Adcock, R. and Collier, D. (2001). “Measurement Validity: A Shared Standard for Qualitative and Quantitative Research.” American Political Science Review 95(3): 529–46.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Aflatooni, A. and Allen, M. P. (1991). “Government Sanctions and Collective Political Protest in Periphery and Semiperiphery States – A Time-Series Analysis.” Journal of Political & Military Sociology 19(1): 29–45.Google Scholar

Agamben, G. (2005). State of Exception. Chicago, University of Chicago Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Alvarez, M., Ciheibub, J., Limongi, F. and Przeworski, A. (1996). “Classifying Political Regimes.” Studies in Comparative International Development 31(2): 1–37.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

American Civil Liberties Union (2005). Main Street America Fights Back: Anti-Patriot Act Community Resolutions Sweep the Nation.

Ames, B. (1987). Political Survival: Politicians and Public Policy in Latin America. Berkeley, University of California Press.Google Scholar

Apodaca, C. (2001). “Global Economic Patterns and Personal Integrity Rights after the Cold War.” International Studies Quarterly 45: 587–602.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Apter, D. E. (1965). The Politics of Modernization. Chicago, University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar

Arat, Z. F. (1991). Democracy and Human Rights in Developing Countries. Boulder, Colorado, Lynne Rienner Publishers.Google Scholar

Arendt, H. (1951). The Origins of Totalitarianism. New York, Harcourt.Google Scholar

Ashcroft, J. (2001a). Testimony before the House Committee on the Judiciary. House Committee on the Judiciary.

Ashcroft, J. (2001b). Department of Justice Oversight: Preserving Our Freedoms While Defending against Terrorism. Hearing before the Senate Committee on the Judiciary.

Bachrach, P. (1967). The Theory of Democratic Elitism; A Critique. Boston, Little.Google Scholar

Banks, A. S. (2001). Cross-National Time-Series Data Archive.

Barro, R. and Lee, J. (1993). “International Comparisons of Educational Attainment.” Journal of Monetary Economics 32: 363–94.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Bay, C. (1958). The Structure of Freedom. Stanford, California, Stanford University Press.Google Scholar

Beetham, D. (1994). Defining and Measuring Democracy. London; Thousand Oaks, California, Sage Publications.Google Scholar

Blalock, H. M. (1989). Power and Conflict: Toward a General Theory. Newbury Park, California, Sage Publications.Google Scholar

Bollen, K. A. (1998). Cross-National Indicators of Liberal Democracy, 1950–1990, Inter-University Consortium for Political and Social Research (ICPSR) #2532. Ann Arbor, Michigan: ICPSR.

Bollen, K. A. (1980). “Issues in the Comparative Measurement of Political Democracy.” American Sociological Review 45(3): 370–90.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Bollen, K. A. (1986). “Political Rights and Political Liberties in Nations – An Evaluation of Human-Rights Measures, 1950 to 1984.” Human Rights Quarterly 8(4): 567–91.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Bollen, K. A. and Jackman, R. W. (1985). “Political Democracy and the Size Distribution of Income.” American Sociological Review 50(4): 438–57.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Boudreau, V. (2004). Resisting Dictatorship: Repression and Protest in Southeast Asia. Cambridge, United Kingdom; New York, Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Bovard, J. (2003). Terrorism and Tyranny: Trampling Freedom, Justice, and Peace to Rid the World of Evil. New York, Palgrave Macmillan.Google Scholar

Mesquita, Bueno B. (2003). The Logic of Political Survival. Cambridge, Massachusetts, MIT Press.Google Scholar

Mesquita, Bueno B., Downs, G. W., Smith, A. and Cherif, F. M. (2005). “Thinking inside the Box: A Closer Look at Democracy and Human Rights.” International Studies Quarterly 49(3): 439–57.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Burkhart, R. E. and Lewisbeck, M. S. (1994). “Comparative Democracy – The Economic-Development Thesis.” American Political Science Review 88(4): 903–10.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Bush, G. W. (2005). Second Inaugural Speech.

Carleton, D. (1989). “The New International Division of Labor, Export-Oriented Growth and State Repression in Latin America.” Dependence, Development, and State Repression. Lopez, George A. and Stohl, Michael. New York, Greenwood Press.Google Scholar

Carleton, D. and Stohl, M. (1985). “The Foreign-Policy of Human-Rights – Rhetoric and Reality from Carter, Jimmy to Reagan, Ronald.” Human Rights Quarterly 7(2): 205–29.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Casper, G. (1995). Fragile Democracies: The Legacies of Authoritarian Rule. Pittsburgh, University of Pittsburgh Press.Google Scholar

Charny, I. W. (1999). Encyclopedia of Genocide. Santa Barbara, California, ABC-CLIO.Google Scholar

Cingranelli, D. L. and Richards, D. L. (1999). “Respect for Human Rights after the End of the Cold War.” Journal of Peace Research 36(5): 511–34.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Cnudde, C. F. and Neubauer, D. E. (1969). Empirical Democratic Theory. Chicago, Markham Publishing Co.Google Scholar

Coleman, J. S. (1960). “Conclusion: The Political System of the Developing Areas.” The Politics of Developing Areas. Almond, G. A. and Coleman, J. S.. Princeton, New Jersey, Princeton University Press.Google Scholar

Collier, D. and Levitsky, S. (1997). “Research Note: Democracy with Adjectives: Conceptual Research in Comparative Politics.” World Politics 43(3): 430–51.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Congdon, P. (2003). Applied Bayesian Modelling. West Sussex, Wiley.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Coppedge, M. and W. H. Reinicke (1991). “Measuring Polyarchy.” On Measuring Democracy: Its Consequences and Concomitants. Inkeles, L. Alex. New Brunswick, Transaction Publishers.Google Scholar

Coser, L. A. (1956). The Functions of Social Conflict. Glencoe, Illinois, Free Press.Google Scholar

Crescenzi, M. J. C. and Enterline, A. J. (1999). “Ripples from the Waves? A Systemic, Time-Series Analysis of Democracy, Democratization, and Interstate War.” Journal of Peace Research 36(1): 75–94.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Cutright, P. (1963). “National Political-Development – Measurement and Analysis.” American Sociological Review 28(2): 253–64.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Dahl, R. A. (1966). Political Opposition in Western Democracies. New Haven, Connecticut, Yale University Press.Google Scholar

Dahl, R. A. (1971). Polyarchy: Participation and Opposition. New Haven, Connecticut, Yale University Press.Google Scholar

Dahl, R. A. (1989). Democracy and Its Critics. New Haven, Connecticut, Yale University Press.Google Scholar

Dahl, R. A. (1998). On Democracy. New Haven, Connecticut, Yale University Press.Google Scholar

Dallin, A. and Breslauer, G. W. (1970). Political Terror in Communist Systems. Stanford, California, Stanford University Press.Google Scholar

Davenport, C. (1995a). “Assessing the Military's Influence on Political Repression.” Journal of Political & Military Sociology 23:119–44.Google Scholar

Davenport, C. (1995b). “Multi-Dimensional Threat Perception and State Repression: An Inquiry into Why States Apply Negative Sanctions.” American Journal of Political Science 39(3): 683–713.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Davenport, C. (1996a). “‘Constitutional Promises’ and Repressive Reality: A Cross-National Time-Series Investigation of Why Political and Civil Liberties Are Suppressed.” Journal of Politics 58(3): 627–54.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Davenport, C. (1996b). “The Weight of the Past: Exploring Lagged Determinants of Political Repression.” Political Research Quarterly 49(2): 377–403.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Davenport, C. (1997). “From Ballots to Bullets: An Empirical Assessment of How National Elections Influence State Uses of Political Repression.” Electoral Studies 16(4): 517–40.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Davenport, C. (1998). “Liberalizing Event or Lethal Episode: An Empirical Assessment of How National Elections Affect the Suppression of Political and Civil Liberties.” Social Science Quarterly 79(2): 321–40.Google Scholar

Davenport, C. (1999). “Human Rights and the Democratic Proposition.” Journal of Conflict Resolution 43(1): 92–116.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Davenport, C. (2004). “The Promise of Democratic Pacification: An Empirical Assessment.” International Studies Quarterly 48(3): 539–60.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Davenport, C. and Armstrong, D. A. II (2004). “Democracy and the Violation of Human Rights: A Statistical Analysis from 1976–1996.” American Journal of Political Science 48(3): 538–54.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Davenport, C. and Ball, P. (2002). “Views to a Kill: Exploring the Implications of Source Selection in the Case of Guatemalan State Terror, 1977–1996.” Journal of Conflict Resolution 46(3): 427–50.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Davenport, C. and Eads, M. (2001). “Cued to Coerce or Coercing Cues? An Exploration of Dissident Framing and Its Relationship to Political Repression.” Mobilization 6(2): 151–71.Google Scholar

Davis, D. and Silver, B. (2004). “Civil Liberties Vs. Security: Public Opinion in the Context of the Terrorist Attacks on America.” American Journal of Political Science 48(1): 28–46.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

De Swann, A. (1977). “Terror as Government Service.” Repression and Repressive Violence: Proceedings of the 3rd International Working Conference on Violence and Non-Violent Action in Industrialized Societies. Hoefnagels, M. Ed. Amsterdam, Swets & Zeitlinger.Google Scholar

Della Porta, D. (1995). Social Movements, Political Violence and the State: A Comparative Analysis of Italy and Germany. New York, Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Della Porta, D. and Reiter, H. (1998). Policing Protest: The Control of Mass Demonstrations in Western Democracies. Minneapolis, University of Minnesota Press.Google Scholar

Denemark, R. and H. Lehman (1984). “South African State Terror: The Costs of Continuing Repression.” The State as Terrorist: The Dynamics of Governmental Violence and Repression. Lopez, M. S. a. G.. Westport, Greenwood Press.Google Scholar

Diamond, L. (1995). Promoting Democracy in the 1990's: Actors and Instruments, Issues and Imperatives. New York, Carnegie Corporation.Google Scholar

Diamond, L. J. (1996). “Is the Third Wave Over?” Journal of Democracy 7(3): 20–37.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Diamond, L., Linz, J. and Lipset, S. M., Eds. (1995). Politics in Developing Countries: Comparing Experiences with Democracy. Boulder, Colorado, L. Rienner Publisher.Google Scholar

Duvall, R. and M. Stohl (1988). “Governance by Terror.” The Politics of Terrorism. Stohl, M. Ed. New York, M. Dekker.Google Scholar

Earl, J. (2003). “Tanks, Tear Gas and Taxes: Toward a Theory of Movement Repression.” Sociological Theory 21(1): 44–68.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Eckstein, H. (1980). Theoretical Approaches to Explaining Collective Political Violence. Handbook of Political Conflict: Theory and Practice. Gurr, T. R. Ed. New York, Free Press.Google Scholar

Eckstein, H. and Gurr, T. R. (1975). Patterns of Authority: A Structural Basis for Political Inquiry. New York: John Wiley & Sons.Google Scholar

Eisenstadt, S. N. (1971). Political Sociology; A Reader. New York, Basic Books.Google Scholar

Ekiert, G. and Kubik, J. (1999). Rebellious Civil Society: Popular Protest and Democratic Consolidation in Poland, 1989–1993. Ann Arbor, University of Michigan Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Elliot, G. (1972). Twentieth Century Book of the Dead. New York, Charles Scribner.Google Scholar

Fein, H. (1995). “More Murder in the Middle – Life-Integrity Violations and Democracy in the World, 1987.” Human Rights Quarterly 17(1): 170–91.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Ferrara, F. (2003). “Why Regimes Create Disorder: Hobbes Dilemma During a Rangoon Summer.” Journal of Conflict Resolution 47(3): 302–25.Google Scholar

Fox, J. (2000). “Civil Society and Political Accountability: Propositions for Discussion.” Presented at Institutions, Accountability, and Democratic Governance in Latin America, The Helen Kellogg Institute for International Studies, University of Notre Dame, May 8–9.

Francisco, R. (2004). “After the Massacre: Mobilization in the Wake of Harsh Repression.” Mobilization 9(2): 107–26.Google Scholar

Franklin, J. (1997). “IMF Conditionality, Threat Perception and Political Repression: A Cross-National Analysis.” Comparative Political Studies 30: 576–606.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Franks, C. E. S., Ed. (1989). Dissent and the State. Toronto, Oxford University Press.Google Scholar

Freedom House (1986–7). Freedom in the World Country Ratings: The Annual Survey of Political Rights and Civil Liberties, 1986–1987. New York, Freedom House.

Freedom House (1991–2). Freedom in the World Country Ratings: The Annual Survey of Political Rights and Civil Liberties, 1986–1987. New York, Freedom House.

Friedrich, C. J. and Brzezinski, Z. (1962). Totalitarian Dictatorship and Autocracy. Cambridge, Massachusetts, Harvard University Press.Google Scholar

Freidrich, R. (1982). “In Defense of Multiplicative Terms in Multiple Regression Equations.” American Journal of Political Science 26(4): 797–833.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Gartner, S. and Regan, P. (1996). “Threat and Repression: The Non-Linear Relationship between Government and Opposition Violence.” Journal of Peace Research 33(3): 273–87.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Gasiorowski, M. J. (1996). “An Overview of the Political Regime Change Dataset.” Comparative Political Studies 29(4): 469–83.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Gastil, R. (1973). “The New Criteria of Freedom.” Freedom at Issue 17(January–February): 2–24.Google Scholar

Gates, S., Hegre, H., Jones, M. P. and Strand, H. L. (2003). “Institutional Inconsistency and Political Instability: Polity Duration, 1800–2000.” American Journal of Political Science 50(4): 893–908.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Geddes, B. (1999). “Authoritarian Breakdown: Empirical Test of a Game Theoretic Argument.” Presented at the Annual Meeting of the American Political Science Association, Atlanta.

Gibney, M. and M. Dalton (1996). “The Political Terror Scale.” Human Rights and Developing Countries. Cingranell, D. L., Ed. Greenwich, Connecticut, JAI.Google Scholar

Gibson, J. L. (1988). “Political Intolerance and Political Repression During the Mccarthy Red Scare.” American Political Science Review 82(2): 511–29.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Gibson, J. L. (2004). Overcoming Apartheid: Can Truth Reconcile a Divided Nation? New York, Russell Sage Foundation.Google Scholar

Giliomee, H. (1987). “Apartheid, Verligtheid, and Liberalism.” Democratic Liberalism in South Africa: Its History and Prospect. Butler, R. E. Jeffrey, and Welsh, David, Eds. Middletown, Connecticut, Weslayan University Press.Google Scholar

Gill, J. (2001). “Interpreting Interactions and Interaction Hierarchies in Generalized Linear Models: Issues and Applications.” Presented at the Annual Meeting of the American Political Science Association, San Francisco.

Gleditsch, K. S. and Ward, M. D. (1997). “Double Take – A Reexamination of Democracy and Autocracy in Modern Polities.” Journal of Conflict Resolution 41(3): 361–83.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Gleditsch, K. S. and Ward, M. D. (2000). “War and Peace in Space and Time: The Role of Democratization.” International Studies Quarterly 44(1): 1–29.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Goldman, R. M. and Douglas, W. A. (1988). Promoting Democracy: Opportunities and Issues. New York, Praeger.Google Scholar

Goldstein, R. J. (1978). Political Repression in Modern America: From 1870 to the Present. Cambridge, Massachusetts, Schenkman Publishing Co.Google Scholar

Goldstein, R. J. (1983). Political Repression in 19th Century Europe. Totowa, New Jersey, Barnes & Noble.Google Scholar

Goldstein, R. J. (1986). “The Limitations of Using Quantitative Data in Studying Human Rights Abuses.” Human Rights Quarterly 8(4): 607–27.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Greene, W. (2000). Econometric Analysis. Upper Saddle, River, New Jersey, Prentice Hall.Google Scholar

