (bishop), 17–21, 88

Merleau-Ponty, Maurice, 84

Mermet, Gilles, 110 f2.7

Milan, 141, 198

Minorca, 221–222

miracles, 144, 200, 222, 222 n29, 222 n32

Mohrmann, Christine, 76

Molholt, Rebecca, 84

Monceaux, Paul, 65 n117

monuments, 59, 60–61, 62, 95–96, 101, 107, 184

circular, 167

commemorative, 62

funerary, 179

porticoed, 212

Mosaic in the Basilica of Reparatus, 83, 86, 85 f2.1

Musti (El Krib/Hr. Mest: Tunisia), 150, 152

Naro synagogue, 217–218, 219 f5.1, 219–220

Nasrallah, Laura, 6

Nectarius (Calama noble), 188, 190, 241

New Temple-church (Tipasa), 205

New York Times, 240

Nicene Christians, 199

Nicomedia, 122

Nola, 103, 105

non-Catholics, 158, 159, 190

non-Christians, 2, 3, 38, 40, 117, 175–176, 177, 182, 189–190

non-demonic spaces, 43

North Africa, 1, 2, 9, 10–11, 12–13, 16, 139–140, 203, 215, 221

ancient, 49

archaeology of, 10

attacks on religious buildings and Christian writers’ depiction of, 65

building restoration inscriptions, 203

Catholics, 128

Christian assets, 21

Christian reaction to the miracles associated with the newly imported relics, 222

Christianity, 12–13, 14, 46, 67, 71, 83, 175, 176, 236, 240

Church leaders, 181

conflicts plague Romans in, 160

imperial, 202

Jewish conflicts in, 10, 218

Jewish inscriptions, 218

Jewish perceptions of worship space as expressed in archaeology, 215

Jews using regional cultural vocabularies to construct sacred places dedicated to deity, 47

landscape revolutionized by the construction of churches in rural, 53

literature of, 27, 90

spatialization of Christian identifications, 75

Nova Petra, 137, 138

“Novatianists”, 39

Numidia, 15–16, 18, 19–20, 23, 128, 131, 135, 138, 163, 165–166

bishops of, 18–19, 131–132

Council of, 19

dissidents, 18

O’Donnell, James J., 158 n179

Optatus, Bishop of Milevis 113–114, 142

and his Catholic perspective, viewing those he calls “Donatists” as schismatics, 88

charges the Numidian bishops with collaborating with the imperial edicts to turn over church property, 18

debt riots and the “agnostic circumcellions”, 133

describes the dissidents washing the walls of basilicas seized from Catholics, 131

presentation of the circumcellions as the guerrilla arm of the dissident Church, 133

ridicules the dissidents for having purified houses of worship, 112

the first North African to mention that a church contained a bishop’s seat, or cathedra episcopatus, 107

Orosius (Spanish priest) 153, 195

Orthodox Christians, 158, see also Catholics

pagan sanctuaries, 217

paganssee traditional Roman religion

Palestine, 31, 221–222

Palestinian synagogues, 227

Palmer, Anne-Marie, 115 n163

Papyrus Goleniscev, 29 f0.1

Parmenian (bishop), 21 n100, 23, 107, 112, 114

Passio Sanctae Salsae, 27, 143, 231

patronage, 26, 136

Christian, 106

civic, 106

Jewish, 219, 220

public, 22

Roman, 106

Paul (apostle), 44, 134, 205, 216

Paulinus (bishop), 105 n130, 115 n163

Peregrinus (bishop), 152

Perpetua (martyr), 146

petitions, 7, 22, 24, 37, 38, 126, 134, 148, 150, 152, 154, 155, 189

African, 126

post-Calama, 188

Petrus (bishop), 173

Pharisees (polemical term), 11, 130

pictures, 115, 115 n163, 115 n164

place attachment, role of, 50, 52, 78, 116, 119, 188, 220, 242

“place meanings”, 2, 62, 75, 242

“place memories”, 58–59

Placidia, Augusta, 199

Plan of Temple of Asclepius-church, 211 f4.3

Plan of Thamugadi, 162 f3.3

Pollini, John, 171

pollution, 112–113, 118, 131

Porphyry, 94, 99, 117

argues that Christians imitate pagans by building churches, 92

comparison of Christian construction projects, 117

suggests that Arnobius was responding to the philosopher’s defense of pagan piety, 91

Possidius, 154

Praetextatus (bishop), 151, 152 n145

pre-Christian temples, 34

pre-Roman migrations, 16

pre-Vandal period, 6

Primianist bishops, 149, 151

Primianist Church, 149

Primianists, 147, 150, 152–153

Primianus (bishop), 147, 148, 149

Privatianus (bishop), 104

Proconsularis, 14, 165, 203, 206

property laws, 146, 151, 155, 188

proto-martyr Stephen, 221

Prudentius (poet), 115 n163

Publicola (noblewoman), 204, 211

Quintilianus (bishop), 222

Quodvultdeus (bishop), 191 n68, 193, 197, 201

Raven, Susan, 168

Rebillard, Éric, 14, 69, 79, 239

relics, 54, 67, 97, 102, 105–107, 163, 221–222

newly imported, 222

private martyr, 20

proto-martyr’s, 221

Stephen, 222

religious:

buildings, 46, 47, 53, 55, 63, 65, 89, 239, 241, 242

groups, 3, 26, 28, 30, 40, 52, 62, 73, 120, 241

identifications, 1, 15, 36, 44, 46, 56, 74, 158, 237, 240

space, 94, 127, 132, 204

violence, 32, 33, 62–63, 64–66, 67

Reparatus (bishop), 83, 173

Restitutus (bishop), 150

Revue Archéologique. La Mosaïque de Hammam-Lif. Inscription de la grande salle, 1884, 219 f5.1

ritual behaviors, 112

Robba Basilica, 169–171, 172

Robba Martyr Dedication, 172 f3.7

Roman, 35, 91, 124, 212

architecture, 4

aristocrats, 178

army, 129

attacks on churches, 186

authorities, 15, 121, 139, 147, 219

camps, 164

capitolium, 94

cavalry, 143, 235

citizens, 37, 38

civilization, 4, 62

coins, 28

court system, 71, 132

empire, 1, 2, 31, 35, 36–37, 42, 52, 120, 196, 215

families, 89

funerary practices, 95

gods, 15, 179

government, 149

harbortown of Tipasa, 232

house-tombs, 99, 117

law, 5, 17, 63, 223–225, 233

legislation, 213, 220, 223

literature, 124, 185

mausolea, 34

military camps, 120, 163

noblewoman, 124

North Africa, 10, 16, 38, 47, 50, 71, 76, 217, 223

officials, 88, 186, 188

Palestine, 12, 31

patronage, 106

religion, 181

ritual of bathing, 85

sensibilities, 201

shrines, 238

society, 5

temples, 26, 45, 51, 54, 76, 92, 94, 105, 117, 119

traditionalist dedications, 105

traditionalist neighbors, 47

traditionalists, 93, 116, 181, 237, 239, 243

urbs, 145

Rome, 15–16, 46, 81, 82, 163–165, 184, 194–195, 225, 235

Episcopal Council of, 23, 126

Rothman, Jay, 71

rural martyr shrines, 54

sacred spaces, 47, 185, 188, 214, 237, 238, 240, 242, 243

sacrifices, 53, 121, 185, 204–205

abominable, 232

infant, 13

required, 15

traditional Roman, 14, 81, 181

Salafi group Ansar Dine, 242

Salsa (martyr), 100, 143–144, 234

Salvius (bishop), 150

Salzman, Michele, 35 n154, 64 n112, 177, 178 n7

sanctuaries, 31, 49, 130, 197–198, 199, 242

defunct Roman, 240

pagan, 217

traditional Roman, 34

western, 210

Sandwell, Isabella, 70

Saunier, Charles, 85 f2.1

Saxer, Victor, 95 n91, 222 n29, 222 n30

Sbeitla (Tunisia)see Sufetula.

