Index
àbíkú (wandering spirit), 204
Achebe, Chinua, 12
“Africa and Her Writers,” 128
Americanization and, 208
Beware, Soul Brother, and Other Poems, 149
Chike and the River, 129
Christmas in Biafra and Other Poems, 149
Citadel Press and, 252n82
civil war and, 250n60
Commonwealth Poetry Prize and, 254n112
crossroads and, 269n29
free verse and, 149
How the Leopard Got His Claws,
Killam-Hill visit to, 202
“Mango Seedling,” , 149
mbari ceremony and, 64
modernity and,
nationality and, 123
New Statesman and, 84
“The Novelist as Teacher,”
Okigbo and, 123,
“Publishing in Africa,” 126
United States and,
“What Do African Intellectuals Read?,” 128
See also Things Fall ApartAcoli language, 15
Adorno, Theodor, 211n8
aesthetic subjectivity, 211n8
Africa,
Atlantic slave trade and, 115
communalism, 137
diaspora and, 14
discursive possession and,
perception of print in, 15
poetry’s circulation and, 14
unique hybrid forms of colonialism in, 256n35
African Forum (journal),
African literature, 3
aesthetic Eurocentrism and,
capitalism and, 211n12
CCF event in Berlin and, 237n50
coevalness and, 8
Ibadan syllabus and, 125
London Magazine and, 121
mbari ceremony and, 64
Mbari Publications and, 62
modernity and,
print and,
See also Nigeria; OkigboAfrican Writers Series (Heinemann), 198
conflicting assessments of, 250n59
Ekwensi and, 252n79
Heaney-Nwoga relation and,
Mbari and, 68
Aidoo, Ama Ata, 34
Aig-Imoukhuede, Mabel, 245n2
Aikin Mata (Harrison and Simmons, translation of Lysistrata), 153
allochronism, 35
Americanization, 208,
Amoko, A. O., 85
Andrew Dakers (publisher), 252n79
Anglo-American canons, 13
Anglo-formalism, 1
anglophone literary world,
discourse networks and, 219n105
gender and,
literary present and, 59
Mbari publications and, 63
new media and,
Nigeria and, 222n15
postcolonialism and,
publics and,
sociology of texts and, 19
See also Commonwealth literatureAni (earth goddess), 97
Anikulapo-Kuti, Fela, 63
anthologization,
schools of poetry and, 33
anti-essentialism, 163
Appiah, Kwame Anthony, 137
Aristophanes, 153
Atatürk, Kemal, 130
Atlantic slave trade, 115
Attlee, Clement, 93
Australian Humanities Research Council, 83
Australian National University, 87
Baudelaire, Charles, , 112
BBC, 20, 109
Caribbean Voices program, 111
Heaney and, 190
Irish Troubles and, 176
Leeds Conference and, 83
Listener and, 169
“Some Commonwealth Poets,” 94
Beat poetry, 12,
Beier, Ulli, 12
authentic subjectivity and,
CCF and, 70
Mbari Club and, 60
Mbari imprint and, 65
metropolitan publishers and,
modernity and, 127
Modern Poetry from Africa, 50
Okigbo and, 122
Okigbo’s death and,
Path of Thunder and, 136
Belcher, Wendy,
Belfast, Northern Ireland, 11, 25,
literary present and, 59
Northern Ireland literary renaissance and, 31
Nwoga’s family and, 197
See also Heaney; Northern Ireland; QUBBelfast Festival (Queen’s University Festival), 28
Belfast Group,
gender and,
university affiliations of, 228n108
Young Commonwealth Poets ’65 and, 102
Belfast Telegraph (newspaper), 55
Bennett, Louise, 27
Americanization and, 208
Cardiff conference and,
“Colonization in Reverse,” 78
“Independance,” 91
“Jamaica Elevate,”
Benson, Peter, 145,
Bery, Ashok, 114
Best, Curwen, 140
Betjeman, John, 93,
Bhêly-Quénum, Olympe, 133
Biafra, 25
“Come Thunder” and,
declaration of Republic of,
national belonging and,
Path of Thunder and, ,
publishing and,
Palestine and, 201
See also Nigerian-Biafran Warbiblical prophecy,
“big man” tradition, 245n2
Black Orpheus (journal), 21, 34
Beier and, 65
CCF and, , 150
CIA and, 63
“Elegy for Alto” and, 139
Ibadan modernism and, , 62
Labyrinths and,
“Lament of the Drums” and, 133
Mbari’s symbiotic relationship with, 66
Okigbo and,
Okigbo’s death and,
Palinurus revisions and, 250n57
Path of Thunder and, 134
Rea as publisher of, 68
Blackstaff Press, 28
Blake, William, 45
Boland, Eavan, 27
bolekaja critics, 42, 124, 146
cultural authenticity and, 63
Euromodernism and, 43
Ogundele on, 246n13
Okigbo and, 48
Bomb Culture (Nuttall), 238n59
Booker Prize, 41
Bornstein, George, 259n23
Boston University, 196
Bourdieu, Pierre, 6
Casanova and, 16
cultural capital and, 213n39
disinterestedness and, 172
literary temporality and, 222n15
lyric and,
the political and, 258n13
Bowen, Elizabeth, 109
Brathwaite, Kamau, 25
Americanization and, 208
Arrivants trilogy, 17
Bennett and, 91
Caribbean Artists Movement and, 120
“The Day the First Snow Fell,” 118
“The Emigrants,” 119
History of the Voice, 118
Leavis and, 223n23
London Magazine and, 109
Rights of Passage, 118
university and, 34
Walcott and, , 244n44
Brearton, Fran, 227n88
Breiner, Laurence, 40
Britain,
Commonwealth status and, 77
devolution of, 9
Heaney and, 52
immigration and,
imperialism and, 132
Jamaica and, 78
patronage by, 168
perception of print in, 15
progressive education in,
provincial poetry from, 13
representations of officers from, 230n14
size of print runs in, 231n29
welfare state in, 31
See also Commonwealth; London literary establishment; TroublesBrooke, Rupert,
Bown, Lalage, 60
Brown, Nicholas, 211n12
Brutus, Dennis, 81
Bulson, Eric, 37
Butler Education Act (1944), 33,
Buxton, Rachel, 267n3
Cambridge House,
Canaan (Hill), 196, 201
anti-imperialism of, 201
Biafra and, 201
crossroads and, 203
nostalgia of, 267n3
Psalm 106 and, 268n22
Cardiff Commonwealth Poetry Conference, 75, 82
academicism and, 237n46
Bennett and,
Commonwealth Arts Festival and, 75
Murray and, 90
national cultures and,
Okigbo and, 99
Walcott boycott and, 104
Young Commonwealth Poets ’65 and, 102
Caribbean Artists Movement, 120
Caribbean islands, 8
“A Sea-Chantey” and,
folk tradition in, 92
poetry from, 14
See also Walcott, West IndiesCaribbean Voices (BBC program), 111
Carson, Ciaran, 266n112
Casanova, Pascale, 59
“Irish Paradigm” and, 216n69
literary Greenwich meridian and, 36
literary present and, 19
national versus international and, 62
provincialism and, 35
structural comparativism and, 17
world literary space and, 20
World Republic of Letters,
Catholicism, 52,
discrimination against, 155
Guy Fawkes Day and,
Okigbo and, 48
IRA punishments and, 192
Longley and,
Troubles and, 173
“Whatever You Say Say Nothing” and,
Central Intelligence Agency (CIA),
CCF and, 63,
Citadel Press and, 141
cultural institutions funded by,
Leeds Conference and, 83
Okigbo and,
political commitment and, 168
Walcott and, 120
Cheah, Pheng, 18
circulation, 8, 13
anglophone literary world and, 25
cultural institutions and,
culture of origin and, 18
Heaney-Nwoga relation and, 197,
late-colonial publishing scramble and, 199
Lerner and, 55
literary Greenwich meridian and, 41
literary present and, 36
Longley and, 181
new media and,
punctuality of, 260n24
spatial forms of, .
See also Commonwealth; print; publishingCivil Rights Movement (United States), 159
Clark, Heather, 228n108
Clark, J. P.:
“Abiku,” 204
Americanization and, 208
authenticity of Mbari Club and, 70
Black Orpheus and, 122
Cardiff conference and, 89
Commonwealth Arts Festival and, 75
“The Death of Okrika,”
Eliot and, 48
The Horn and, 226n78
Ibadan modernism and, 44
“The Imprisonment of Obatala,” 66
“Ivbie,” , 65
Labyrinths and, 146
“The Legacy of Caliban,” 146
London Magazine and, 121
London syllabus and, 43
The Masquerade, 75
Mbari Club and, 60
Mbari Publications and, 62
modernity and, 127
Modern Poetry from Africa and, 50
Okigbo’s death and,
Poems,
Saro-Wiwa and, 253n98
UCI and,
“The Weaverbird,” 204
classical literature, 2
“Four Canzones” influenced by, 50
imperialism and, 140
Odi Barbare and,
partheneia (maiden songs), 97
Cleverdon, Douglas,
African-language poetry and, 95
editing “Idanre” and, 239n80
Okigbo and, 97
Walcott boycott and, 104
Clifford, James, 267n4
Cold War, 9, 10
Commonwealth and, 82
print Atlantic and, 14
See also Congress for Cultural Freedom (CCF)Coleridge, Samuel Taylor, 45
Collini, Stefan, 23
Collins, Lucy, 188
colonialism, 7
Australian poetry and, 94
Commonwealth literature and, 83
geopolitics of mapmaking and, 238n63
Heaney-Nwoga relation and,
Irish forms of, 256n35
liberation struggles and, 160
linguicism and, 26
Northern Ireland and, 160
print and,
publishing and, 199
transnational networks and, 246n7
Transition and, 134
See also Commonwealth; decolonization; postcolonialismCommonwealth Arts Festival (1965), 72
Bennett and, 92
Commonwealth poetry and,
Hunter’s preparations for, 233n1
JCL and, 86
London Magazine and, 117
national cultures and,
Okigbo and, 98
Poems from Africa program and, 96
transnationalism and, 209
Treasures of the Commonwealth Exhibition,
Walcott boycott and, ,
West Indies and, 107
Commonwealth Foundation, 82
Commonwealth Immigrants Act (1962), 104
Commonwealth Journal, 79
Commonwealth literature,
Americanization and,
Cardiff conference and,
Commonwealth Arts Festival and,
Dickinson and,
inclusion/exclusion and, 21
Leeds Conference and,
national cultures and,
“Verse and Voice” festival and, ,
Walcott and, ,
Young Commonwealth Poets ’65 and,
Commonwealth of Nations, 5, 8, , 208
decolonization and,
gender and, 27
nonmetropolitan poets and, 106
Nwoga and, 199
Okigbo and, 6
print Atlantic and, 14
QUB and, 32
Commonwealth Secretariat, 82
Conference on Commonwealth Literature (Leeds Conference), 82, , 197, 202, 269n24
political motivations and, 236n33
“Verse and Voice” festival and, 93
Congo, Democratic Republic of, 73
Congress for Cultural Freedom (CCF), 11,
CIA funding of, 63,
Leeds Conference and, 83
Mbari and,
Okigbo and, 150
Walcott and, 120
Conrad, Joseph, 43
Contemporary American Poetry (anthology), 27
Cooper, Frederick, 7
Corcoran, Neil, 259n22
Coughlan, Patricia, 192
counterculture,
Culler, Jonathan, 24
apostrophe and, 139
lyric present and, 98
temporality and, 19
triangulated address and,
cultural authority, ,
Cultural Events in Africa (newsletter), 67
cultural imperialism, 64
cultural institutions,
anglophone literary world and, 25
Brathwaite and, 118
Nigerian-Biafran War and,
tempo of, 20
Curnow, Allen, 239n76
Czechoslovakia,
Daily Telegraph (newspaper), 192
Damrosch, David, 18
Dharwadker, Vinay, 119
Dawe, Gerald, 259n22
decolonization,
African writers and, 260n26
Americanization and, 208
Britishness and, 33
See also postcolonialismDerrida, Jacques, 16
Des Imagistes (anthology), 33
developmental historicism, 18
dialect, 118
diaspora, 14
Dickinson, Patric: Verse and Voice anthology,
“Digging” (Heaney), , 53, 58
Miller and, 170
Monteith and, 59
New Statesman and, 179
paternal line emphasized in, 227n91
Dike, Kenneth, 225n48
discrepant cosmopolitanism, , 110
discursive possession,
praise poetry and,
Dolmen Press, 58
Donne, John, 179
Easmon, R. Sarif, 71
Eliot, T. S., 3
on Blake, 45
colonial intellectuals and, 20
disinterestedness and, 223n23
“Gerontion,” 47
“The Hollow Men,” 46
internationalism and, 110
“Ivbie” (Clark) and,
jazz and, 140
“The Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock,” 46
Miller and, 170
modernism and, 32
provincialism and, 37
The Sacred Wood, 45
Walcott and, ;
See also The Waste LandElliot Commission (1943–1945), 34
Ellmann, Richard, 4
English language,
African-language poetry and,
Commonwealth poetry and, 76
Ibadan modernism and, 44
as literary language,
London literary world and,
oríkì in, 1
poetry and,
prosody of, 47
provincialism and, 13,
“School of Eloquence” and, 38
See also anglophone literary worldEnright, D. J., 39
Èṣù (god of fate), 128
Eurocentrism, 26
Achebe and, 128
Ibadan modernism and, 44
literary Greenwich meridian and, 36
modernism and, 7
Walcott and, 118
Euro-modernism, 3, 48, 211n12
Black Orpheus and,
bolekaja critics and, 43
national cultures and, 79
Okigbo and, 124
Walcott and,
exile, 62
Faber and Faber (publisher), 12, 13
Heaney and, 58
Labyrinths and, 134
North and, 177
Okigbo’s work considered by, 68
provincialism and, 261n39
The Spirit Level and, 196
Walcott and, 116
world literary space and, 17
Faerie Queene, The (Spenser), 40
Fajuyi, F. A., 205
Fanon, Frantz, 135
Farrell, J. G., 187
Fennell, Desmond, 262n45
Fiacc, Padraic: The Wearing of the Black (ed.), 162
Figueroa, John, 94
Filipino intellectual networks, 18
“First International Poetry Incarnation,” 89
Foley, Michael, 157
Foster, John Wilson, 258n16
Fraser, Robert,
Frobenius, Leo, 43
Fuller, Roy, 111
Furniss, Graham, 222n15
Gandhi, Leela,
Georgian Poetry (anthology), 33
Ghose, Manmohan, 16
Gikandi, Simon, 43
Gikuyu language, 26
Gitelman, Lisa, 214n42,
Government College, Umuahia, 226n76
Gowon, Yakubu, 250n60
Graves, Robert, 133
Greene, Graham, 164
Greenwood, Emily, 250n55
Grigson, Geoffrey, 190
Gubar, Marah, 252n86
Gui, Weihsin, 92
Guinness Poetry Award, 113
Gulbenkian Foundation, 87
Hall, Donald, 27
Hamilton, Ian, 216n71
Hardy, Thomas, 223n24
Harlem Renaissance, 123
Harpe, Bill and Wendy, , 92
Harrison, Tony: “50 Sonnets from The School of Eloquence,” 38
“The Death of the PWD Man,” 5
Leeds Conference and, 83
Poetry & Audience and, 223n30
Simmons and, , 202
“Them & [uz],” , 53
“When Shall I Tune My Doric Reed,” 38
Harvard University, 196
Hayden, Robert, 214n45
Hayles, N. Katherine, 10
Heaney, Marie, 185
Heaney, Seamus, 6, 31, 33
“A Dog Was Crying Tonight in Wicklow Also,” 196,
“An Advancement of Learning,” 55
anti-sectarianism of, 261n45
“A Tractor,” 55
on Black Panthers, 262n56
bog body poems of, 178,
“Bogland,” 189
“Bog Oak,” 189
“Bog Queen,” 183
book sales of, 267n2
critics of, 259n22
cross-cultural friendships and,
The Cure at Troy, 99
“Digging,”
“Englands of the Mind,” 11
fame and, 23
Eureka Street and, 262n45
“First Calf,”
“Fisher,”
“Hercules and Antaeus,” 263n63
“Icon,”
“Idyll,”
Interest and, 227n88
as journalist, 257n5
Listener and, , 260n31
Longley compared to, 186
Longley’s “To Seamus Heaney,” , 182
lyric and,
“Medallion,”
metropolitanism and, 17
“Midnight,”
“Mid-Term Break,” 55
Miller and,
“Navvy,”
