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Index

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  27 October 2016

Edited by
Kamari M. Clarke ,
Abel S. Knottnerus  and
Eefje de Volder
Kamari M. Clarke
Affiliation:
Carleton University, Ottawa
Abel S. Knottnerus
Affiliation:
Rijksuniversiteit Groningen, The Netherlands
Eefje de Volder
Affiliation:
Universiteit van Tilburg, The Netherlands

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Information

Type
Chapter
Information
Africa and the ICC
Perceptions of Justice
 , pp. 445 - 454
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Print publication year: 2016

Index

Abass, Ademola, 379
Abdullahi, Aisha, 33
Accountability, 87, 341
Acholi, 19
Admissibility, 404
Affective transference
Kenyatta’s use of, 79–83, 91–92, 94–95, 96, 101
mechanisms of, 84
in revisionist history, 93–98, 99
sentimentality in, 83–84
Afghanistan, 43
Africa-ICC relationship
African views, disregard of in processes, 72–73
background, 1–3, 15–16, 61–62
complementarity, 11, 67–68, 72–73, 111
as cooperative, 441–442
criminal prosecution inadequacy, 68–69
history, burden of, 71, 74, 422
integration, synergy, 64–69
legalist approach to, 3–4, 437
normative assessment approach to, 4
perceptions, functions of, 6–7
perceptions, levels of studying, 7–10
perceptions as multilayered, 6, 170, 183, 439
phases of generally, 10–12
pragmatic approach to, 3–4, 437
African Charter on Democracy, Elections and Governance, 380–381
African Commission on Human and Peoples’ Rights, 62, 378–379, 396
African Court of Justice and Human and Peoples’ Rights (African Court). See also Amendment Protocol
clash with ICC, 383, 393–394, 399
complementarity of, 384–386, 394–395, 400, 401, 404
corporate liability, 382, 390–392, 403–404
Criminal Chamber, 16, 376–378, 395, 397, 442
feasibility of, 376–377, 396
formation of, 2–3, 20–21, 27–28, 98, 99–100, 378–379
immunity (See Immunity)
inclusion of other crimes, 388–390, 402
jurisdiction of, 376, 382, 395–396, 421
African leaders. See specific individuals by name
African National Congress, 172, 437
African Peace and Security Architecture, 21–22, 382
African Policy Framework on Transitional Justice, 18, 21–22, 33, 382, 399, 441
African Union (AU)
AU Assembly of Heads of State and Government (AU Assembly), 2, 379–380, 381, 398
AU Commission, 379–380, 382
AU Constitutive Act, 179
AU High Level Panel on Darfur (AUHPD), 68–69
AU Peace and Security Council, 113–114, 385, 431
AU/UN Hybrid operation in Darfur (UNAMID), 154–155
establishment of, 398
opposition to ICC, 107–108, 113–114, 152–154, 172, 173
Africa problem, 5, 23, 62–64, 326
Ainley, Kirsten, 427
Al-Bashir, Omar. See also Darfur; Sudan
arrest warrant execution, 63, 103
Article 98(1) PTC response, 160–163, 177–178, 179
Article 98(1) request, 160, 177
deferral request for, 154–155, 174
ICC attempt to prosecute, 45
immunity, 163–165, 179
indictment of, 1, 3, 15, 53, 113–114, 119, 127–128, 326, 345
protection of by African governments, 63, 115, 164–165, 270, 282–283
Ali, Hussein, 187–188, 263
Ali, Mohammed, 103
Al-Mahdi, As-Sadiq, 333, 334–335, 349
Al-Qa’ida in the Lands of the Islamic Maghreb (AQIM), 140
Amendment Protocol. See also African Court of Justice and Human and Peoples’ Rights (African Court)
admissibility, 404
complementarity of, 384–386, 400, 401
Defence Office, 392–393, 404, 405
inclusion of other crimes, 388–390, 402
legality of, 383–384, 400
overview, 376–378
referral of situations, 381, 398
unconstitutional change of government, 380–381
