Peter Arhin is the Director of the Traditional and Alternative Medicine Directorate, Ministry of Health in Ghana. He is a lead reviewer and coauthor of twenty-one institutional publications of the Ministry of Health Ghana, as well as a contributor to several WHO and WAHO publications on benchmarks, training and regulation of complementary medicine services. Peter has coauthored several publications in clinical pharmacology and authored four books. Peter Arhin obtained his Bachelor of Pharmacy and Master of Pharmacy (Pharmacology) degrees from Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology (KNUST) in Kumasi, Ghana. He also holds Postgraduate Certificates in Leadership and Public Administration from the Ghana Institute of Management and Public Administration in Accra.

Stephen Awuni is a research scientist of the Science and Technology Policy Research Institute (STEPRI), working within the Agriculture, Medicine and Environment Division (AMED) of the institute. He obtained an MPhil in Environmental Science, and a BSc in Zoology from the University of Ghana. His research interests are mainly traditional medicine, innovation studies, climate change and environmental management. He has coordinated a number of projects including the Traditional Herbal Medicine Study in Ghana and was part of a project team that revised the Ghana Herbal Pharmacopoeia in 2015. He is a member of Operationalizing Green Economy in Ghana Project, and the National Contact Point (NCP) for food security, sustainable agriculture, marine and maritime research, and the bio-economy of Horizon 2020 – EU Framework Programme for Research and Innovation.

Shamnad Basheer is Honorary Research Chair Professor of IP Law at Nirma University, India, and Visiting Professor of Law at the National Law School of India University, Bangalore. He is the founder of the popular Indian intellectual property blog, SpicyIP, IDIA (a project to train underprivileged students for admission to leading law schools) and P-PIL (a synergistic collaboration between legal academia and the legal profession to promote public interest goals). Following his graduation from the National Law School of India University, Bangalore, he worked with one of India’s leading IP firms and then finished his LLM and PhD from the University of Oxford as a Wellcome Trust scholar. For his various contributions to intellectual property law and legal education, he was recently awarded the Infosys Prize (in the Humanities category) by a jury headed by the Nobel Laureate Professor Amartya Sen.

Christopher Bull is a senior lecturer and a senior research engineer at the Brown University School of Engineering. He holds degrees in Mechanical Engineering (ScB), Electrical Engineering (ScM) and Material Science (PhD). Chris teaches courses in industrial design, social entrepreneurship, appropriate technology and sustainable energy. His research includes technology and development, energy systems and neural implants. He is the coauthor of Appropriate Technology: Tools, Choices, and Implications and co-editor of A Field Guide to Appropriate Technology, both with Barrett Hazeltine, and has worked on grassroots technical development in Kenya, Tanzania and India.

Jeremy de Beer creates and shapes ideas about technology innovation, intellectual property, global trade and development. He is a tenured Full Professor of Law at the University of Ottawa’s Centre for Law, Technology and Society. Professor de Beer is a cofounder and Director of the Open African Innovation Research (Open AIR) network, a multi-disciplinary group of international experts, and coauthor/editor of five books, including Intellectual Property and Innovation: Collaborative Dynamics in Africa. As a practicing lawyer and legal expert, he has argued numerous cases before the Supreme Court of Canada, advised businesses and law firms both large and small, and consulted for agencies from national governments and the United Nations.

Jacques Charmes, economist and statistician, is Emeritus Research Director at the French Scientific Research Institute for Development (IRD). He has been involved in the design and analysis of many surveys on the informal sector in Africa, north and south of the Sahara. Since the mid-1970s, he has written many articles, reports and manuals on the measurement of the informal sector in the labor force and in National Accounts. He has compiled data on the size, contribution and characteristics of the informal sector and informal employment across developing regions and over decades. His quantitative approach is combined with qualitative research that has given him an understanding of how master craftsmen teach their apprentices. He has been involved in discussions about the definitions of concepts of informality at the ILO and OECD.

Steve Daniels is a designer and entrepreneur with a passion for cultures of making. He founded Makeshift, a media company that uncovers hidden creativity, and wrote Making Do, which chronicles his research on Kenya’s informal engineering systems. He is currently the President of Able Health, a software company that helps doctors get paid based on the quality of care. Previously at IBM, he helped lead design transformation efforts and received patents and awards for his work on Watson, Smarter Cities, health care and crowdfunding. He is the founder of the Better World by Design conference and has spoken at TED, SXSW and the New York Forum.

