Published online by Cambridge University Press: 03 July 2025
When Rodrigo Duterte was elected as president of the Philippines in 2016, many promises of change were made, including those about the protection of the environment and making the country climate resilient. Duterte seemed quite serious, especially after delivering strong-worded speeches against mining companies and their destructive activities and choosing an environment advocate to head the Department of Environment and Natural Resources (DENR). However, after six years in power, the Duterte administration only managed to give the Filipino people empty promises accompanied by an artificial beach in the nation's national capital and a full reversal of his stance on mining. Despite this, the results of the 2022 presidential elections appear to have not been affected by the Duterte administration's poor performance in environmental protection and climate change as a landslide victory in the polls was achieved by the tandem of Ferdinand Marcos Jr. and Sara Duterte. This chapter aims to provide an analysis of the policy legacies of the Duterte administration in the area of environment and climate change. It narrates Duterte's pronouncements to protect the environment and the Filipino people and examines what had happened to these. As it became clear in the end that Duterte prioritized interests other than those that he promised to uphold, the chapter attempts to determine the prospects for policy change and identify some policy recommendations for the administration of Ferdinand Marcos Jr.
Keywords: environment; Duterte; climate change; Marcos Jr.; Philippines
Introduction
The Philippines may be considered as one of the richest countries in the world if wealth is measured by the diversity of life. The country is home to over a thousand species of land mammals, birds, reptiles, and amphibians. It is considered a “mega-diversity” rivalled by only a few countries in the world when it comes to the variety of ecosystems, species, and genetic resources. However, the Philippines is also a biodiversity hotspot as the destruction of important natural resources is experienced at an alarming rate. The major causes of such destruction are overexploitation, deforestation, land degradation, pollution, and climate change.
The Philippines is likewise identified as one of the countries that are most vulnerable to the impacts of climate change. Various areas of the country, especially large urban areas where a majority of the population reside, are affected by devastation caused by natural hazards. An average of twenty tropical cyclones enter the Philippine Area of Responsibility (PAR) every year. These tropical cyclones affect both urban and rural areas throughout the country where the poor in both areas are most vulnerable. Aside from these, other major environmental challenges presently confront the Philippines. These include water scarcity, particularly in urban centres, waste management, air and water pollution, clean and renewable energy sources, and illegal and unregulated mining.
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