Amnesty, 11–12, 239, 241, 242, 246–247
Annan, Kofi, 53, 67–68, 172, 187–188, 247
Apartheid, 89–90, 379
Arab League, 113–114
Arms Trade Treaty (ATT). See also State responsibility
negotiation, implementation of, 26, 408, 414–416, 425–426, 428, 432, 442
provisions of, 416–418, 432–433
Assembly of States Parties of the ICC (ASP), 2, 55, 156–157, 158, 167–168, 181, 182
AU Model National Law on Universal Jurisdiction over International Crimes, 382
Authority
cartoons, depiction of in, 200–205
hakura, 328–329, 331–332, 333
of ICC, 71, 83, 107–108, 110–113
of international treaties, 284
judges in gacaca courts, 369
legal, 284–285, 383–384
limitations on, 51–52, 71
moral, 108, 110–113, 246, 301–302
of OTP, 66
referral of cases to ICC, 176–177
of shari’a courts, 330, 347–348
of sultan in Darfur, 328, 347
tribal, 330–332, 333, 337, 338–340
of UN to restrict arms trade, 413
Autonomy, 110–113
Bahkin, Michael, 81–82
Bamako Congress, 138–139, 412
Bassiouni, Cherif, 98–99
Bavi decision, 284–285
Bédié, Henri Konan, 133–134, 136
Bedjaoui, Mohamed, 50–51
Bemba, Jean Pierre, 45, 103
Bensouda, Fatou, 2, 3, 41, 54, 55–56, 63, 108, 117, 118–119, 144, 175–176, 215, 301, 318. See also Office of the Prosecutor (OTP)
Bikindi, Simon, 357–358
Biyoyo decision, 285–286
Blé Goudé, Charles, 103, 133–136
Bokassa, Jean Bedel, 129
Bongi decision, 284, 285
Bosco, David, 131, 132–133
Bruguière, Jean-Louis, 131–132
Bush, George W., 131
Campaign for an International Criminal Court (CICC), 108
Cartoons
amoral pragmatism, 199–200, 225
cartoonists, 192–193
Daily Nation, 195–196
data, 188–189
digital analogue politics, 215–217, 218, 226
events 2009, 196
events 2010, 200–205
events 2011, 205–212
events 2012, 212–217, 218
events 2013–2014, 217–220, 221, 222, 223
functions, types of, 189–192, 224
ICC contrived evidence, 206–210
ICC credibility, 220, 222, 223
ICC 2009 depiction, 197–200, 224–225
ICC 2010 depiction, 203–205
ICC intervention 2012, 212, 213, 214
ICC justice, pace of, 212–213, 214
ICC prosecutor’s office transition, 215
ICC selectivity, 206, 208, 209, 225
ICC witnesses, 200–203, 226
Kenyan forms historically, 192
media complicity, 211–212
misplaced heroism, 210, 226–227
moral dilemma in election of high officials, 219–220, 221
newspapers’ profiles, 192–193
overview, 187–188, 224–227
The People Daily, 194–195
PEV victims, 196–197, 215, 216, 225
political elite 2009, 196–197, 199–200
political elite 2010, 203–205
political power, influences on ICC, 213–214, 215, 224–225
shuttle diplomacy, 205–206, 207, 219
The Standard, 195
The Star, 193–194
Western nation hypocrisy, 219, 220
Cassese, Antonio, 98–99
Central African Republic (CAR), 45, 53, 63, 92, 144–145, 421
Chad, 34
China, 15–16, 70, 75, 420, 421
Chirac, Jacques, 134–135
Citizenship, 25, 325, 327, 330–332, 343, 441–442
Clark, Phil, 281
Clarke, Kamari, 12–13, 23, 232–233, 388, 411–412, 440
Code on Serious Crimes Against Humanity, 12–13, 388–389
Cody, Stephen, 25, 440
Colombia, 44
Colonialism, 79–83, 101, 103
Commission on the Responsibility of the Authors of the War and on the Enforcement of Penalties, 85
Complementarity
of African Court, Amendment Protocol, 384–386, 394–395, 400, 401, 404
in DRC, 278–279, 280, 283, 291, 292, 297
positive, 283–286, 289, 297
in Rome Statute, 11, 67–68, 72–73, 111
Constructivism, 8–9
CORD Alliance, 234. See also Kenya; Post-election violence Kenya (PEV)
Corporate liability, 382, 390–392, 403–404. See also African Court of Justice and Human and Peoples’ Rights (African Court)