schism, 3, 16, 17–19, 22, 66, 82, 90

Christian, 33, 83, 88

internal, 185

intra-Christian, 17

origins of, 18

schismatic conventicles, 33

schismatics, 16, 22, 43, 62, 88, 113, 139, 147, 155, 238

Scillitan martyrs, 13, 14–15

scriptures, 18, 20, 31, 83, 92, 121, 122–123, 139, 160, 219

Sear, David R. (Double Centenionalis of Usurper Magnentius), 100 f2.4

Sears, Gareth, 161–162, 203, 205

sectarian conflicts, 138, 152–153, 175, 241

sectarians, 88, 91, 108, 112, 121, 144–145

sects, 3, 161, 173–175

Septimius Severus (emperor), 229

Serapeum (Alexandria), 45–46

sermons, 37, 104, 106, 110, 112, 158, 160, 180, 194, 196

dissident, 129–130, 132

guest, 196

hearing of, 60

longest, 180

recently-identified Donatist, 90

Severan Basilica, 231 f5.3

Severan Forum and Basilica of Lepcis Magna, 230 f5.3

Severus of Minorca, 28, 221–222

Shaw, Brent, 17, 19–20, 24, 132, 133, 148, 153, 154, 185, 186

Shepardson, Christine, 2, 36

shrines (martyria), 34, 43, 102–103, 104–107, 132, 137–138, 139, 144, 183, 186

African martyr, 103, 105

Baal, 124

central, 200

Christian cemetery, 117

destroyed, 242

expropriated dissident Christian, 127

of Sufi saints, 242

Roman, 238

St. Felix (Nola), 105

third century, 120

Sicca, 91, 93

Sicilibba Basilica, 131, 238

Silvanus (bishop), 88, 122

Simpliciola (consecrated virgin), 222

singing, 160

Sirmondian constitution, 63, 189

Sizgorich, Thomas, 33

slaves, 16

Smith, Jonathan Z., 41, 45, 46, 48

Soja, Edward, 28

Solidus of Arcadius, Ravenna mint, AD 402–408, 28 f0.2

space, 41–42, 48–50, 56, 78, 175, 179–180, 201–202, 237–238, 242, 243

dissident, 238

non-Christian, 238

public, 183, 202

religious, 94, 127, 132, 204

ritual, 160, 238

sacred, 47, 185, 188, 214, 237, 238, 240, 242, 243

schismatic, 46

social, 36, 49

spatial conflict, concept of, 2, 4, 10, 30, 52, 62, 70, 72, 150, 191

spatial supersession, 26–27, 28, 34, 163, 167, 171, 172, 175–177, 212, 240

spatial violence, 62–63, 153, 242, see also vandalism

St. Salsa, 99–102

St. Stephen, 16, 54, 106, 221, 222

Stern, Karen, 10, 12, 47, 218, 223

Stilicho (Roman General), 153, 187, 189, 195

Strzygowski, Josef, 29 f0.1

Sufetula (Sbeitla, Tunisia), 39 n176, 109, 205, 212, 213, 213 f4.4

symbolic violence, 63, 65

synagogues, 1, 10, 27, 47, 215–218, 219–220, 223, 226–228, 229–236, 239

excavated, 218

fire-damaged, 221

Hammam Lif, 217, 220

isolated, 10

Jewish, 7, 26, 226, 238

Lepcis Magna, 229, 231

Palestinian, 227

protection of, 223

sacred, 47, 219

worship, 219

Temple of Ceres-church plan at Thuburbo Maius, 207 f4.1

temples, 27–28, 92–93, 124–125, 182–184, 192–194, 195–196, 197–199, 202–207, 210–214, 232–233