Gurr, T. R. (1974). “Persistence and Change in Political Systems, 1800–1971.” American Political Science Review 68(4): 1482–1504.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Gurr, T. R. (1986). “The Political Origins of State Violence and Terror: A Theoretical Analysis.” Government Violence and Repression: An Agenda for Research. Stohl, M. and Lopez, G. A., Eds. New York, Greenwood Press.Google Scholar

Hadenius, A. (1992). Democracy and Development. Cambridge, Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Hafner-Burton, E. (2005a). “Right or Robust? The Sensitive Nature of Repression to Globalization.” Journal of Peace Research 42(6): 679–98.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Hafner-Burton, E. (2005b). “Trading Human Rights: How Preferential Trade Agreements Influence Government Repression.” International Organization 59(Summer): 593–629.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Harff, B. (2003). “No Lessons Learned from the Holocaust: Assessing Risks of Genocide and Political Mass Murder since 1955.” American Political Science Review 97(1): 57–74.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Harff, B. and Gurr, T. R. (1988). “Toward Empirical Theory of Genocides and Politicides: Identification and Measurement of Cases Since 1945.” International Studies Quarterly 32: 359–71.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Harrelson-Stephens, J. and Callaway, R. (2003). “Does Trade Openness Promote Security Rights in Developing Countries? Examining the Liberal Perspective.” International Interactions 29: 143–58.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Hegre, H., Ellingsen, T., Gates, S. and Gleditsch, N. P. (2001). “Toward a Democratic Civil Peace? Democracy, Political Change and Civil War, 1916–1992.” American Political Science Review 95: 33–48.Google Scholar

Held, D. (1996). Models of Democracy. Stanford, California, Stanford University Press.Google Scholar

Henderson, C. W. (1991). “Conditions Affecting the Use of Political Repression.” Journal of Conflict Resolution 35: 120–42.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Henderson, C. W. (1993). “Population Pressures and Political Repression.” Social Science Quarterly 74(2): 322–33.Google Scholar

Hibbs, D. A. (1973). Mass Political Violence: A Cross-National Causal Analysis. New York, Wiley.Google Scholar

Hirschman, A. O. (1970). Exit, Voice, and Loyalty; Responses to Decline in Firms, Organizations, and States. Cambridge, Massachusetts, Harvard University Press.Google Scholar

Hobbes, T. (1950). Leviathan. New York, Dutton.Google Scholar

Huber, E., Rueschemeyer, D. and Stephens, J. D. (1993). “The Impact of Economic-Development on Democracy.” Journal of Economic Perspectives 7(3): 71–86.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Human Rights Watch. (1998). “Human Rights Watch World Report 1998: Rwanda.” http://www.hrw.org/worldreport/Africa-10.htm.

Huntington, S. P. (1991). The Third Wave: Democratization in the Late Twentieth Century. Norman, University of Oklahoma Press.Google Scholar

Immergut, E. (1998). “The Theoretical Core of the New Institutionalism.” Politics and Society 26(1): 5–34.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Isaac, J. C. (1998). Democracy in Dark Times. Ithaca, New York, Cornell University Press.Google Scholar

Jaggers, K. and Gurr, T. R. (1995). “Tracking Democracy's 3rd-Wave with the Polity-III Data.” Journal of Peace Research 32(4): 469–82.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Kaiser, A. (1997). “Types of Democracy – From Classical to New Institutionalism.” Journal of Theoretical Politics 9(4): 419–44.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Karatnycky, A., Ed. (1999). Freedom in the World: The Annual Survey of Political Rights and Civil Liberties 1998–1999. New Brunswick, New Jersey, Transaction Publishers.Google Scholar

Keefer, P. (2002). Database of Political Institutions: Changes and Variable Definitions, Development Research Group, Washington, D.C., The World Bank.Google Scholar

Keefer, P. and Stasavage, D. (2003). “The Limits of Delegation: Veto Players, Central Bank Independence, and the Credibility of Monetary Policy.” American Political Science Review 97(3): 407–23.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Keith, L. C. (1999). “The United Nations International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights: Does It Make a Difference in Human Rights Behavior?” Journal of Peace Research 36(1): 95–118.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Keith, L. C. (2002). “Constitutional Provisions for Individual Human Rights (1977–1996): Are They More Than Mere ‘Window Dressing?” Political Research Quarterly 55(1): 111–43.Google Scholar

Kelley, R. D. G. (1994). Race Rebels: Culture, Politics, and the Black Working Class. New York, Free Press.Google Scholar

King, J. (1998). “Repression, Domestic Threat, and Interactions in Argentina and Chile.” Journal of Political and Military Sociology. 26: 1–27.Google Scholar

King, J. (2000). “Exploring the Ameliorating Effects of Democracy on Political Repression: Cross-National Evidence.” Paths to State Repression: Human Rights Violations and Contentious Politics. Davenport, C., Ed. Boulder, Colorado, Rowan and Littlefield.Google Scholar

Krain, M. (1997). “State-Sponsored Mass Murder: A Study of the Onset and Severity of Genocides and Politicides.” Journal of Conflict Resolution 41(3): 331–60.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Kuhn, T. S. (1962). The Structure of Scientific Revolution, 1st ed., Chicago, University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar

Lamb, G. (2002). “Debasing Democracy: Security Forces and Human Rights Abuses in Post-Liberation Namibia and South Africa.” Measuring Democracy and Human Rights in Southern Africa. Davids, Y. D., Keulder, Christiaan, Lamb, Guy, Pereira, Joao and Spilker, Dirk, Eds., London, Nordic African Institute.Google Scholar

Lane, J.-E. and Ersson, S. O. (2000). The New Institutional Politics: Performance and Outcomes. London; New York, Routledge.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Levene, M. (2005). Genocide in the Age of the Nation State. New York, Palgrave Macmillan.Google Scholar

Levin, M. B. (1971). Political Hysteria in America; the Democratic Capacity for Repression. New York, Basic Books.Google Scholar

Lichbach, M. I. (1987). “Deterrence or Escalation – The Puzzle of Aggregate Studies of Repression and Dissent.” Journal of Conflict Resolution 31(2): 266–97.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Lijphart, A. (1993). “Constitutional Choices for New Democracies.” The Global Resurgence of Democracy. Diamond, L. and Plattner, M., Eds. Baltimore, Johns Hopkins University Press.Google Scholar

Linfield, M. (1990). Freedom under Fire: U.S. Civil Liberties in Times of War. Boston, South End Press.Google Scholar

Linz, J. (2000). Totalitarian and Authoritarian Regimes. Boulder, Colorado, Lynne Rienner.Google Scholar

Lipset, S. M. (1959). “Some Social Requisites of Democracy – Economic-Development and Political Legitimacy.” American Political Science Review 53(1): 69–105.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Liska, A. E. (1992). Social Threat and Social Control. Albany, State University of New York Press.Google Scholar

Locke, J. (1963). Two Treatises of Government. New York, Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar

Long, J. S. (1997). Regression Models for Categorical and Limited Dependent Variables. Thousand Oaks, California, Sage.Google Scholar

Long, J. S. and Freese, J. (2001). Regression Models for Categorical Dependent Variables Using Stata. College Station, Texas, Stata Press.Google Scholar

Lopez, G. A. and Stohl, M., Eds. (1989). Dependence, Development, and State Repression. Contributions in Political Science, No. 209. New York, Greenwood Press.Google Scholar

Machiavelli, N. (1980). The Prince. Champaign, Illinois, Project Gutenberg.Google Scholar

Mamdani, M. (2001). When Victims Become Killers: Colonialism, Nativism, and the Genocide in Rwanda. Princeton, New Jersey, Princeton University Press.Google Scholar

Markus, G. B. and Nesvold, B. A. (1972). “Governmental Coerciveness and Political Instability – Exploratory Study of Cross-National Patterns.” Comparative Political Studies 5(2): 231–43.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Marshall, M. and K. Jaggers (2001). “Polity IV Project: Political Regime Characteristics and Transitions, 1800–1999. Data Users Manual.” College Park, University of Maryland.