Côte d’Ivoire
electoral crisis 2010–2011, 135–136
France in, 133–136
ICC involvement in, 137–138
investigations of by ICC, 14–15, 53, 63, 92
Coulibaly, Malick, 141–142
Crime of aggression, 2–3, 13, 88–89, 107–110, 388–390, 396
Criminal responsibility. See individual criminal responsibility
Curanderos, 19
Dah, Ely Ould, 131–132
Darfur. See also Al-Bashir, Omar
accountability in, 341
Anglo-Egyptian Condominium, 329–330, 347–348
citizenship, 25, 325, 327, 330–332, 343, 441–442
genocide in, 338–340, 349–350, 351
investigations of the ICC, 15, 53, 65, 68–69, 92, 113–114
Janjaweed, 326, 345–346
judea, 327, 334–337, 339–340, 341, 350, 351
landless nomads, access to land/services, 332–333, 338–339
local justice mechanisms in, 326–327
Mahkamat al-Gabila, Makhamat al-Aḥliya, 337
national identity construction in, 341–344, 352
political structure, colonial, 330–332, 333
political structure, post-Sultanate, 328–329, 347
racialization in, 326, 346
reconciliation conferences in, 349
shari’a courts in, 325, 328–330, 339–340, 347–348, 441–442
tribal identity in, 325, 330–334, 345, 348, 349–350
Tribal Reconciliation Conference, 333–334, 349–350
Deferral of the UN Security Council (Article 16 of the Rome Statute), 73, 113–114, 118–119, 154, 174
Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC)
accommodation vs. cooperation, 281
al-Bashir, refusal to arrest, 282–283
arms trade regulation in, 410–411, 428
arms transfers in, 434
background, 278–279, 290, 291
child soldiers, case law, 285–286
complementarity, 278–279, 280, 283, 291, 292, 297
domestic judicial reform, 286–289, 297–299, 300
domestic trials in, 283–286, 294, 295, 296, 297
FARDC military equipment transfers, 420–421, 434
hybrid jurisdiction, 288–289, 300
ICC investigations generally, 14, 41, 44, 53, 63, 92, 277–278, 289–290
institutional rivalries in, 288, 299
OTP’s prosecutorial strategy, 279–281, 292
past atrocities prosecution, 288, 299
positive complementarity, 283–286, 289, 297
projet de loi/proposition de loi, 287, 298
reforms, political resistance to, 287–288, 299
sexual violence, case law, 284, 285, 296
Dersso, Solomon, 23, 440
Desalegn, Hailemarian, 120
Deterrence, 17, 44, 232, 257
Dialogic, 81–82
Diouf, Abdou, 41
Djangone-Bi, Philippe, 135
Djibrine, Mahamat, 34
Domestic courts
gacaca, 10, 19, 353–354, 355–356, 361–369, 375, 441
shari’a, 325, 328–330, 339–340, 347–348, 441–442
Doughty, Kristin, 25, 441
East African Community Court of Justice (EACJ), 21, 114–115
East African Community (EAC), 21, 414
Eboe-Osuji, Chile, 73, 74
Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS), 412, 431
Editorial cartoons. See Cartoons
Effectiveness, 6–7, 29, 94–96, 318, 442–443
Ethnography, 9–10
Exemplary justice, 408–409
Fairness, 50–51, 302–303, 405
Foccart, Jacques, 129
Force Nouvelles (FN), 134
France
in Côte d’Ivoire, 133–136
historical role in Africa, 128–130, 144–145, 146
ICC involvement in Côte d’Ivoire, 137–138
international law/ICC, support for, 131–133, 146, 147
in Mali, 138–143
Gacaca courts, 10, 19, 353–354, 355–356, 361–369, 375, 441
Gachigua, Sammy, 24, 440
Gaddafi, Muammar
arrest warrant, 103, 118
French advocacy for charges against, 132–133
opposition to ICC, 171
prosecution of, objections to, 1, 54, 115
withdrawal of charges, 103
Gado (Godfrey Mwampembwa), 195–196. See also Cartoons
Garda, Bahr Abu, 103
Gaulle, Charles de, 129
Gbagbo, Laurent, 53, 103, 127–128, 133–136, 137–138, 149
Gedeon Kungu decision, 285–286
Geneva Conventions, 12–13
Geographies of justice, 394–395