North, 263n63
“Nostalgia in the Afternoon,”
Nwoga and, , 268n8
“Offerings (In memoriam Patrick Rooney),” 258n14
political journalism and,
provincialism and, 41,
provinciality and, 34
QUB and,
reputation of, 257n1
at St. Columb’s College, 8
“Scaffolding,” 102
“September Song,” 258n14
“Serenades,”
“Singing School” sequence, 261n44
“Soliloquy for an Old Resident,” 102
“Such Men Are Dangerous,” 57
“The Toad” and,
“The Tollund Man,” 191
vernacular speech, 13
view of poetry, 258n16
“Welfare State,” 56
“Whatever You Say Say Nothing,”
Wintering Out,
See also “Digging”; Incertus; NorthHeinemann Educational Books (HEB), 17
African Writers Series and, 198
Beware, Soul Brother: Poems and, 149
Heaney-Nwoga relation and,
Labyrinths and, 134,
Leeds Conference and, 85
Mbari Club and, 60
Okigbo and, ,
transnationalism and, 209
Young Commonwealth Poets ’65 and, 99
Hermetic Order of the Golden Dawn, 2
Hill, Geoffrey, 11
Blake and, 45
cross-cultural friendships and,
“Ezekiel’s Wheel,” 196,
Heaney and, 196
Jeffares and, 269n24
nostalgia of, 267n3
Okigbo and, 196,
Poetry and, 270n44
Poetry & Audience and, 38
praise poetry and,
Speech! Speech!, 205
See also CanaanHobsbaum, Philip,
Young Commonwealth Poets ’65 and, 102
Homer, 2
Honest Ulsterman (magazine), 152
critical appraisals of, 254n1
Longley’s “To James Simmons” and, 182
Simmons’s founding of,
Simmons’s Nigerian poems in,
transnationalism and, 209
“How the Leopard Got His Spots” (Kipling), 252n86
How the Leopard Got His Claws (Achebe and Iroaganachi),
Hufstader, Jonathan, 259n22
Huggan, Graham: The Postcolonial Exotic, 69,
Hume, John, 185
hybridity, 13
Ibadan modernism,
The Horn and,
“Ivbie” and,
literary present and, 59
Mbari Publications and, 62
Okigbo and,
provincialism and, , 41
university system and, 31
Yorùbá modernity and, 127
Ibadan University Press, 60
Idoto (Igbo water-deity), 65,
Igbo people, 8
Christian crossroads with, 269n29
Christianization of religious practice and, 268n17
Chukwu and, 197
“Dance of the Painted Maidens” and, 97
dogs and, 268n16
egwu nwa and, 98
Heaney-Nwoga relation and,
Heavensgate and, 65
Idoto and,
“Lament of the Deer” and,
mbari ceremony and, 64
Niger Delta peoples and, 253n98
Okigbo and, 1
Path of Thunder and, 137
self-representations of, 207
Things Fall Apart and, 47
“The Toad” and,
Igbo Women’s War (1929), 199
Ige, Bola, 130
immigration,
“Immigration from the Commonwealth” (1965 White Paper),
imperialism, 13
Aeneid and, 132
classical allusion and, 140
Hill and, 201
Ibadan modernism and, 43
Mbari writers and, 124
See also colonialism; decolonizationIndependent on Sunday, The (newspaper), 198
Ireland, Republic of, 13
Heaney and, 103
The Hybrid Muse and, 13
Northern Ireland and, 9
poets from, 27
See also Northern IrelandIrish Literary Revival, 42
“Irish Paradigm,” 216n69
Izevabye, Dan, 131
Jacobites, 172,
Jahn, Janheinz, 49
jazz: Okigbo and, , 252n78
Jeffares, A. Norman, 82, 93
Commonwealth studies and,
Hill in Nigeria and, 268n24
Leeds Conference and, 236n33
Jennings, Elizabeth, 110
journalism,
bog body poems and,
definition of, 257n5
Heaney and, , 193
Irish poetry and,
Leavis and, 169
lyric address and, 185
Mahon and, 189
Journal of Commonwealth Literature (JCL), 75, , 197
Ravenscroft and, 205
Young Commonwealth Poets ’65 and, 102
journalistic capital,
Joyce, James,
Julien, Eileen, 26
Kavanagh, Patrick, 58
Kemalism, 130
Kennelly, Brendan, 83
Kilkenny Magazine, 55
Kingston, Jamaica, 221n4
Kinnell, Galway, 27
Kittler, Friedrich, 219n105
Korang, Kwaku Larbi, 80
Labyrinths (Okigbo), 129, 203
Commonwealth Poetry Prize and, 149
earlier versions incorporated into, 65
“Lament of the Silent Sisters” revised in, 73
Path of Thunder and, 140
publication of, 68,
Transition and,
La Guma, Alex, 230n16
“Lament of the Masks” (Okigbo), 205
Commonwealth and, 8
oríkì for the Tìmì of Ede and, 1
Yeats centenary and,
Yoruba and, 27
Larkin, Brian, 154
Lawrence, D. H., 155
Lazarus, Neil, 248n25
Leitch, Maurice, 262n56
Lerner, Laurence, 21, 55, 57, 242n1
Domestic Interior, and Other Poems, 55
literary present and, 59
“A Meeting,” 55
metropolitan credentials and, 36
“What’s Hard,” 55
Yeats tributes and, 4
Levertov, Denise, 27
Levine, Caroline, 20
Lewis, C. S., 51
Lindfors, Bernth, 36
Listener (magazine), 24
bog body poems and, 190
circulation of, 261n36
lyric address and,
Longley and,
metropolitanism and, 17
Miller and, , 194
publics and,
transnationalism and, 209
literary generation, 245n2
literary present, 19, 49, 116, 207
“Dance of the Painted Maidens” and, 97
London and, 59
metropolitanism and, 36
provincialism and, .
See also Greenwich meridian of literary timeliterary production, 13
anglophone literary world and, 25
Commonwealth and, 202
cultural field and,
new media and,
publishing and, 176
restricted production and, .
See also print; publishingliterary transhistory, 211n12
London Corresponding Society, 38
London literary world, 17
anglophone literature and, , 25
gender and, 27
Hobsbaum and, 58
Labyrinths and, 134
literary present and, 59
London Magazine and,
London Magazine Poems and,
lyric and,
Mbari Publications and, 62
Oxbridge nexus and, 42
Poetry & Audience and, 38
Review and, 216n71
Walcott and, 105
See also metropolitanismLondon Magazine,
African writers and, 121
discrepant cosmopolitanism and,
Leaving School in, 242n1
Londonness and, 107
metropolitanism and,
transnationalism and, 209
Walcott and, 105,
Wright and, 27,
London Magazine Poems (anthology),
London Review of Books, 186
Longley, Michael, 51
Americanization and, 208
Belfast and, 25
“Explosion,” 179
“For Derek, Seamus and Jimmy,” 182
“Graffiti,” 179
Listener and,
lyric and,
lyric address and, 191
metropolitanism and, 17
No Continuing City, 179
“The Osprey,” 179
politics and, , 165,
publics and,
reputation of, 257n1
“Skara Brae,” 263n75
“To Derek Mahon,”
“To James Simmons,” 182
“To Seamus Heaney,” , 182
“To Three Irish Poets,” 182
“Ulster,” 179
verse letters and, 176,
“Wounds,” 167,
Young Commonwealth Poets ’65 and, 102
Lowell, Robert, 120
Lucie-Smith, Edward: Bennett and, 92
A Group Anthology, 56
Heaney and, 58
London Magazine and, 120
“Poem for an Anthology of Commonwealth Verse,” , 81
Treasures of the Commonwealth Exhibition and,
West Indies origins of, 235n12
Lumumba, Patrice, 73
lyric, 211n8, 258n18, 260n25
“A Disused Shed in Co. Wexford” and,
birdsong in, 200
Heaney’s “Punishment” and,
journalism and,
North and, 263n63
politics and,
publics and,
temporality and, 19
verse letters and,
“Wounds” and,
Lysistrata (Aristophanes), 153
MacInnes, Colin,
Macmillan, Harold, 9
Mahon, Derek, 17
“A Disused Shed in Co. Wexford,” , 203
Journalism, 257n5
Longley and, 182
Longley’s “To Derek Mahon” and,
lyric and,
Modern Poetry from Africa anthology read by, 256n24
private vs. public and, 265n100
reputation of, 257n1
Soyinka and, 156
verse letters and, 176
See also “A Disused Shed in Co. Wexford”Mahood, Molly,
Mallarmé, Stéphane, 73
Malone, John,
Marzagora, Sara, 26
masculinity, 245n2
Mbari Artists’ and Writers’ Club (Mbari Club), 138
CCF and,
CIA funding scandal and,
gender and, 245n2
intelligentsia and, 245n3
Labyrinths and, 146
London Magazine and, 121
Okigbo and,
political commitment and, 168
print and,
transnationalism and, 209
Young Commonwealth Poets ’65 and, 101
Mbari Publications, , 231n29
Mbari Club and,
authenticity and,
CCF and, , 150
Labyrinths and, 134
Modern Poetry from Africa, compared with, 50
Northwestern University Press and, 66
McDonald, Peter D., 22
McKay, Claude, 235n23
McKenzie, D. F., 19
McWhirter, George, 254n112
metropolitanism, ,
African-language poetry and, 95
cultural institutions and,
discrepant cosmopolitanism and,
Group movement and, 57
Kavanagh and, 58
literary present and, 36
London Magazine and,
London Magazine Poems and,
Londonness and, 107
provincialism and,
See also London; provincialismMichael X, 89
Mill, John Stuart, 184
Miller, Karl, 58
Heaney and,
Mahon and, 189
political journalism and, 162
“Views” column and, 176
“Whatever you say, say nothing” and, 173
modernism: Britishness and, 11
“Lament of the Masks” and, 1
Mbari Club and, 60
transnational turn and,
See also Afro-modernism; Euro-modernism; Ibadan modernismmodernity, 3
alternate forms of, 248n25
Americanization and,
Okigbo and,
print and, ,
Transition and, 134
Modern Poetry from Africa (Moore and Beier), 12, 127
Ibadan modernism and, 50
Mahon’s reading of, 256n24
Mbari and, 69
Moraes, Dom, 95
Morris, Mervyn,
Motion, Andrew, 103
Mphahlele, Ezekiel, 62, 231n16
CCF and, , 72
JCL and, 86
The Living and the Dead and Other Stories, 65
Mbari Club and, 60
multilingualism, 95
Narayan, R. K., 83
national cultures, ,
Cardiff conference and,
decolonization and, 9
Leeds Conference and,
transnational networks and, 246n7
Yeats and, 2
Young Commonwealth Poets ’65 and, 101
nationalism, 62
Figueroa on, 94
Mbari generation and, 138
political commitment and, 168
See also colonialism; fascismNdu, Pol: “Royaldrums,” 101
Nealon, Chris,
Nerthus (fertility goddess), 190
New Critics, 260n25
New Left: formation of, 38
New Left Review, 223n28
New Lines (anthology), 39
New Literary History (journal), 15
New Poetry, The (anthology), 56
New Statesman (magazine), 58
Achebe and, 84
circulation of, 261n36
Dathorne letter to, 102
democratic socialism and, 261n37
“Digging” published in, 58
Listener and,
London Magazine and, 111
Longley’s verse letters and, 176,
“Poem for an Anthology of Commonwealth Verse” in, 78
Walcott’s rejection by, 112
New Writing (journal), 109
New York City, 120
New York Review of Books, 147
New York Times: revelations of CIA funding in,
Ní Chuilleanáin, Eiléan, 27
Nigeria, 8
1952–1953 census of, 245n4
Achebe-Okigbo collaboration and,
Beier in, 21
CIA-funded cultural institutions in, 11,
Commonwealth Arts Festival and, 106
decolonization and, 9
Dynamic Party, 130
expatriates and, 36
independence of, 9
intelligentsia of, 245n3
Irish literature in, 26
literary generations and, 245n2
Mbari Club and,
Mbari generation and,
mob violence in, 256n30
modernity and,
Nigerian National Democratic Party (NNDP) in, 137
nonanglophone poetry and, 222n15
Northern pogroms in, 202
Okigbo’s “Come Thunder” and,
Path of Thunder and, ,
poetry from, 14
political commitment and,
print and, ,
publishing and,
Simmons and,
transnational networks and, 246n7
UCI’s standards and, 225n49
Verse and Voice and, 98
Western Region elections in, 154
Young Commonwealth Poets ’65 and, .