Mason, T. D. and Krane, D. A. (1989). “The Political-Economy of Death Squads – Toward a Theory of the Impact of State-Sanctioned Terror.” International Studies Quarterly 33(2): 175–98.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Matau, M. (2001). “Savages, Victims, Saviors: The Metaphor of Human Rights.” Harvard International Law Journal 42: 201–45.Google Scholar

McAdam, D. (1982). Political Process and the Development of Black Insurgency, 1930–1970. Chicago, University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar

McCammant, J. (1981). “A Critique of Measures of Human Rights Development and an Alternative.” Global Human Rights: Public Policies, Comparative Measures, and Ngo Strategies. Nanda, V. P., Scarritt, J. R. and Shepherd, G. W.. Boulder, Colorado, Westview Press.Google Scholar

McCammant, J. (1984). “Governance without Blood: Social Sciences Antiseptic View of Rule; or, the Neglect of Political Repression.” The State as Terrorist: The Dynamics of Governmental Violence and Repression. Stohl, M. and Lopez, G. A.. Westport, Connecticut, Greenwood Press.Google Scholar

McCormick, J. and Mitchell, N.. (1997). “Human rights violations, umbrella concepts, and empirical analysis.” World Politics 49(4): 510.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

McFaul, M. (2002). “The Fourth Wave of Democracy and Dictatorship – Noncooperative Transitions in the Postcommunist World.” World Politics 54(2): 212–44.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

McLennan, B. (1973). Cross-National Comparison of Political Opposition and Conflict: Political Opposition and Dissent. New York, Dunellen Publishing Company.Google Scholar

McMahon, R. (2005). “2005 in Review: Bush's Democracy Agenda Sees Mixed Results, Radio Free Europe – Radio Liberty.” www.rferl.org/featuresarticle/2005/12/3c64dfdc-dc88-4f57-9b65-39e92de7bac0.html

McPhail, C., D. Schweingruber and J. McCarthy (1998). “Policing Protest in the United States, 1960–1995.” Policing Protest: The Control of Mass Demonstrations in Western Democracies. Porta, D. Della and Reiter, H.. Minneapolis, University of Minnesota Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Meyer, W. H. (1996). “Human Rights and MNC's: Theory Versus Quantitative Analysis.” Human Rights Quarterly 18(2): 368–97.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Michels, R. (1962). Political Parties. New York, Free Press.Google Scholar

Mill, J. S. (1861). Considerations on Representative Government. London, Parker, Son, and Bourn.Google Scholar

Mitchell, N. J. and McCormick, J. M. (1988). “Economic and Political Explanations of Human Rights Violations.” World Politics 40(4): 476–98.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Monshipouri, M. (1995). Democratization, Liberalization & Human Rights in the Third World. Boulder, Colorado, Lynne Rienner Publishers.Google Scholar

Montesquieu, C. d. S. (1989). The Spirit of the Laws. New York, Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar

Moore, B. (1954). Terror and Progress USSR: Some Sources of Change and Stability in the Soviet Dictatorship. Cambridge, Harvard University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Moore, W. H. (1998). “Repression and Dissent: Substitution, Context and Timing.” American Journal of Political Science 45(3): 851–73.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Mosca, G. (1980). The Ruling Class – Elementi Di Scienza Politica. Westport, Connecticut, Greenwood Press.Google Scholar

Munck, G. and Verkuilen, J. (2002). “Conceptualizing and Measuring Democracy: Evaluating Alternative Indices.” Comparative Political Studies 35(1): 5–35.Google Scholar

Ngowi, R. (2003). Rwandans Endorse New Constitution. Associated Press. www.mail-archive.com/ugandanet@kym.net/msg03791.html.

O'Donnell, G. A., Schmitter, P. C. and Whitehead, L., Eds. (1986). Transitions from Authoritarian Rule: Prospects for Democracy. Baltimore, Johns Hopkins University Press.Google Scholar

O'Kane, R. (1996). Terror, Force and States: Path from Modernity. Brookfield, Massachusetts, Edgar Elgar Publishing Company.Google Scholar

Olson, M. (1982). The Rise and Decline of Nations: Economic Growth, Stagflation, and Social Rigidities. New Haven, Connecticut, Yale University Press.Google Scholar

Olson, M. (1993). “Dictatorship, Democracy and Development.” American Political Science Review 87(3): 650–74.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

O'Neal, J. R. and Russett, B. (1999). “The Kantian Peace: The Pacific Benefits of Democracy, Interdependence, and International Organizations, 1885–1992.” World Politics 52(1): 1–37.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

O'Neal, J. R., O'Neal, F. H., Maoz, Z. and Russett, B. (1996). “The Liberal Peace: Interdependence, Democracy, and International Conflict, 1950–85.” Journal of Peace Research 33(1): 11–28.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Pateman, C. (1970). Participation and Democratic Theory. Cambridge, United Kingdom, University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Paxton, P., Bollen, K. A., Lee, D. M. and Kim, H. (2003). “A Half-Century of Suffrage: New Data and a Comparative Analysis.” Studies in Comparative International Development 38(1): 93–122.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Penna, D. (1998). “Democratization and Pluralism in South Africa: Policy and Process in the Post-Apartheid Transition.” Democratization and the Protection of Human Rights. Campbell, P. and Mahoney-Norris, K.. Westport, Connecticut, Praeger Publishers.Google Scholar

Pion-Berlin, D. (1989). The Ideology of State Terror: Economic Doctrine and Political Repression in Argentina and Peru. Boulder, Colorado, L. Rienner Publishers.Google Scholar

Poe, S. and Tate, C. N. (1994). “Repression of Human-Rights to Personal Integrity in the 1980s – A Global Analysis.” American Political Science Review 88(4): 853–72.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Poe, S., Tate, C. N. and Keith, L. C. (1999). “Repression of the Human Right to Personal Integrity Revisited: A Global Cross-National Study Covering the Years 1976–1993.” International Studies Quarterly 43(2): 291–313.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Powell, G. B. (1982). Contemporary Democracies: Participation, Stability, and Violence. Cambridge, Massachusetts, Harvard Univerity Press.Google Scholar

Powell, G. B. (2000). Elections as Instruments of Democracy: Majoritarian and Proportional Visions. New Haven, Connecticut, Yale University Press.Google Scholar

Przeworski, A. (2000). Democracy and Development: Political Institutions and Well-Being in the World, 1950–1990. Cambridge, Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Przeworski, A. (2004). “Institutions Matter?” Government & Opposition 39(4): 527–41.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Przeworski, A., Stokes, S. C. and Manin, B. (1999). Democracy, Accountability, and Representation. Cambridge, United Kingdom; New York, Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Raftery, A. (1995). “Bayesian Model Selection in Social Research.” Sociological Methodology 25: 111–64.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Rapoport, D. C. and Weinberg, L. (2001). The Democratic Experience and Political Violence. London; Portland, Oregon, F. Cass.Google Scholar

Rasler, K. (1986). “War, Accommodation and Violence in the United States, 1890–1970.” American Political Science Review 80: 921–45.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Regan, P. and Henderson, E. (2002). “Democracy, Threats and Political Repression in Developing Countries: Are Democracies Internally Less Violent?” Third World Quarterly 23(1): 119–36.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Reiter, D. and Stam, A. C. (2002). Democracies at War. Princeton, New Jersey, Princeton University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Rejali, D. M. (1994). Torture & Modernity: Self, Society, and State in Modern Iran. Boulder, Colorado, Westview Press.Google Scholar

Reyntjens, F. (1996). “Constitution-Making in Situations of Extreme Crisis: The Case of Rwanda and Burundi.” Journal of African Law 40: 236–9.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Reyntjens, F. (2004). “Rwanda, Ten Years On: From Genocide to Dictatorship.” African Affairs 103(411): 177–210.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Richards, D. L. (1999). “Perilous Proxy: Human Rights and the Presence of National Elections.” Social Science Quarterly 80(4): 648–65.Google Scholar

Richards, D. L., Gelleny, R. D. and Sacko, D. H. (2001). “Money with a Mean Streak? Foreign Economic Penetration and Government Respect for Human Rights in Developing Countries.” International Studies Quarterly 45: 219–39.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Roller, E. (2003). “Conceptualizing and Measuring Institutions of Democratic Governance: A Critical Review and Empirical Validation of Veto-Player Indexes.” ECPR Joint Sessions Workshop on “Institutional Theory: Issues of Measurement and Change.”