Georgia, 44
Glasius, Marlies, 281
Guéi, Robert, 133–134
Guinea, 123, 432, 443
Habré, Hissène, 20–21, 34, 379
Habyarimana, Juvenal, 130, 131–132
Hague Justice, 73–75, 99–100, 387–388. See also International Criminal Court (ICC)
Hakura, 328–329, 331–332, 333
Harun, Ahmed, 113–114
Heads of State. See also specific individuals by name
exemption from indictment, 55
immunity from arrest as, 3, 16, 22–23
immunity from prosecution as, 152–154, 172, 173, 179, 386–387, 401, 402
indictment of sitting, 2, 16, 28
Heroes’ Day (mashujaa), 79–83, 101
Historical narratives, 20, 23, 34, 48, 93
Hollande, François, 130, 140–141, 142
Houphouët-Boigny, Felix, 133–134
Human rights, equal protection, 51–52
Hurd, Ian, 30
Huyse, Luc, 327
Hyden, Goran, 233
Hypocrisy, 51–52, 107–110, 116–117, 122
Hypocrisy management, 121–123
Imanyara, Gitobu, 248
Immunity
from arrest as Head of State, 3, 16, 22–23
arrest vs., 160–165, 177–178, 179
Article 27(2), 163
Article 98(1) PTC response, 160–163, 177–178, 179
Article 98(1) request, 160, 177
from prosecution as Head of State, 152–154, 172, 173, 179, 386–387, 401, 402
Impunity, 39–40, 46, 55
India, 75
Institutional legitimacy, 110–113, 152–154, 172, 173
Interests of justice (Article 53 of the Rome Statute), 157–158, 385
International Court of Justice (ICJ), 165, 443
International crimes, 395–396
International Criminal Court (ICC). See also Rome Statute
African involvement in, 40–42
bias, 117–118
defence office, 393
deferral regime, 159–160, 176
establishment, mandate of, 39–40, 46, 88–89
historical background, 85–90
immunity regime, 163–165, 179
involvement in Africa, 44–45, 47–49, 52–53
jurisdiction, 12–13
jurisdictional triggers, 14–15, 42
political interests in function of, 110–113, 118–120, 213–214, 215, 224–225
political structures, 12–13
rationale, 52
selectivity in cases prosecuted by, 55–56, 63, 71–72, 92, 422
Victims and Witnesses Unit (VWU), 304, 320
International criminal justice, 61–62, 85–90, 387–388
International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda (ICTR). See also Rwanda
contextual knowledge issues, 360
corporate criminal liability, 403–404
creation, jurisdiction of, 356
cross-examinations mediated through interpretation, 359
defence office, 393
French support of, 132
justice mechanisms, 19
language, conceptual differences in, 358–359, 374
language interpretation at trials, 354–355, 356–361
mistakes in translation equated witness credibility, 359–360
song lyrics interpretation, issues in, 357–358
structure of, 356–357
transcripts, 357
International Criminal Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia (ICTY)
defence office, 393
establishment of, 88
French support of, 132
witness experiences in, 304
International law
African views, typologies of, 50–52
historical background, 49–50
power structure constraints, 70–71, 74
International Law Commission (ILC), 12–13, 388–389
Interpretation
cross-examinations mediated through, 359
language at trials, 354–356, 369–370
of song lyrics, issues in, 357–358
Investigations of the ICC
Central African Republic (CAR), 45, 53, 63, 92, 144–145, 421
Darfur (See Darfur)
Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC) (See Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC))
Georgia, 44
Ivory Coast, 14–15, 53, 63, 92
Kenya (See Kenya)
Libya, 45, 53, 54, 63, 71, 92, 115, 132–133
Mali, 63, 92, 138–143, 402
Uganda, 14, 53, 63, 71, 92
Iraq, 55–56, 71–72, 118, 123, 125, 131, 403
Ivory Coast. See Côte d’Ivoire
Jalloh, Charles, 63, 175, 393
Janjaweed, 326, 345–346
Jerbo, Saleh, 103
Jonathan, Goodluck, 137
Jubilee Alliance, 234–235, 258–259. See also Kenya; Kenyatta, Uhuru; Ruto, William
Judea, 327, 334–337, 339–340, 341, 350, 351. See also Darfur
Justice and justice mechanisms
exemplary, 408–409
geographies of, 394–395
Hague Justice, 73–75, 99–100, 387–388
local, 17–19
peace vs., 17–18, 64–67, 198–199
political, 110–113, 118–120
post-conflict, 326–327
prosecutorial, 20–22, 34, 64–67
regional, 17–19, 381
restorative, 17–19, 326–327
retributive, 17–19
rhetorical, 116–117
statist, 14–15
survivor’s, 341
traditional, 19, 33
transitional, 21–22, 23, 26, 67–68, 74, 407–409, 441–442
victim’s, 10, 341
victor’s, 14–15
Justice cascades, 97–98
Kaba, Sidiki, 172
Kabila, Joseph, 14, 112, 279–280, 282. See also Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC)
Kagame, Paul, 130
Kahwa decision, 284–285
Kambale, Pascal, 281
Kapenguria Six, 79
Kapluna Five, 91
Katanga, Germain, 25, 44, 103, 278, 280, 292, 302, 410–411, 429
Keita, Ibrahim Boubacar, 140–141
Keita, Modibo, 139
Kendall, Sara, 26
Kenya. See also Cartoons; Post-election violence Kenya (PEV)
election, ethnic consolidation in, 235–237, 259–260
election of Kenyatta/Rutu while indicted, 2, 54, 234–235, 258–259
individual criminal responsibility in PEV, 232–234
investigations of the ICC, 3, 53, 63, 66, 67–68, 91–93, 103, 114–115
non-state actors, arms transfers to, 423–424
Kenyan African National Union (KANU), 79
Kenyatta, Jomo, 79, 91
Kenyatta, Uhuru. See also Cartoons; Post-election violence Kenya (PEV)
affective transference utilization, 79–83, 91–92, 94–95, 96, 101
deferral request for, 154, 155–157
election of while indicted, 2, 54, 234–235, 258–259
indictment of, 119, 127–128, 187–188
Mashujaa day speech, 79–83, 93–94, 101
on newspapers, 193
opposition to ICC, 114–115, 116
presence at trial, 166–167, 181, 219
summons to appear, 103
temporary step down for trial, 169, 183
trial, African preferences in, 56
trial vs. presidential responsibilities, 165–170, 181, 182–183
unification of AU by, 54–55
withdrawal of charges, 3, 16, 51–52, 103, 144, 169–170, 226–227
Kibaki, Mwai, 188, 196–197, 198–199, 237, 270
Kibibi decision, 284–285
Kikwete, Jakaya, 65, 72
Kimanthi, Dedan, 91
Kinshasa Convention, 412
Knottnerus, Abel, 24, 25–26, 440
Koening, Alexa, 25, 440
Kony, Joseph, 14, 45
Kosgey, Henry, 103, 187–188, 263
Koulibaly, Mamadou, 135
Kpaa Mende, 19
Kriegler Commission, 245–246, 268
Kushayb, Ali, 113–114
Labuda, Patryk, 24–25
Lawfare, 353–354
Legalism, 3–4, 437
Legitimacy
crisis of, 63–64, 75, 121–122, 127–128, 326
institutional, 110–113, 152–154, 172, 173
normative, 7
perceived, 7, 29, 30
sociological, 9, 30, 143, 173
Libya, 45, 53, 54, 63, 71, 92, 115, 132–133
Literature review method, 9–10
Local justice, 17–19
Lord’s Resistance Army, 14, 45, 56
Lubanga, Thomas, 14, 25, 44, 103, 132, 278, 280, 292, 302, 409
Lukiya, Raska, 103
Magliveras, Konstantinos, 378–379
Mali, 63, 92, 138–143, 402
Mali Federation, 138–139
Maluwa, Tyanjana, 62
Mamdani, Mahmood, 66, 67–68, 71–72, 89, 118, 127–128, 326, 341, 346, 349–350, 411, 424–425
Maqungo, Sivu, 41
Mau Mau, 79, 91
Mbarushimana, Callixte, 103, 132, 278
Mbaye, Keba, 51
Mbeki, Thabo, 66, 67–68, 135
Mbizvo, Shamiso, 22, 83, 93–94, 97–98
Media review method, 9–10
Milosevic, Slobodan, 161
Mochochoko, Phakiso, 41
Monageng, Sanji Mmasenono, 41
Moreno-Ocampo, Luis, 1, 114–115, 118–119, 187–188, 197–199, 271, 281, 326, 346
Mudacumura, Sylvestre, 103, 278
Mugabe, Robert, 171
Mungiki, 54
Murungu, Chacha, 378–379, 383–384, 399
