Published online by Cambridge University Press: 30 December 2025
One of the most popular samba compositions of the Rio de Janeiro carnival in 1942 was 'Praça Onze' (Eleventh Square). Through its narrative, and its visual and musical treatment of samba, Berlim na batucada rejected the symbolic economy of space generated by the state and the culture industry. Samba was the obvious choice as the soundtrack to cinematic representations of the malandro, given that a sub-genre of samba since the 1920s was devoted to celebrating his wit, courage and independence of spirit. Malandros were a product of a post-abolition society whose preference for European immigrant labour sidelined Afro-descendents from the job market, compelling many to live off illegal activities, or their wits. This culture of roguery encompassed a gamut of anti-social behaviours, such as womanising, illegal gambling, street fighting and petty crime. In addition to urbanisation processes aimed at socio-spatial stratification, malandragem was also controlled through day-to-day policing activities.
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