Rosato, S. (2003). “The Flawed Logic of Democratic Peace Theory.” American Political Science Review 97(4): 585–602.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Rothgeb, J. (1989). Direct Foreign Investment, Repression, Reform and Political Conflict in the Third World. Markets, Politics, and Change in the Global Political Economy. Avery, William P. and Rapkin, David P.. Boulder, Colorado, Lynne Rienner.Google Scholar

Rousseau, D. L., Gelpi, C., Reiter, D. and Huth, P. K. (1996). “Assessing the Dyadic Nature of the Democratic Peace, 1918–88.” American Political Science Review 90(3): 512–33.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Ruland, J. (2003). “Constitutional Debates in the Philippines: From Presidentialism to Parliamentarianism?” Asian Survey 43(3): 461–84.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Rummel, R. J. (1997). Power Kills. New Brunswick, New Jersey, Transaction Publishers.Google Scholar

Russett, B. M. (1993). Grasping the Democratic Peace: Principles for a Post-Cold War World. Princeton, New Jersey, Princeton University Press.Google Scholar

Sambanis, N. (2004). “What Is Civil War? Conceptual and Empirical Complexities of an Operational Definition.” Journal of Conflict Resolution 48(6): 814–58.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Sartori, G. (1987). The Theory of Democracy Revisited. Chatham, New Jersey, Chatham House Publishers.Google Scholar

Schmid, A. P. (1991). “Repression, State Terrorism, and Genocide: Conceptual Clarifications.” State Organized Terror: The Case of Violent Internal Repression. Bushnell, P. T.. Boulder, Colorado, Westview Press.Google Scholar

Schumpeter, J. (1962). Capitalism Socialism and Democracy. New York, Harper Torchbooks.Google Scholar

Scoble, H. and L. Weisberg (1981). “Problems of Comparative Research in Human Rights.” Global Human Rights: Public Policies, Comparative Measures and Ngo Strategies. Nanda, V. P., Scarritt, J., and Shephard, G. W.. Boulder, Colorado, Westview Press.Google Scholar

Scott, J. C. (1985). Weapons of the Weak: Everyday Forms of Peasant Resistance. New Haven, Connecticut, Yale University Press.Google Scholar

Shapiro, I. (2003). The State of Democratic Theory. Princeton, New Jersey, Princeton University Press.Google Scholar

Sherr, A. (1989). Freedom of Protest, Public Order, and the Law. Oxford, United Kingdom; New York, Basil Blackwell.Google Scholar

Shin, D. C. (1994). “On the 3rd Wave of Democratization – A Synthesis and Evaluation of Recent Theory and Research.” World Politics 47(1): 135–70.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Sidanius, J. and Pratto, F. (1999). Social Dominance: An Intergroup Theory of Social Hierarchy and Oppression. Cambridge, United Kingdom; New York, Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Sidel, M. (2004). More Secure Less Free? Antiterrorism Policy & Civil Liberties after September 11. Ann Arbor, University of Michigan Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Singer, J. D. and Small, M. (1994). Correlates of War Project: International and Civil War Data, 1816–1992. Ann Arbor, Inter-university Consortium for Political and Social Research.Google Scholar

Sloan, J. (1984). “State Repression and Enforcement Terrorism in Latin America.” The State as Terrorist: The Dynamics of Governmental Violence and Repression. Stohl, M. and Lopez, G. A.. Westport, Connecticut, Greenwood Press.Google Scholar

Smith, J., Bolyard, M. and Ippolito, A. (1999). “Human Rights and the Global Economy: A Response to Meyer.” Human Rights Quarterly 21(1): 207–19.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Southall, R. (2001). Opposition and Democracy in South Africa. London; Portland, Oregon, Frank Cass.Google Scholar

Stam, A. (1996). Win, Lose or Draw: Domestic Politics and the Crucible of War. Ann Arbor, University of Michigan Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Stanley, W. (1996). The Protection Racket State: Elite Politics, Military Extortion and Civil War in El Salvador. Philadelphia, Temple University Press.Google Scholar

Stohl, M. (1976). War and Domestic Political Violence: The American Capacity for Repression and Reaction. Beverly Hills, California, Sage Publications.Google Scholar

Stohl, M., Carleton, D., Lopez, G. and Samuels, S. (1986). “State Violation of Human-Rights – Issues and Problems of Measurement.” Human Rights Quarterly 8(4): 592–606.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Tilly, C. (1978). From Mobilization to Revolution. Reading, Massachusetts, Addison-Wesley Pub. Co.Google Scholar

Tilly, C., Ardant, G. and Social Science Research Council (U.S.) Committee on Comparative Politics., Eds. (1975). The Formation of National States in Western Europe. Princeton, New Jersey, Princeton University Press.Google Scholar

Timberlake, M. and Williams, K. R. (1984). “Dependence, Political Exclusion, and Government Repression – Some Cross-National Evidence.” American Sociological Review 49(1): 141–46.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Tsebelis, G. (2002). Veto Players: How Political Institutions Work. Princeton, New Jersey, Princeton University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

U.S. State Department (2001). “The Community of Democracies.” www.state.gov/g/drl/c10790.htm.

Berghe, P. L. (1990). State Violence and Ethnicity. Niwot, Colorado, University of Colorado Press.Google Scholar

Vanhanen, T. (2000). “A New Dataset for Measuring Democracy, 1810–1998.” Journal of Peace Research 37(2): 251–65.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Walter, E. V. (1969). Terror and Resistance: A Study of Political Violence, with Case Studies of Some Primitive African Communities. New York, Oxford University Press.Google Scholar

Wantchekon, L. and Healy, A. (1999). “The ‘Game’ of Torture.” Journal of Conflict Resolution 43(5): 596–609.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Ward, M. (2002). “Green Binders in Cyberspace: A Modest Proposal.” Comparative Political Studies 13(1): 46–51.Google Scholar

Weber, M. (1946). From Max Weber: Essays in Sociology. New York, Oxford University Press.Google Scholar

Wedeen, L. (1999). Ambiguities of Domination: Politics, Rhetoric, and Symbols in Contemporary Syria. Chicago, University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar

Whyte, J. and A. MacDonald (1989). “Dissent and National Security and Dissent Some More.” Dissent and the State. Franks, C. E. S.. New York, Oxford University Press.Google Scholar

Wintrobe, R. (1998). The Political Economy of Dictatorship. Cambridge, United Kingdom; New York, Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Wood, E. J. (2000). Forging Democracy from Below: Insurgent Transitions in South Africa and El Salvador. Cambridge, United Kingdom; New York, Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar

Wrong, D. H. (1988). Power, Its Forms, Bases, and Uses: With a New Preface. Chicago, University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar

Wrong, D. H. (1994). The Problem of Order: What Unites and Divides Society. New York, The Free Press.Google Scholar

Zakaria, F. (2004). The Future of Freedom: Illiberal Democracy at Home and Abroad. New York, W. W. Norton and Company.Google Scholar

Zanger, S. C. (2000). “A Global Analysis of the Effect of Political Regime Changes on Life Integrity Violations, 1977–1993.” Journal of Peace Research 37(2): 213–33.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Ziegenhagen, E. A. (1986). The Regulation of Political Conflict. New York, Praeger.Google Scholar

Zimmermann, E. (1983). Political Violence, Crises, and Revolutions: Theories and Research. Boston, G. K. Hall.Google Scholar

Adcock, R. and Collier, D. (2001). “Measurement Validity: A Shared Standard for Qualitative and Quantitative Research.” American Political Science Review 95(3): 529–46.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Aflatooni, A. and Allen, M. P. (1991). “Government Sanctions and Collective Political Protest in Periphery and Semiperiphery States – A Time-Series Analysis.” Journal of Political & Military Sociology 19(1): 29–45.Google Scholar

Agamben, G. (2005). State of Exception. Chicago, University of Chicago Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Alvarez, M., Ciheibub, J., Limongi, F. and Przeworski, A. (1996). “Classifying Political Regimes.” Studies in Comparative International Development 31(2): 1–37.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

American Civil Liberties Union (2005). Main Street America Fights Back: Anti-Patriot Act Community Resolutions Sweep the Nation.