Museveni, Yoweri, 14, 20, 55–56, 107–108, 112, 171
Mushikiwabo, Louise, 119
Musyoka, Kalonzo, 234, 242
Muthaura, Francis, 103, 187–188, 217–219, 263, 270
Mutins de Mbandaka decision, 285
Mutua, Makau, 22–23, 68, 71, 120, 440
Nairobi Protocol, 412
Naldi, Gino, 378–379
Ne bis in idem principle, 385–386, 401
Neocolonialism, 112–113, 120–121, 137–138. See also France
Ngudjolo, Mathieu Chui, 103, 278, 280, 292
Nguesso, Denis Sassou, 131–132
Nigeria, 123, 443
Non-governmental organizations (NGOs), 135
Non-indifference, 380, 381, 398
Non-interference, 380
Non-state actors, arms transfers to, 418–424, 433–434, 435–436
Normative legitimacy, 7
Ntaganda, Bosco, 44, 103, 278, 281–282, 410–411, 430
Numeiri, Jaafar Mohammed, 333, 349
Nuremberg Tribunal, 12–13, 86, 89
Nyanduga, Bahame Tom, 378–379
Odinga, Raila, 137, 188, 196–197, 198–199, 234, 237, 244–245, 259, 262–263, 266
Office of the Prosecutor (OTP)
Article 53, 157–158
corporate liability, 391
discretion in opening of criminal proceedings, 66, 99
Lord’s Resistance Army, 14, 45
in Mali conflict, 140, 141–142
mandate of, 40, 46, 118–119
preliminary examinations criteria, 43
strategy discounting role of politics, 109
withdrawal of charges against Kenyatta, 3
Ongwen, Dominic, 55–56, 103, 108
Operation Licorne, 133–134
Operation Serval, 140–141
Opinion polls, 56, 237, 251, 260
Organization of African Unity (OAU), 62, 376–377, 380, 398
Ouattara, Alassane, 133–134, 135–136
Pacta tertiis nec nocent nec prosunt, 15
Palestine, 55–56, 71, 123
Pan-Africanism, 48, 381
Peace vs. justice, 17–18, 64–67, 198–199
Perceived legitimacy, 7, 29, 30
Perceptions
of fairness, 50–51, 302–303, 405
levels of studying, 440–441
multilayered, 6, 170, 183, 439
power of, 443
Permanent Court of International Justice (PCIJ), 86
Perversion, 48
PEV. See Post-election violence Kenya (PEV)
Ping, Jean, 118
Political justice, 110–113, 118–120
Population-based surveying, 9–10
Positive complementarity, 283–286, 289, 297
Post-conflict justice, 326–327. See also Darfur
Post-conflict reconstruction, 18
Post-election violence Kenya (PEV). See also Kenya
accountability, exclusion of principals from, 243–244, 246–249, 265, 269, 269–270
accountability for, 237–243, 260–264
amnesty, 239, 241, 242, 246–247
cartoons depicting, 187–188, 196–197, 226–227
ICC trials, support for, 237–243, 260–264, 269
ICC ‘victim-status’ as heroism, 250–251, 257, 275
ICC witnesses, targeting of, 257, 275, 301, 318
individual criminal responsibility (impunity), 232–234, 252–257, 273, 273–274, 276
Kriegler Commission, 245–246, 268
peace-rallies, 247–248, 269–270
political implications in future elections, 251–252, 272
as protective, 249–250, 271
UhuRuto alliance formation, 244–245, 266
victims, cartoon depiction of, 196–197, 215, 216, 225
Power, 11–12, 120–121
Preliminary examinations of the ICC
Afghanistan, 43
Colombia, 44
criteria, 43
Guinea, 123, 432, 443
Iraq, 55–56, 71–72, 118, 123, 125, 131, 403
Nigeria, 123, 443
Palestine, 55–56, 71, 123
Ukraine, 55–56, 123, 434, 435–436
Preparatory Committee, 13, 88
Presence at trial vs. presidential responsibilities, 54–55, 73, 165–170, 166–167, 181, 182–183
Pre-Trial Chamber (PTC)
al-Bashir situation, 113–114
Article 98(1) response, 160–163, 177–178, 179
Gbagbo situation, 136
Programme of Action on Small Arms and Light Weapons (PoA), 412–413
Prosecutions of the ICC. See also specific individuals by name
arrest vs. immunity, 160–165, 177–178, 179
Article 98(1) PTC response, 160–163, 177–178, 179
Article 98(1) request, 160, 177
overview, 152–154, 170–172, 173, 184
peace vs., 154–160, 173, 174, 175–177
trial vs. presidential responsibilities, 165–170, 181, 182–183
Prosecutorial justice, 20–22, 34, 64–67
Protect, Respect and Remedy Framework (PRR Framework), 390
Protocol on Amendments to the Protocol on the Statute of the African Court of Justice and Human Rights. See Amendment Protocol
Race, racism, 116–117, 120–121
Raffarin, Jean-Pierre, 134–135
Rationalism, 8–9
Reconciliation process, 17–19, 326–327, 333–334, 349
Referral by the UN Security Council (Article 13(b) of the Rome Statute), 70
Regional justice, 17–19, 381. See also African Court of Justice and Human and Peoples’ Rights (African Court)
Resolution 780, 88
Responsibility to Protect (R2P), 83, 99, 424–425, 427
Restorative justice, 17–19, 326–327
Retributive justice, 17–19
Reus-Smit, Christian, 127, 143
Rhetoric, 93–98, 116–117. See also Affective transference
Rome Statute. See also International Criminal Court (ICC)
complementarity in, 11, 67–68, 72–73, 111
deferral of the UN Security Council (Article 16 of the Rome Statute), 73, 113–114, 118–119, 154, 174
Draft Code, 13
Elements of Crimes (EoC), 284–285
interests of justice (Article 53), 157–158, 385
negotiation, drafting of, 10–13
non-cooperation procedure (Article 87), 177
referral by the UN Security Council (Article 13(b)), 70
withdrawal from, 55–56, 62–64, 92–93, 255, 274, 437, 444
Rules of Procedure and Evidence (RPE), 284–285, 320
Russian Federation, 15–16, 70, 75, 420
Ruto, William. See also Cartoons; Post-election violence Kenya (PEV)
current status of, 103
deferral request for, 154, 155–157
election of while indicted, 2, 54, 234–235, 258–259
indictment of, 119, 187–188
on newspapers, 193
presence at trial, 73, 156–157, 166–167, 181, 182, 219
summons to appear, 103
trial, African preferences in, 56
trial vs. presidential responsibilities, 165–170, 181, 182–183
undermining of ICC by, 114–115
Rwanda. See also International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda (ICTR)
arms trade regulation in, 411, 413, 430
France’s role in genocide, 130, 146
gacaca courts, 10, 19, 353–354, 355–356, 361–369, 375, 441
language interpretation at trials, 354–356, 369–370
Rwelamira, Médard, 41
Sablière, Jean Marc de la, 132–133
Sa’id, Khaled Ben, 131–132
Sang, Joshua Arap, 55–56, 103, 187–188, 219, 255, 274
Sarkozy, Nicolas, 130, 146
Schabas, William, 71–72, 121–122
Schmitt, Paul, 24
Security Council. See UN Security Council
Seko, Mobutu Sese, 129
Self-referrals, 14–15, 63
Sentimentality, 83–84, 93–98, 99–100
Seymour, Lee, 23–24, 440
Shari’a courts, 325, 328–330, 339–340, 347–348, 441–442. See also Darfur
Shivji, Issa, 50–51
Shklar, Judith, 112, 116, 122
Sikkink, Kathryn, 97–98
Silva, Clare da, 26
Slye, Ronald, 87, 97–98
Small arms and light weapons (SALW), 417, 423, 433. See also Arms Trade Treaty (ATT); State responsibility
Sociological legitimacy, 9, 30, 143, 173
Songo Mboyo decision, 284, 285
South Africa, 63, 115, 164–165
Southern African Development Community (SADC), 412
Sovereignty, 85–90, 98–99, 120–121, 407–409, 421, 424–425, 427, 428
Special Court for Sierra Leone, 304, 428–429
Stahn, Carsten, 18
State responsibility
arms trade regulation, 407–409, 427, 428
Arms Trade Treaty (ATT), 26, 408, 414–416, 425–426, 428, 432, 442
Arms Trade Treaty (ATT) provisions, 416–418, 432–433
historical background, 85–90
ICC in arms trade regulation, 409–412, 428–429, 430
non-state actors, arms transfers to, 418–424, 433–434, 435–436