See also OkigboNigeria (Schwartz), 156
Nigerian-Biafran War, 121,
Achebe’s turn to poetry and, 147
Achebe-Okigbo collaboration and,
Nwoga and,
Path of Thunder and,
praise poetry and,
See also BiafraNigerian College of Arts, Science and Technology (Zaria), 62
non-European languages, 26
non-Western literary models, 13
Northern Ireland, 8
“A Disused Shed in Co. Wexford” and,
California compared to, 262n56
decolonization and, 11
Heaney’s “Punishment” and,
Ireland and, 9
Lerner in, 21
Listener and,
lyric and,
national belonging and,
poetry from, 14
political commitment and,
political journalism and,
progressive education in,
publics and,
Simmons in Nigeria and, 152,
South Africa and, 55
Soyinka and, 156
verse letters and,
“Whatever You Say Say Nothing” and,
“Wounds” and,
See also HeaneyNorthern Ireland Education Act (1947), 33
Northern Ireland literary renaissance, 31
Northern Voices: Poets from Ulster (Brown), 257n1
North (Heaney), 176, 177
drafts of, 190
literariness and, 178
lyricization and, 263n63
“Orange Drums, Tyrone 1966” in, 261n44
unrhymed sonnet forms in, 266n111
Nsukka: An Anthology of Poetry Dedicated to Christopher Okigbo, 146
Nuttall, Jeff, 238n59
Ọbàtálá (sky father), 66
Obi, Chike, 130
Ochiagha, Terri, 226n76
O’Connor, Laura, 26
O’Donoghue, Bernard, 259n22
Ofeimun, Odia, 47
Ojaide, Tanure, 47
Okara, Gabriel, 99
Ibadan syllabus and, 125
“Moods from ‘Songs without Words,’” 101
Okigbo publishing of, 252n85
Okigbo, Christopher,
Achebe and,
authenticity of Mbari Club and, 70
Awolowo and, 250n55
Bello killing and, 157
on black mystique, 126
bolekaja critics and, 43
Cambridge House and,
Cardiff conference and, 89
CCF and, 70
CIA and,
Citadel Press and, 252n82
Clark’s “Ivbie” and, 46
“Come Thunder,”
Commonwealth Arts Festival and, 81
“cricket, the classics, and creative writing” as model for, 226n76
critical treatments as prophet of, 270n36
cross-cultural friendships and,
“Dance of the Painted Maidens,”
death of, 25,
“Debtor’s Lane,” , 49
“Elegy for Alto,” 134,
“Elegy for Slit-Drum,” 138
films as rival to, 23
Hill’s “Ezekiel’s Wheel” in memory of, 196,
Hill’s praise poetry for,
Hill’s Odi Barbare and,
The Horn and, 226n78
“Hurrah for Thunder,”
Ibadan modernism and,
jazz’s musical language and, 252n78
Lagos and, 48
“Lament of the Deer,”
“Lament of the Drums,” 249n49
“Lament of the Flutes,” 50
“Lament of the Masks,”
“Lament of the Silent Sisters,” 73
London Magazine and, 121
London publishers and, 68
Lumumba and, 73
Mbari Club and, 60
Mbari Publications and, 62
modernity and, ,
Nigerian-Biafran War and, 161
Odunke Commmunity of Artists and, 146
as ọ̀gbánje, 269n34
oral poetics and, 47
Path of Thunder’s print history and, ,
Poetry magazine and, 247n14
politics and, , 168
posthumous publication of,
print and,
provincialism and, 41
Silences, 133
Simmons and, 154
Soyinka visit to, 156
temporality and, 18
Transition and,
UCI and, 34,
uprootedness and, 14
welfare state and, 31
See also Labyrinths; “Lament of the Drums”; “Lament of the Masks”; Path of ThunderOko, Akomaye, 255n12
Okpewho, Isidore, 129
Olódùmarè (Yoruba God), 137
Omotoso, Kole, 134
O’Neill, Terence, 178
Onibonoje Press & Book Industries Ltd, 60
Onitsha, Nigeria, 197
Opi Junction, Nigeria, 203
oral poetics, 26
Clark and, 96
How the Leopard Got His Claws and,
Ibadan modernism and, 47
“Lament of the Drums” and, 133
Ogundele and, 246n13
Okigbo and,
Path of Thunder and,
Ó Riada, Seán, 164
Ormsby, Frank, 157
Osundare, Niyi, 47
Ovid, 206
Oxford Professor of Poetry, 196
Oxford University Press (OUP), 17
metropolitanism and, 17
Okigbo and,
Simmons and, 153
Six Irish Poets published by, 56
“The Toad” and, 199
Oyo empire, 41
Parker, Stewart, 51, 53, 227n88
Belfast Group and, 57
“Suicide,” 53
Young Commonwealth Poets ’65 and, 102
Path of Thunder (Okigbo), 124
Black Orpheus and, 122
“Come Thunder” and,
Labyrinths and, 140
print history of, ,
Penguin Book of Contemporary British Poetry (Morrison and Motion), 103
Penguin New Writing, 109
Philoctetes, 99
Phoenix (magazine), 164
Poetry Commonwealth (magazine), 76
Pollard, Natalie, 259n20
postcolonialism: Americanization and, 208
anglophone literary world and,
capitalism and, 211n12
comparison and, 8
cultural institutions and,
Irish poetry and, 259n22
modernism and, 7
print Atlantic and,
rise of, 34
sociology of literature and,
temporality and,
transnationalism and, .