Ames, B. (1987). Political Survival: Politicians and Public Policy in Latin America. Berkeley, University of California Press.Google Scholar

Apodaca, C. (2001). “Global Economic Patterns and Personal Integrity Rights after the Cold War.” International Studies Quarterly 45: 587–602.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Apter, D. E. (1965). The Politics of Modernization. Chicago, University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar

Arat, Z. F. (1991). Democracy and Human Rights in Developing Countries. Boulder, Colorado, Lynne Rienner Publishers.Google Scholar

Arendt, H. (1951). The Origins of Totalitarianism. New York, Harcourt.Google Scholar

Ashcroft, J. (2001a). Testimony before the House Committee on the Judiciary. House Committee on the Judiciary.

Ashcroft, J. (2001b). Department of Justice Oversight: Preserving Our Freedoms While Defending against Terrorism. Hearing before the Senate Committee on the Judiciary.

Bachrach, P. (1967). The Theory of Democratic Elitism; A Critique. Boston, Little.Google Scholar

Banks, A. S. (2001). Cross-National Time-Series Data Archive.

Barro, R. and Lee, J. (1993). “International Comparisons of Educational Attainment.” Journal of Monetary Economics 32: 363–94.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Bay, C. (1958). The Structure of Freedom. Stanford, California, Stanford University Press.Google Scholar

Beetham, D. (1994). Defining and Measuring Democracy. London; Thousand Oaks, California, Sage Publications.Google Scholar

Blalock, H. M. (1989). Power and Conflict: Toward a General Theory. Newbury Park, California, Sage Publications.Google Scholar

Bollen, K. A. (1998). Cross-National Indicators of Liberal Democracy, 1950–1990, Inter-University Consortium for Political and Social Research (ICPSR) #2532. Ann Arbor, Michigan: ICPSR.

Bollen, K. A. (1980). “Issues in the Comparative Measurement of Political Democracy.” American Sociological Review 45(3): 370–90.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Bollen, K. A. (1986). “Political Rights and Political Liberties in Nations – An Evaluation of Human-Rights Measures, 1950 to 1984.” Human Rights Quarterly 8(4): 567–91.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Bollen, K. A. and Jackman, R. W. (1985). “Political Democracy and the Size Distribution of Income.” American Sociological Review 50(4): 438–57.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Boudreau, V. (2004). Resisting Dictatorship: Repression and Protest in Southeast Asia. Cambridge, United Kingdom; New York, Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Bovard, J. (2003). Terrorism and Tyranny: Trampling Freedom, Justice, and Peace to Rid the World of Evil. New York, Palgrave Macmillan.Google Scholar

Mesquita, Bueno B. (2003). The Logic of Political Survival. Cambridge, Massachusetts, MIT Press.Google Scholar

Mesquita, Bueno B., Downs, G. W., Smith, A. and Cherif, F. M. (2005). “Thinking inside the Box: A Closer Look at Democracy and Human Rights.” International Studies Quarterly 49(3): 439–57.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Burkhart, R. E. and Lewisbeck, M. S. (1994). “Comparative Democracy – The Economic-Development Thesis.” American Political Science Review 88(4): 903–10.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Bush, G. W. (2005). Second Inaugural Speech.

Carleton, D. (1989). “The New International Division of Labor, Export-Oriented Growth and State Repression in Latin America.” Dependence, Development, and State Repression. Lopez, George A. and Stohl, Michael. New York, Greenwood Press.Google Scholar

Carleton, D. and Stohl, M. (1985). “The Foreign-Policy of Human-Rights – Rhetoric and Reality from Carter, Jimmy to Reagan, Ronald.” Human Rights Quarterly 7(2): 205–29.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Casper, G. (1995). Fragile Democracies: The Legacies of Authoritarian Rule. Pittsburgh, University of Pittsburgh Press.Google Scholar

Charny, I. W. (1999). Encyclopedia of Genocide. Santa Barbara, California, ABC-CLIO.Google Scholar

Cingranelli, D. L. and Richards, D. L. (1999). “Respect for Human Rights after the End of the Cold War.” Journal of Peace Research 36(5): 511–34.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Cnudde, C. F. and Neubauer, D. E. (1969). Empirical Democratic Theory. Chicago, Markham Publishing Co.Google Scholar

Coleman, J. S. (1960). “Conclusion: The Political System of the Developing Areas.” The Politics of Developing Areas. Almond, G. A. and Coleman, J. S.. Princeton, New Jersey, Princeton University Press.Google Scholar

Collier, D. and Levitsky, S. (1997). “Research Note: Democracy with Adjectives: Conceptual Research in Comparative Politics.” World Politics 43(3): 430–51.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Congdon, P. (2003). Applied Bayesian Modelling. West Sussex, Wiley.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Coppedge, M. and W. H. Reinicke (1991). “Measuring Polyarchy.” On Measuring Democracy: Its Consequences and Concomitants. Inkeles, L. Alex. New Brunswick, Transaction Publishers.Google Scholar

Coser, L. A. (1956). The Functions of Social Conflict. Glencoe, Illinois, Free Press.Google Scholar

Crescenzi, M. J. C. and Enterline, A. J. (1999). “Ripples from the Waves? A Systemic, Time-Series Analysis of Democracy, Democratization, and Interstate War.” Journal of Peace Research 36(1): 75–94.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Cutright, P. (1963). “National Political-Development – Measurement and Analysis.” American Sociological Review 28(2): 253–64.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Dahl, R. A. (1966). Political Opposition in Western Democracies. New Haven, Connecticut, Yale University Press.Google Scholar

Dahl, R. A. (1971). Polyarchy: Participation and Opposition. New Haven, Connecticut, Yale University Press.Google Scholar

Dahl, R. A. (1989). Democracy and Its Critics. New Haven, Connecticut, Yale University Press.Google Scholar

Dahl, R. A. (1998). On Democracy. New Haven, Connecticut, Yale University Press.Google Scholar

Dallin, A. and Breslauer, G. W. (1970). Political Terror in Communist Systems. Stanford, California, Stanford University Press.Google Scholar

Davenport, C. (1995a). “Assessing the Military's Influence on Political Repression.” Journal of Political & Military Sociology 23:119–44.Google Scholar

Davenport, C. (1995b). “Multi-Dimensional Threat Perception and State Repression: An Inquiry into Why States Apply Negative Sanctions.” American Journal of Political Science 39(3): 683–713.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Davenport, C. (1996a). “‘Constitutional Promises’ and Repressive Reality: A Cross-National Time-Series Investigation of Why Political and Civil Liberties Are Suppressed.” Journal of Politics 58(3): 627–54.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Davenport, C. (1996b). “The Weight of the Past: Exploring Lagged Determinants of Political Repression.” Political Research Quarterly 49(2): 377–403.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Davenport, C. (1997). “From Ballots to Bullets: An Empirical Assessment of How National Elections Influence State Uses of Political Repression.” Electoral Studies 16(4): 517–40.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Davenport, C. (1998). “Liberalizing Event or Lethal Episode: An Empirical Assessment of How National Elections Affect the Suppression of Political and Civil Liberties.” Social Science Quarterly 79(2): 321–40.Google Scholar

Davenport, C. (1999). “Human Rights and the Democratic Proposition.” Journal of Conflict Resolution 43(1): 92–116.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Davenport, C. (2004). “The Promise of Democratic Pacification: An Empirical Assessment.” International Studies Quarterly 48(3): 539–60.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Davenport, C. and Armstrong, D. A. II (2004). “Democracy and the Violation of Human Rights: A Statistical Analysis from 1976–1996.” American Journal of Political Science 48(3): 538–54.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Davenport, C. and Ball, P. (2002). “Views to a Kill: Exploring the Implications of Source Selection in the Case of Guatemalan State Terror, 1977–1996.” Journal of Conflict Resolution 46(3): 427–50.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Davenport, C. and Eads, M. (2001). “Cued to Coerce or Coercing Cues? An Exploration of Dissident Framing and Its Relationship to Political Repression.” Mobilization 6(2): 151–71.Google Scholar

