Parliament's role in foreign policy became more prominent as a result of the Glorious Revolution in 1688–9, the political and constitutional changes that accompanied the invasion of England in 1688 and the replacement of James II (r. 1685–8; James VII of Scotland) by his nephew and son-in-law William of Orange, William III (r. 1689–1702). However, a parliamentary monarchy could not simply be legislated into existence. It required the development of conventions and patterns of political behaviour that would permit a constructive resolution of contrary opinions within a system where there was no single source of dominant power. The slowness of the development of these patterns was particularly serious, as Britain was at war from 1689 until 1697 and again from 1702 until 1713, and as Jacobitism, the cause of the exiled male line of the Stuarts, was a significant force. The Revolution Settlement (the term for the set of constitutional and political arrangements that followed the Glorious Revolution) created the constitutional basis for an effective parliamentary monarchy, with parliamentary control over the finances of the state: the aim of many of the critics of Charles II (r. 1660–85). However, the instability of the ministries of the 1690s, 1700s and 1710s suggests that the political environment within which such a monarchy could be effective had not been created. Looked at differently, the process of ministerial change was peaceful, and the instability of ministries reflected not simply ‘structural’ constitutional problems, but also the serious nature of the issues in dispute.