See also Commonwealth; decolonizationpoststructuralism, 18
Pound, Ezra, 3
aspiring poets and, 32
Ibadan modernism and, 43
“In a Station of the Metro,” 90
Walcott and,
Powell, Enoch, 106
Prague Spring, , 159
print,
African literature and,
as congeries of technologies, 214n42
“Lament of the Drums” and,
literary present and, 36
lyric address and, 183
metropolitan cultural institutions and, 21
modernity and,
new media and,
Okigbo and,
Path of Thunder and,
poetry and, ,
“print culture” and, 217n83,
transnationalism and, .
See also materiality; publishingprint Atlantic, , 113
provincialism, 28
aspiring poets and,
Belfast and,
Blake’s poetry and, 45
cultural field and, 23
Englishness and, 21
Faber and Faber and, 261n39
Hardy on, 223n24
Harrison and,
Heaney and,
Larkin and,
London and,
metropolitan-provincial opposition and, 19
poetic style and,
postcolonial poetry compared to, 13
QUB,
welfare colonialism and, .
See also metropolitanismpublics, , 28
Citadel Books and, 148
Commonwealth Arts Festival and, 76
Commonwealth literature and, 103
Honest Ulsterman and, 161
Longley and,
Mahon and,
political commitment and, 167
public discourse and,
sociology of texts and, 22
Soyinka and,
transnational form of, 7
verse letters and, 176
Warner and, 213n26
publishing, 17
Americanization and, 208
colonialism and, 199
Labyrinths and,
Lerner and, 55
literary Greenwich meridian and, 41
literary present and, 36
London Magazine and,
Longley’s view of poems and, 180
lyric poetry and,
Okigbo’s death and, ,
See also circulation; literary production; London literary establishment; print
Q (magazine), 53
Queen’s University Belfast (QUB), 8, 51
Heaney at,
Hobsbaum at, 57
Northern Ireland literary renaissance and, 31
Nwoga and, 197
Quinn, Justin, 208
Ramazani, Jahan, 3
geopolitics of mapmaking and, 238n63
Heaney and, 174
The Hybrid Muse, 13
Romantic poetry and, 43
Randolph, Jody Allen, 185
Ransome-Kuti, I. O., 33
Ravenscroft, Arthur, 237n44
Hill-Killam relationship and, 269n24
JCL and, 86
Okigbo and, 205
Young Commonwealth Poets ’65 and, 102
resistance, 13
revisionist critics, 259n22
Rezek, Joseph, 14
Rich, Adrienne, 27
Rimbaud, Arthur,
Rodgers, W. R., 51
Rubin, Andrew,
Sapphic stanzaic form,
“School of Eloquence,” 38
Scrutiny (quarterly),
Selvon, Samuel, 12
Shenval Press, 117
Sierra Leone, 79
Simmons, James, 21, 161, 254n1
“African Bonfire,” 256n30
“After Rupert Brooke,”
Ahmadu Bello University and, 202
“The Bonfire,” , 161
“A Famous Poet,” 4
“First Steps in Revolution,” 155
Harrison and, 39
Heaney and, 164
Honest Ulsterman and,
idealization of tribal society and,
Leeds University and, 224n33
on Longley, 179
national belonging and,
Nigeria and,
“Nigeria, 1967,” , 161
Nigerian poems by, , 256n25
No Ties, 255n14
Oko and, 255n12
political commitment and, 168
reputation of, 257n1
Symbolism and, 23
verse letters and, 176
Young Commonwealth Poets ’65 and, 102
Smith, Ken, 57
socialism, 38
sociology of literature,
center-periphery and, 18
cultural institutions and,
postcolonialism and,
production and,
world literary space and,
Solarun, T. T., 129
South Africa, 62
Brutus from, 81
CCF and, 72
Lerner from, 55
London Magazine and, 121
Mbari Publications and, 62
the political and, 258n13
Ravenscroft and, 237n44
Soyinka, Wole,
“Abiku,” 204
Aké, 33
Americanization and, 208
Anikulapo-Kuti and, 63
authenticity and, 70
Blake and, 45
bolekaja critics and, 43
CCF and, 71
Clark’s “Ivbie” and, 46
on Cold War, 72
communalism and, 137
A Dance of the Forests, 62
early writings of, 36
“For Christopher Okigbo,” , 204
Harrison and, 39
Ibadan, 45
imperialism and, 132
Leeds Conference and, 83
“Live Burial,” 156
London Magazine and, 121
London publishers and, 69
Mahon and, 156
Marxism and, 38
Mbari Club and, 60
Mbari Publications and, 62
Modern Poetry from Africa and, 50
modernity and,
Nigerian-Biafran War and, 161
Okigbo compared to, 123
Okigbo meeting in Biafra and, 145
OUP and, 68
pessimism of, 260n27
Poems from Prison, 156
political commitment and, 168
Simmons and, 152,
Three Plays, 230n16
“Thunder to Storm,” 225n62
university system and, 34