Davis, D. and Silver, B. (2004). “Civil Liberties Vs. Security: Public Opinion in the Context of the Terrorist Attacks on America.” American Journal of Political Science 48(1): 28–46.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

De Swann, A. (1977). “Terror as Government Service.” Repression and Repressive Violence: Proceedings of the 3rd International Working Conference on Violence and Non-Violent Action in Industrialized Societies. Hoefnagels, M. Ed. Amsterdam, Swets & Zeitlinger.Google Scholar

Della Porta, D. (1995). Social Movements, Political Violence and the State: A Comparative Analysis of Italy and Germany. New York, Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Della Porta, D. and Reiter, H. (1998). Policing Protest: The Control of Mass Demonstrations in Western Democracies. Minneapolis, University of Minnesota Press.Google Scholar

Denemark, R. and H. Lehman (1984). “South African State Terror: The Costs of Continuing Repression.” The State as Terrorist: The Dynamics of Governmental Violence and Repression. Lopez, M. S. a. G.. Westport, Greenwood Press.Google Scholar

Diamond, L. (1995). Promoting Democracy in the 1990's: Actors and Instruments, Issues and Imperatives. New York, Carnegie Corporation.Google Scholar

Diamond, L. J. (1996). “Is the Third Wave Over?” Journal of Democracy 7(3): 20–37.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Diamond, L., Linz, J. and Lipset, S. M., Eds. (1995). Politics in Developing Countries: Comparing Experiences with Democracy. Boulder, Colorado, L. Rienner Publisher.Google Scholar

Duvall, R. and M. Stohl (1988). “Governance by Terror.” The Politics of Terrorism. Stohl, M. Ed. New York, M. Dekker.Google Scholar

Earl, J. (2003). “Tanks, Tear Gas and Taxes: Toward a Theory of Movement Repression.” Sociological Theory 21(1): 44–68.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Eckstein, H. (1980). Theoretical Approaches to Explaining Collective Political Violence. Handbook of Political Conflict: Theory and Practice. Gurr, T. R. Ed. New York, Free Press.Google Scholar

Eckstein, H. and Gurr, T. R. (1975). Patterns of Authority: A Structural Basis for Political Inquiry. New York: John Wiley & Sons.Google Scholar

Eisenstadt, S. N. (1971). Political Sociology; A Reader. New York, Basic Books.Google Scholar

Ekiert, G. and Kubik, J. (1999). Rebellious Civil Society: Popular Protest and Democratic Consolidation in Poland, 1989–1993. Ann Arbor, University of Michigan Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Elliot, G. (1972). Twentieth Century Book of the Dead. New York, Charles Scribner.Google Scholar

Fein, H. (1995). “More Murder in the Middle – Life-Integrity Violations and Democracy in the World, 1987.” Human Rights Quarterly 17(1): 170–91.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Ferrara, F. (2003). “Why Regimes Create Disorder: Hobbes Dilemma During a Rangoon Summer.” Journal of Conflict Resolution 47(3): 302–25.Google Scholar

Fox, J. (2000). “Civil Society and Political Accountability: Propositions for Discussion.” Presented at Institutions, Accountability, and Democratic Governance in Latin America, The Helen Kellogg Institute for International Studies, University of Notre Dame, May 8–9.

Francisco, R. (2004). “After the Massacre: Mobilization in the Wake of Harsh Repression.” Mobilization 9(2): 107–26.Google Scholar

Franklin, J. (1997). “IMF Conditionality, Threat Perception and Political Repression: A Cross-National Analysis.” Comparative Political Studies 30: 576–606.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Franks, C. E. S., Ed. (1989). Dissent and the State. Toronto, Oxford University Press.Google Scholar

Freedom House (1986–7). Freedom in the World Country Ratings: The Annual Survey of Political Rights and Civil Liberties, 1986–1987. New York, Freedom House.

Freedom House (1991–2). Freedom in the World Country Ratings: The Annual Survey of Political Rights and Civil Liberties, 1986–1987. New York, Freedom House.

Friedrich, C. J. and Brzezinski, Z. (1962). Totalitarian Dictatorship and Autocracy. Cambridge, Massachusetts, Harvard University Press.Google Scholar

Freidrich, R. (1982). “In Defense of Multiplicative Terms in Multiple Regression Equations.” American Journal of Political Science 26(4): 797–833.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Gartner, S. and Regan, P. (1996). “Threat and Repression: The Non-Linear Relationship between Government and Opposition Violence.” Journal of Peace Research 33(3): 273–87.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Gasiorowski, M. J. (1996). “An Overview of the Political Regime Change Dataset.” Comparative Political Studies 29(4): 469–83.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Gastil, R. (1973). “The New Criteria of Freedom.” Freedom at Issue 17(January–February): 2–24.Google Scholar

Gates, S., Hegre, H., Jones, M. P. and Strand, H. L. (2003). “Institutional Inconsistency and Political Instability: Polity Duration, 1800–2000.” American Journal of Political Science 50(4): 893–908.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Geddes, B. (1999). “Authoritarian Breakdown: Empirical Test of a Game Theoretic Argument.” Presented at the Annual Meeting of the American Political Science Association, Atlanta.

Gibney, M. and M. Dalton (1996). “The Political Terror Scale.” Human Rights and Developing Countries. Cingranell, D. L., Ed. Greenwich, Connecticut, JAI.Google Scholar

Gibson, J. L. (1988). “Political Intolerance and Political Repression During the Mccarthy Red Scare.” American Political Science Review 82(2): 511–29.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Gibson, J. L. (2004). Overcoming Apartheid: Can Truth Reconcile a Divided Nation? New York, Russell Sage Foundation.Google Scholar

Giliomee, H. (1987). “Apartheid, Verligtheid, and Liberalism.” Democratic Liberalism in South Africa: Its History and Prospect. Butler, R. E. Jeffrey, and Welsh, David, Eds. Middletown, Connecticut, Weslayan University Press.Google Scholar

Gill, J. (2001). “Interpreting Interactions and Interaction Hierarchies in Generalized Linear Models: Issues and Applications.” Presented at the Annual Meeting of the American Political Science Association, San Francisco.

Gleditsch, K. S. and Ward, M. D. (1997). “Double Take – A Reexamination of Democracy and Autocracy in Modern Polities.” Journal of Conflict Resolution 41(3): 361–83.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Gleditsch, K. S. and Ward, M. D. (2000). “War and Peace in Space and Time: The Role of Democratization.” International Studies Quarterly 44(1): 1–29.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Goldman, R. M. and Douglas, W. A. (1988). Promoting Democracy: Opportunities and Issues. New York, Praeger.Google Scholar

Goldstein, R. J. (1978). Political Repression in Modern America: From 1870 to the Present. Cambridge, Massachusetts, Schenkman Publishing Co.Google Scholar

Goldstein, R. J. (1983). Political Repression in 19th Century Europe. Totowa, New Jersey, Barnes & Noble.Google Scholar

Goldstein, R. J. (1986). “The Limitations of Using Quantitative Data in Studying Human Rights Abuses.” Human Rights Quarterly 8(4): 607–27.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Greene, W. (2000). Econometric Analysis. Upper Saddle, River, New Jersey, Prentice Hall.Google Scholar

Gurr, T. R. (1974). “Persistence and Change in Political Systems, 1800–1971.” American Political Science Review 68(4): 1482–1504.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Gurr, T. R. (1986). “The Political Origins of State Violence and Terror: A Theoretical Analysis.” Government Violence and Repression: An Agenda for Research. Stohl, M. and Lopez, G. A., Eds. New York, Greenwood Press.Google Scholar

