Published online by Cambridge University Press: 10 March 2023
The end of the thirteenth century saw the flourishing of dance songs, or baladas, and the nearly total eclipse of the trobairitz, as far as we can tell with our imperfect knowledge of their chronology. The sole possible exception, which we have included here, is Bietris de Romans, about whom we know little. The period is dominated by two prolific court poets, Guiraut Riquier of Narbonne, who served King Alfonso X of Castile, el Sabio, in Toledo for almost a decade, and Cerverí de Girona, who served King Jaume (James) I of Aragon in Barcelona. An Italian poet, Guido Cavalcanti, traveled to Toulouse and wrote about a lady he met there. The passion of erotic desire became more Christian and spiritual with Guilhem de Montanhagol, from near Toulouse. Hebrew poetry at this time included the powerful piety of David Hakohen, from Avignon, and the vigorous humor of Isaac Gorni, who was most active in Provence. A Jewish poet, Bonfils, engaged in an Occitan tensó with Guiraut Riquier and felt the brunt of his antisemitism.
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