Yoruba modernity and, 128
Young Commonwealth Poets ’65 and, 101
spirit possession,
Squires, Geoffrey, 159
Stand (magazine), 57
Subaltern Studies Collective, 69
Suez Crisis (1956), 9
Swanzy, Henry, 111
Symbolism, 23
Thomas, R. S., 56
Thomson, James, 39
Times Literary Supplement (TLS), 40
Commonwealth literature and, 82
literary Greenwich meridian and, 41
Mahon and, 189
Times of London (newspaper), 38
“Toad, The” (Igbo story),
transcultural aesthetic, 140
Transition (magazine), 73
CCF and, , 150
CIA funding scandal and,
Okigbo and,
oral tradition in, 96
Palinurus revisions and, 250n57
Path of Thunder and, 134
Simmons and, 154
transnationalism and, 209
transnationalism, 3, 60,
anglophone literary world and, 25
border-crossing agents and, 212n24
Citadel Books and, 148
colonial administrators and, 246n7
decolonization and,
inclusion/exclusion and, 21
Mbari Publications and, 63
metropolitan-provincial opposition and, 19
modernist studies and,
Okigbo and, 6
print Atlantic and,
publics and, 7
state-sponsored, 235n23
Walcott and, 119
See also CommonwealthTrinity College Dublin, 51
Troubles (Northern Ireland),
“A Disused Shed in Co. Wexford” and,
An Exploded View and, 263n75
Heaney’s poems and, ,
historical use of term, 257n2
Longley and, 179,
lyric and,
nonsectarianism and, 180
Nwoga’s family and, 197
political commitment and,
political journalism and,
publics and,
Simmons’s Nigerian poems and,
Uganda, 13
United Irishman (newspaper), 262n56
United States, 9
Achebe and,
Civil Rights Movement in, 159
Commonwealth literature and, 82
Leeds Conference and,
Walcott and, 120
See also American literature, CIAUniversity College, Ibadan (UCI), , ,
Aeneid and, 132
Dike as first Nigerian principal at, 225n48
The Horn and, 226n78
literary generations and, 245n2
Mbari generation and, 123
Nigerian perception of standards at, 225n49
QUB compared to, 52
Soyinka’s “Thunder to Storm” and, 225n62
syllabus of, 125
welfare colonialism and, 31
University College of the Gold Coast, 31
University of Leeds, 21
Hill reading Okigbo at, 205
Jeffares and, 83
Poetry & Audience and,
“School of Eloquence” and, 38
Simmons at, 224n33
UCI and, .
See also Conference on Commonwealth Literature; JeffaresVan Sertima, Ivan, 97
Vendler, Helen, 180
vernacular speech, 13,
vernacular literacy, 26
Verse and Voice (anthology), 75
Dickinson and,
Nigeria and, 98
Okigbo and, 97
Walcott boycott and, 103
“Verse and Voice” festival, ,
Dickinson and,
Viswanathan, Gauri, 16
Walcott, Derek, 6, 9,
25 Poems, 111
African writers and, 121
Americanization and, 208
Another Life, 107
Brathwaite binary with, 244n44
CCF event in Berlin and, 237n50
Commonwealth Arts Festival and, 81,
discrepant cosmopolitanism and,
Epitaph for the Young, 111
fame and, 23
imperialism and, 132
journalism and, 163
“Leaving School,” 107
in Leaving School, 242n1
London Magazine and,
London Magazine Poems and,
Londonness and, 107
modernity and, 127
Omeros, 99
Poetry Book Society and, 239n76
“The Royal Palms,”
Saint Lucia and, 25
“A Sea-Chantey,” , 117
vernacular speech and, 13
welfare state and, 31
“What Do You Want, Mama?,” 105
See also Trinidad GuardianWallerstein, Immanuel, 216n69
Waters, William, 194
Watson, Tim, 84
Wenger, Susanne, 66
West African Pilot (newspaper), 123
Western literary models, 13
West Indies, 25
Commonwealth Arts Festival and, 107
Dathorne on, 102
London Magazine and,
metropolitanism and, 34
novelists of, 12
poetry’s circulation and, 14
Walcott boycott and,
See also Caribbean islands; WalcottWhite Goddess, 133
Wilde, Oscar, 16
William of Orange, 159,
Williams, Raymond, 80
Wills, Clair, 259n22
Wilson, Harold, 104
Wilson, Robert McLiam, 262n45
“Wind of Change” speech, 9
World Congress of Negro Writers and Artists (Paris 1956), 49
World War Two, 9
Yeats, William Butler, 2
“Among School Children,” 3
Hill’s praise poetry and, 206
January Boys and, 135
Okigbo addressing,
publishing contexts and, 259n23
Yoruba, 41
Black Orpheus and, 48
modernity and, 128
poetry of, 49
Soyinka and, 153
See also àbíkú; oríkì; òrìṣàYoung British Poets, The (anthology), 103