regulatory framework development, 412–413, 430, 431
Statist justice, 14–15
Stockholm International Peace Research Institute (SIPRI), 420
Stover, Eric, 25, 304, 440
Sudan. See also Al-Bashir, Omar; Darfur
arms industry in, 415, 421, 432
attacks on peace keepers in, 45
citizenship, 25, 325, 327, 330–332, 343, 441–442
investigation of by ICC, 45, 92, 113–114, 132–133
national identity construction in, 341–344, 352
peace and reconciliation process in, 65
Syria, 15–16, 45
Taylor, Charles, 161, 428–429
Tokyo Tribunal, 86, 89
Touré, Amadou Toumani, 140
Traditional justice, 19, 33
Transitional justice, 21–22, 23, 26, 67–68, 74, 407–409, 441–442
Traoré, Moussa, 139
Treaty of Versailles Article 227, 86
Trial by Skype, 55
Tribal identity, 325, 330–334, 345, 348, 349–350. See also Darfur
Truth commissions, 20, 34
Ubuntu, 19, 33
Uganda, 14, 53, 63, 71, 92
UhuRuto. See also Kenya; Kenyatta, Uhuru; Ruto, William
alliance formation, 244–245, 266
campaign strategy, 244–245, 250–251, 253–254, 258
depiction of in cartoons, 211–213, 215–217, 219–220, 225, 226
presence at trial, 165–166
Ukraine, 55–56, 123, 434, 435–436
UN General Assembly, 13, 87–88
UN Guiding Principles on Business and Human Rights, 390
United Kingdom
arms exports by, 420
Kenya 2013 election interventions, 244–245, 246, 267, 269
in Kenyan cartoons, 219, 220
United Nations Mission in Ivory Coast (MINUCI), 133–134
United Nations Operation in Côte d’Ivoire (UNOCI), 133–134, 136
United States of America
arms export controls in, 420, 433–434
on Article 16 deferrals, 154–155, 157–158, 174
hypocrisy in ICC support, 112, 144
ICC support by, 112, 144
Kenya 2013 election interventions, 243–245, 246, 265, 267, 269
in Kenyan cartoons, 219, 220
non-ratification of Rome Statute by, 75
Rome Statute, objections to, 85
veto-holding powers, 70
Universal jurisdiction, 89–90, 113–114, 131–132, 382
UN Security Council, 1, 15, 54, 70, 74, 135, 136, 144–145, 413, 431. See also Deferral of the UN Security Council (Article 16 of the Rome Statute); Referral by the UN Security Council (Article 13(b) of the Rome Statute)
UN Special Representative on Business and Human Rights, 390
Uti possidetis principle, 49
Van Schaack, Beth, 87, 97–98
Victim’s justice, 10, 341
Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties (VCLT), 163
Volder, Eefje de, 25–26
Waki Commission, 67, 114–115, 187–188, 246, 261–262, 268
Wilhelm II, 86
Willemse, Karin, 25, 441–442
Williamson, Richard, 174
Withdrawal from Rome Statute, 55–56, 62–64, 92–93, 255, 274, 437, 444
Witnesses
cartoon depiction of, 200–203, 226
case managers, 309
contact with ICC, 305–306
cooling-off period, 309–310
court familiarization, 308, 313–314
culture shock, 308, 313
decision to testify ramifications, 301–302
engagement, history of, 303–304
establishing the truth, 308, 313–314
formal legal processes effects, 312
identity protection, 308
justice and justice mechanisms, 10
long-term monitoring, support, 315–318, 320
management of, 305–310, 319–320
motivations to testify, 313
performance apprehensions, 313, 314
pre-trial familiarization, 306
protection, support of generally, 301–303, 315–318, 320
security, post-trial, 314
security, satisfaction with, 312–313
study design, methodology, 302, 310–312
targeting of in PEV, 257, 275, 301, 318
testifying, 308–309, 314
testifying, impacts on, 314–315
travel, 305–307, 319–320
waiting for trial, 307–308
Wolf, Thomas, 24
Yankah, Ekow, 122
Yemen, 45
Younous, Saleh, 34
Zuma, Jacob, 115

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