George O. Essegbey is the Director of the Science and Technology Policy Research Institute (STEPRI) of the Council for Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR) in Ghana. With a PhD in Development Studies, he has conducted substantial research on science, technology and innovation and development, including micro and small enterprises and intellectual property rights. In Ghana he was a member of the National Development Planning Commission (NDPC). He has published extensively on innovation and has conducted studies for various international organizations including the World Bank, IFPRI, UNESCO, UNEP and World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO).

Kun Fu works as a research associate in the Innovation and Entrepreneurship Department at Imperial College Business School. She holds a PhD in Business Administration and Management from Bocconi University. Her research interests lie in the fields of technology innovation and entrepreneurship. She studies how entrepreneurs react to their contexts and examines the outcomes of this process such as firm creation, growth aspiration, technology innovation and diversification. Kun has also undertaken consultancy assignments for national governments, such as the Swedish Agency for Growth Policy Analysis; international organizations, such as WIPO; and private sector enterprises, such as Shell.

Xiaolan Fu is the Founding Director of the Technology and Management Centre for Development (TMD), Professor of Technology and International Development and a fellow of Green Templeton College, University of Oxford. Her research interests include innovation, technology and industrialization; trade, foreign direct investment and economic development. She was appointed by the Secretary General of the United Nations to the high-level advisory 10-Member Group to support the UN’s Technology Facilitation Mechanism and the Governing Council of the UN’s Technology Bank for the Least Developed Countries. She is project leader of the ESRC/DFID-funded project on the Diffusion of Innovation in Low-Income Countries with high relevance to this book.

Fred Gault is a professorial fellow at the United Nations University in the Netherlands, UNU-MERIT, where he has contributed to projects on innovation in Africa. These include overseeing case studies on innovation in various contexts, including business activities in the informal economy and grassroots innovation in agriculture. He is also part of the team that supports work on the African Innovation Outlook, a product of the African Union. As a professor extraordinaire at the Tshwane University of Technology in South Africa, he is part of a network of researchers with a wide range of interests, including the informal economy. In Cape Town, he chairs the Advisory Committee of the Centre for Science, Technology and Innovation Indicators (CeSTII). His most recent edited book is the Elgar Handbook of Innovation Indicators and Measurement, published in 2013.

Barrett Hazeltine was Professor of Engineering at Brown University and is now Professor Emeritus. From 1972 to 1992, he was also an associate dean of the College. He has taught at the University of Zambia, the University of Malawi, the University of Botswana and Africa University in Zimbabwe. Other countries in which he has done teaching or consulting include Bangladesh, Kenya, Indonesia, Mozambique, Nigeria and South Africa. He was a Fulbright lecturer in 1988–1989 and 1993.

Johannes Jütting is the manager of the PARIS21 Secretariat, hosted at the OECD. He leads the partnership’s work in supporting developing countries to strengthen their capacity to better produce and use statistical data for policy making and monitoring of development outcomes. He also contributes to the reflections on the design and implementation of the OECD Development Strategy as well as the Post-2015 Development Framework. Prior to his position at PARIS21, Johannes joined the Development Centre of the OECD in 2002 as a Senior Economist. From 2006 onward, he led the Poverty Reduction Unit. Prior to joining the OECD in 2002, he was a research fellow at the Center for Development Research in Bonn (ZEF) (1997–2002). Johannes holds a PhD in Development and Agriculture Economics and received his habilitation in development economics from the University of Bonn.

Dick Kawooya is an assistant professor at the School of Library and Information Science, University of South Carolina, and a contributor to the Open AIR project in Uganda. He served as the lead researcher for the African Copyright and Access to Knowledge (ACA2 K) Project. His current research focuses on IP rights in informal sectors in the African context, specifically relationships between IP rights and informal sector activities. He holds a PhD in Communications and Information from the University of Tennessee, where his doctoral research explored Ugandan traditional musicians and their IP ownership.

Mary N. Kinyanjui is a senior research fellow at the Institute for Development Studies, University of Nairobi, Kenya. She researches on small businesses, informality and social institutions and issues of international development. She has published widely in journals such as the International Journal of Entrepreneurship and Small Business, Hemisphere, African Studies Review, African Geographical Review and the Journal of East African Development and Research. She has been a visiting scholar at the International Development Centre (IDC) of the Open University in the United Kingdom and the United Nations Research Institute for Social Development in Geneva. She recently published Women and Economic Informality in Africa: From the Margins to the Centre (Zed Books, 2014).

Joseph Kiplagat is the Director of Industrial Information Research and Policy at the Ministry of Industrialization and Enterprise Development in Kenya. He holds a doctorate in Mechanical Engineering. He spearheads the formulation of key policy documents in the areas of industrial and enterprise development whose implementation constitutes the driving engine and building blocks for Kenya’s industrialization process and by extension the achievement of Kenya’s Vision 2030. He also coordinates the collection and dissemination of industrial information and conducts industrial research on the development of Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises (MSMEs). He is a senior lecturer at the School of Engineering at Moi University in Eldoret, Kenya, where he teaches Applied Mechanics and Engineering Materials. Joseph has also served as Dean for the Faculty of Science and Engineering at Masinde Muliro University of Science and Technology in Kakamega, Kenya.

Almamy Konté is Senior Expert in Innovation Policy at the African Observatory for Science, Technology and Innovation (AOSTI), a specialized technical office of the African Union Commission based in Malabo, Equatorial Guinea. He was the Director of Technological Research in the Ministry of Scientific Research in Senegal and a member of the Steering Advisory Committee of the Centre for Science, Technology and Innovation Indicators (CeSTII) of South Africa. He has recently published a paper on the innovation process in the informal ICT sector in Senegal. Almamy holds a PhD in Physics and has many years of experience as a lecturer and researcher at University Cheikh Anta Diop of Dakar and University Gaston Berger of Saint-Louis, where he was the head of the Computer Science Department.

Erika Kraemer-Mbula is a senior lecturer and research fellow at the Institute for Economic Research on Innovation, Tshwane University of Technology, South Africa. She is also an associate professor extraordinary at the Centre for Research on Evaluation, Science and Technology, University of Stellenbosch, South Africa. Erika’s research interests are on the systemic relationships between science, technology and innovation, sustainable development and various routes to the expansion of creative competencies in Africa in a range of economic activities, both formal and informal. Initially trained as an economist, Erika holds a Master’s in Science and Technology Policy by SPRU from the Science and Policy Research Unit (University of Sussex, United Kingdom), and a doctorate in Development Studies from the University of Oxford. In her career, Erika has adopted a cross-disciplinary approach to explore alternative development paths for African countries.

Bengt-Åke Lundvall is Professor of Economics at the Department of Business and Management at Aalborg University. His research is organized around a broad set of issues related to innovation systems and learning economies. Since 2002 he has been Secretary General for the worldwide research network Globelics. In close collaboration with Christopher Freeman, Bengt-Åke Lundvall developed the idea of innovation as an interactive process in the first half of the 1980s and the concept of a national system of innovation in the second half. In the beginning of the 1990s, he developed the idea of “the learning economy” in collaboration with Björn Johnson.

Adriana Mata Greenwood is a member of the Department (previously Bureau) of Statistics of the International Labour Office. She has written on methodological issues relating to labor statistics, mainly in the areas of working time, underemployment and gender. Recently, she collaborated in the preparation of a manual on volunteer work and finalized the manual on informal economy statistics. She currently provides technical assistance to countries on these issues, as well as on the design of labor force and establishment-based surveys for the measurement of work-related income statistics, and is preparing a manual on this issue.

Philippe Mawoko is the Director of the African Observatory for Science, Technology and Innovation (AOSTI) within the African Union Commission. Currently, Dr. Mawoko serves as a member of the Advisory Board of the United Nations University Maastricht Economic and Social Research Institute on Innovation and Technology (UNU-MERIT). From 2007 to 2010, he coordinated the African Science, Technology and Innovation Indicators Initiative (ASTII) and the African Mathematical Institutes Network for the Office of Science and Technology (OST) of the NEPAD Planning & Coordinating Agency. He worked as a program manager in the NEPAD e-Africa Commission from 2003 to 2007. Formerly Minister of Post and Telecommunications in the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC), Dr. Mawoko led the initial policy reform in the post and telecommunication sector in the DRC. Dr. Mawoko holds a doctorate in Mathematics from the University of Salzburg in Austria. He has lectured on Mathematics and Statistics in several universities, including the University of Zimbabwe in Harare.

