The narrative of the Queen of Sheba is a myth intrinsically linked with the creation of distinct histories and identities of Yemenis and Ethiopians. As a character, the Queen of Sheba (Bilqis, as she is known in the Arab/Islamic tradition) has been subject to various forms of appropriations ranging from the national to the dynastic, revolving around issues of identity and hegemonic rule.

This chapter explores the significance of the narrative of the Queen of Sheba upon conceptions of identity and consciousness amongst the populations of Yemen and Ethiopia. The perception of the divide between these two regions shall be challenged in light of this narrative. It will be used to explore and re-evaluate the history, geographical boundaries, and separations of the region consisting of East Africa and the Western-Arabian Peninsula.

Scriptural and Exegetical Narratives

The nascent mythologies surrounding the narrative of the Queen of Sheba and her encounter with Solomon had become canonised primarily through the scriptural texts of the Old Testament and the Holy Qur’an amongst the Jewish and Christian, and Muslim populations, respectively. From there, they are expanded upon, elaborated and integrated with local legends, and tales to create even more fantastical myths, captivating the public imagination. In the two contested nations of origin of the land of Sheba, Ethiopia and Yemen, the narratives become intertwined with conceptions of national identity, and, amongst ruling elites, legitimacy of reign and regime. In portrayals as a powerful, pious, and highly intelligent ruler, the Queen of Sheba is often presented in a supernatural manner. She becomes an embodiment and symbol of piety, strength, and intelligence among the people who adopt and claim her as their own.

In Judaeo-Christian theology, Solomon's meeting with the Queen of Sheba is described in the Old Testament. The Biblical account of the event is documented in 1 Kings 10: 1-13: