Published online by Cambridge University Press: 03 March 2026
As regards the world at large this three-year period is known first and foremostas one of Continental revolution—including the publication of Marx and Engels’ Communist Manifesto, in German, in London, in 1848. The Carlyle circle generally welcomed the ejection of the French ‘sham king’, Louis Philippe; hoped for the ejection of the Austrians from northern Italy; sympathised up to a point with the sufferings of the Irish (where Thomas toured for a second time in July 1849); and kept a nervous eye on the situation at home, where Chartism reached a high water mark in April 1848, with a huge rally and a petition to Parliament. But as in the 1790s Britain seemed immune to revolution, and reform continued to manifest itself, however slowly.
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