abandoned, 199

abandonment of, 1

active, 124

church conversions, 203, 205

classical, 203

closures of, 4, 177

construction of, 179

constructions, 94

conversions, 202, 205

cults, 186

derelict, 200

desacralized, 191

destruction of, 12, 30, 124, 192, 201

hillside, 197

idol, 204

images of, 219

Jerusalem, 47, 216, 219

Jewish, 123

of Apollo, 101

pagan, 53, 167, 186, 195, 232–233, 234

pre-Christian, 34

preserved and maintained, 184

processional, 210

restoring of, 195, 214

Roman, 26, 45, 51, 54, 76, 92, 94, 105, 117, 119

serpent-dragon, 232

sites of, 205, 212

structures of, 191, 210

symbolism of, 47

third-century, 212

tombs 99

Tertullian of Carthage, 14, 15, 44, 46, 78–80, 95, 101, 109, 182, 184

as apologist, 78

assault on the cardinal sin of idolatry, 79

bemoans raids on Christians, 79

characterization of the Christian meeting space as a “house of God”, 78

contrasts “workshops of the adversary” with “house of God”, 78

portrayal of Christian assembly places and burial sites, 79

portrays synagogues as lacking the divine presence, 217

Thamugadi (Timgad, Algeria), 146, 161, 185, 205, 208

Thamugadi Necropolis Church, 209 f4.2

Theodosian Legal Code, 182, 225, 227

Theodosian period, 141

Theodosius I (emperor) 145, 153, 185

Theodosius II (emperor) 225, 227

Thuburbo Maius (El Fahs, Tunisia), 205–206, 207 f4.1, 240

Thuburbo temple-church, 208

Tiberius (emperor), 124

Tilley, Maureen, 180 n16

Timgadsee Thamugadi

Tipasa (Tipaza, Algeria), 99–102, 143, 165, 205, 232, 234

“tomb and-picture-worshippers”, 178

Tomb mosaic from Tabarka, 110 f2.7

tombs, 59, 60, 94, 100–102, 112, 114, 144, 169, 171, 178–179

housed Cyprian’s, 105

martyr, 101

monumental, 95

traditional Roman religion, 1, 4, 31, 34, 35, 39, 44, 45, 46, 65, 70, 72, 81, 112, 116, 235, 237, 239, 240, 243

communities, 79

sanctuaries, 7, 34, 75, 79, 93, 105, 238

temples, 26, 53, 54, 76, 94, 117, 119, 176, 214, 226, 238

worship, 14, 15

tribunes, 122, 129, 156, 198, 202

African, 160, 163

Dulcitius, 157

Marcellinus, 156, 160 n185

Ursus, 199, 200, 201

Trigg, Dylan, 56, 57

Tuan, Yi-Fu, 50–51

Tunisia, 109–110, 122, 129, 150, 206, 212, 217

Turner, Harold, 75

Turner, Michael, 29 f0.2

Ursus, 198–201

Uzalis (Proconsularis), 54, 105, 222

Vaes, Jan, 214

Valens (emperor), 145

Valentinian (emperor),

I: 143, 145

II: 145

III: 166, 199

Valerian (emperor), 16, 32, 80, 81, 117, 120

Vandal period, 167–168, 172, 208

and war, 163–165, 167, 238, 239

assault on sacred places, 166

epitaphs, 166

intolerance of Catholics, 240

King Huneric, 171

vandalism, 62–63, 242

Vandals, 16, 161, 165–168, 208, see also Arian Vandals

Vegesela Basilica, 104, 239

Vegesela Basilica plan, 140 f3.1

veneration, 95, 97, 114–115, 134, 137, 144

martyr, 46

prohibition of, 20

public, 97

rituals, 119

“Via Caelestis”, 167

Victor, Bishop of Vita, 166, 168, 240 n4

violence, 32, 33–34, 35, 129, 142, 143, 152–154, 168, 176, 187–189

acts of symbolic, 63, 65

and gangs, 128

anti-Christian, 121

Catholic-dissident, 168

Christian, 228

dissident, 154–155

mob, 37

pre-Constantinian, 32

real, 63

religious, 32, 33, 62–63, 64–66, 67

religiously motivated, 62

spatial, 62–63, 153, 242

synagogue, 64

Vitruvius (Roman architect), 108

Von Harnack, Adolf, 12

women, consecrated, 3 n3, 168, 169, 222

worship, 78–79, 89, 91–92, 102, 155, 157, 177, 179, 198, 201

Donatists attacking Catholic, 228

“one catholic”, 155

pagan, 192, 194, 200

religious, 34

synagogue, 219

traditional, 203

worship spaces, 30, 83, 215, 218–219, 242

non-residential, 90

replaced Jewish, 236

Wright, Nicholas L., 29 f0.2

Yasin, Ann Marie, 102, 117

Zama, 88, 122

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