Phil Mjwara has served as the Director-General of South Africa’s Department of Science and Technology (DST) since April 2006. In this capacity, he is responsible for all policy development in the science and technology sector in South Africa. Prior to his appointment at DST, Dr. Mjwara was the Group Executive for Research and Development and Strategic Human Capital Development at the Council for Scientific Industrial Research (CSIR). He has also held positions at the then Department of Arts, Culture Science and Technology, as Director of Technology; at the University of Pretoria as Professor of S&T policy; and at the universities of the Witwatersrand, South Africa and Fort Hare as a physics lecturer. Phil led the team that conducted the first South African technology foresight project. He has published and presented numerous papers relating to physics, technology analysis and foresighting-related topics. Dr. Mjwara is also the General Secretary of the Academy of Science of South Africa and has served on various advisory councils and review boards. He also serves on the Council of the University of Johannesburg. He is the co-chair of the intergovernmental Group on Earth Observations, based in Geneva.

Nonhlanhla Mkhize is the Chief Director of Innovation for Inclusive Development at the Department of Science and Technology where she is responsible for a program focused on knowledge, evidence and learning for informing and influencing how science, technology and innovation may be used to achieve and advance inclusive development. She has presented at various national and international forums on how science, technology and innovation may be better integrated and exploited for socio-economic benefit, particularly for the excluded. She has served in the South African government in various socioeconomic development positions, mainly focused on inclusion. She has also represented South Africa in a number of international engagements, including those intended to enhance the role and participation of the informal sector in innovation. She holds a Master’s in Science from the University of Pretoria.

Anneline Morgan is currently seconded to the SADC Secretariat as the Senior Technical Advisor: Science, Technology and Innovation, responsible for facilitating and coordinating regional science, technology and innovation policies, strategies and programs in support of the SADC Member States. Prior to her secondment, she held the position of Director: Africa Cooperation at the South African Department of Science and Technology, where she was responsible for managing international engagements and partnerships with African countries in the area of science and technology. Ms. Morgan has been instrumental in championing regional cooperation in the area of science, technology and innovation, which has resulted in the initiation of several regional programs. She holds a Master’s of Management in Public Policy from the University of the Witwatersrand, South Africa.

Emmanuel Sackey is the Intellectual Property Development Executive at the African Regional Intellectual Property Organization (ARIPO), a lecturer at the Africa University in Mutare, Zimbabwe, and a member of several scientific and research associations. He has published several articles on IP and coauthored two books on the TRIPS Agreement and Access to Essential Medicines as well as IP and food security. He has been instrumental in ARIPO policy development and strategic planning. Emmanuel Sackey holds a Master of Philosophy in Food Science and Technology with a specialization in Product Development and Food Biotechnology, as well as a BSc in Chemistry.

Judith Sutz is a full professor and academic coordinator of the Scientific Research Council of the University de la República, Uruguay, where she inaugurated the teaching of Science, Technology and Society. She is currently the President of the Globelics Scientific Board. Her current research is related to the structure of innovation systems in developing countries and the role of universities. Judith Sutz was a member of the Task Force on Science, Technology and Innovation for the UN Millennium Development Goals Program (2002–2004). From 1991 to 1997, she was the Secretary of Science, Technology and Development of the Latin American Commission of Social Sciences (CLACSO). She has worked as a consultant for several national and international organizations.

Colin C. Williams is Professor of Public Policy in the Management School at the University of Sheffield in the United Kingdom. His research focuses on the informal economy and entrepreneurship. His recent books include Measuring the Global Shadow Economy: The Prevalence of Informal Work and Labour (2016), Entrepreneurship and the Shadow Economy: A European Perspective (2016) and Confronting the Shadow Economy (2014).

Sacha Wunsch-Vincent is the senior economist under the chief economist at WIPO. He is one of the main authors of the World Intellectual Property Report and Editor of the Global Innovation Index. Sacha’s primary research is concerned with the interaction of innovation, intellectual property and economic development. Before joining WIPO, he was an economist at the OECD Directorate for Science, Technology, and Industry for seven years, and before that the Swiss National Science Fellow at the Berkeley Center for Law and Technology, University of California, Berkeley. He has served as an advisor to various governments. Sacha holds a Master’s in International Economics from the University of Maastricht and a PhD in Economics from the University of St. Gallen. He teaches at Sciences Po (Paris) and the World Bank Institute.