Hadenius, A. (1992). Democracy and Development. Cambridge, Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Hafner-Burton, E. (2005a). “Right or Robust? The Sensitive Nature of Repression to Globalization.” Journal of Peace Research 42(6): 679–98.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Hafner-Burton, E. (2005b). “Trading Human Rights: How Preferential Trade Agreements Influence Government Repression.” International Organization 59(Summer): 593–629.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Harff, B. (2003). “No Lessons Learned from the Holocaust: Assessing Risks of Genocide and Political Mass Murder since 1955.” American Political Science Review 97(1): 57–74.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Harff, B. and Gurr, T. R. (1988). “Toward Empirical Theory of Genocides and Politicides: Identification and Measurement of Cases Since 1945.” International Studies Quarterly 32: 359–71.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Harrelson-Stephens, J. and Callaway, R. (2003). “Does Trade Openness Promote Security Rights in Developing Countries? Examining the Liberal Perspective.” International Interactions 29: 143–58.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Hegre, H., Ellingsen, T., Gates, S. and Gleditsch, N. P. (2001). “Toward a Democratic Civil Peace? Democracy, Political Change and Civil War, 1916–1992.” American Political Science Review 95: 33–48.Google Scholar

Held, D. (1996). Models of Democracy. Stanford, California, Stanford University Press.Google Scholar

Henderson, C. W. (1991). “Conditions Affecting the Use of Political Repression.” Journal of Conflict Resolution 35: 120–42.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Henderson, C. W. (1993). “Population Pressures and Political Repression.” Social Science Quarterly 74(2): 322–33.Google Scholar

Hibbs, D. A. (1973). Mass Political Violence: A Cross-National Causal Analysis. New York, Wiley.Google Scholar

Hirschman, A. O. (1970). Exit, Voice, and Loyalty; Responses to Decline in Firms, Organizations, and States. Cambridge, Massachusetts, Harvard University Press.Google Scholar

Hobbes, T. (1950). Leviathan. New York, Dutton.Google Scholar

Huber, E., Rueschemeyer, D. and Stephens, J. D. (1993). “The Impact of Economic-Development on Democracy.” Journal of Economic Perspectives 7(3): 71–86.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Human Rights Watch. (1998). “Human Rights Watch World Report 1998: Rwanda.” http://www.hrw.org/worldreport/Africa-10.htm.

Huntington, S. P. (1991). The Third Wave: Democratization in the Late Twentieth Century. Norman, University of Oklahoma Press.Google Scholar

Immergut, E. (1998). “The Theoretical Core of the New Institutionalism.” Politics and Society 26(1): 5–34.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Isaac, J. C. (1998). Democracy in Dark Times. Ithaca, New York, Cornell University Press.Google Scholar

Jaggers, K. and Gurr, T. R. (1995). “Tracking Democracy's 3rd-Wave with the Polity-III Data.” Journal of Peace Research 32(4): 469–82.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Kaiser, A. (1997). “Types of Democracy – From Classical to New Institutionalism.” Journal of Theoretical Politics 9(4): 419–44.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Karatnycky, A., Ed. (1999). Freedom in the World: The Annual Survey of Political Rights and Civil Liberties 1998–1999. New Brunswick, New Jersey, Transaction Publishers.Google Scholar

Keefer, P. (2002). Database of Political Institutions: Changes and Variable Definitions, Development Research Group, Washington, D.C., The World Bank.Google Scholar

Keefer, P. and Stasavage, D. (2003). “The Limits of Delegation: Veto Players, Central Bank Independence, and the Credibility of Monetary Policy.” American Political Science Review 97(3): 407–23.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Keith, L. C. (1999). “The United Nations International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights: Does It Make a Difference in Human Rights Behavior?” Journal of Peace Research 36(1): 95–118.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Keith, L. C. (2002). “Constitutional Provisions for Individual Human Rights (1977–1996): Are They More Than Mere ‘Window Dressing?” Political Research Quarterly 55(1): 111–43.Google Scholar

Kelley, R. D. G. (1994). Race Rebels: Culture, Politics, and the Black Working Class. New York, Free Press.Google Scholar

King, J. (1998). “Repression, Domestic Threat, and Interactions in Argentina and Chile.” Journal of Political and Military Sociology. 26: 1–27.Google Scholar

King, J. (2000). “Exploring the Ameliorating Effects of Democracy on Political Repression: Cross-National Evidence.” Paths to State Repression: Human Rights Violations and Contentious Politics. Davenport, C., Ed. Boulder, Colorado, Rowan and Littlefield.Google Scholar

Krain, M. (1997). “State-Sponsored Mass Murder: A Study of the Onset and Severity of Genocides and Politicides.” Journal of Conflict Resolution 41(3): 331–60.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Kuhn, T. S. (1962). The Structure of Scientific Revolution, 1st ed., Chicago, University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar

Lamb, G. (2002). “Debasing Democracy: Security Forces and Human Rights Abuses in Post-Liberation Namibia and South Africa.” Measuring Democracy and Human Rights in Southern Africa. Davids, Y. D., Keulder, Christiaan, Lamb, Guy, Pereira, Joao and Spilker, Dirk, Eds., London, Nordic African Institute.Google Scholar

Lane, J.-E. and Ersson, S. O. (2000). The New Institutional Politics: Performance and Outcomes. London; New York, Routledge.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Levene, M. (2005). Genocide in the Age of the Nation State. New York, Palgrave Macmillan.Google Scholar

Levin, M. B. (1971). Political Hysteria in America; the Democratic Capacity for Repression. New York, Basic Books.Google Scholar

Lichbach, M. I. (1987). “Deterrence or Escalation – The Puzzle of Aggregate Studies of Repression and Dissent.” Journal of Conflict Resolution 31(2): 266–97.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Lijphart, A. (1993). “Constitutional Choices for New Democracies.” The Global Resurgence of Democracy. Diamond, L. and Plattner, M., Eds. Baltimore, Johns Hopkins University Press.Google Scholar

Linfield, M. (1990). Freedom under Fire: U.S. Civil Liberties in Times of War. Boston, South End Press.Google Scholar

Linz, J. (2000). Totalitarian and Authoritarian Regimes. Boulder, Colorado, Lynne Rienner.Google Scholar

Lipset, S. M. (1959). “Some Social Requisites of Democracy – Economic-Development and Political Legitimacy.” American Political Science Review 53(1): 69–105.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Liska, A. E. (1992). Social Threat and Social Control. Albany, State University of New York Press.Google Scholar

Locke, J. (1963). Two Treatises of Government. New York, Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar

Long, J. S. (1997). Regression Models for Categorical and Limited Dependent Variables. Thousand Oaks, California, Sage.Google Scholar

Long, J. S. and Freese, J. (2001). Regression Models for Categorical Dependent Variables Using Stata. College Station, Texas, Stata Press.Google Scholar

Lopez, G. A. and Stohl, M., Eds. (1989). Dependence, Development, and State Repression. Contributions in Political Science, No. 209. New York, Greenwood Press.Google Scholar

Machiavelli, N. (1980). The Prince. Champaign, Illinois, Project Gutenberg.Google Scholar

Mamdani, M. (2001). When Victims Become Killers: Colonialism, Nativism, and the Genocide in Rwanda. Princeton, New Jersey, Princeton University Press.Google Scholar

Markus, G. B. and Nesvold, B. A. (1972). “Governmental Coerciveness and Political Instability – Exploratory Study of Cross-National Patterns.” Comparative Political Studies 5(2): 231–43.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Marshall, M. and K. Jaggers (2001). “Polity IV Project: Political Regime Characteristics and Transitions, 1800–1999. Data Users Manual.” College Park, University of Maryland.

Mason, T. D. and Krane, D. A. (1989). “The Political-Economy of Death Squads – Toward a Theory of the Impact of State-Sanctioned Terror.” International Studies Quarterly 33(2): 175–98.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Matau, M. (2001). “Savages, Victims, Saviors: The Metaphor of Human Rights.” Harvard International Law Journal 42: 201–45.Google Scholar

McAdam, D. (1982). Political Process and the Development of Black Insurgency, 1930–1970. Chicago, University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar

McCammant, J. (1981). “A Critique of Measures of Human Rights Development and an Alternative.” Global Human Rights: Public Policies, Comparative Measures, and Ngo Strategies. Nanda, V. P., Scarritt, J. R. and Shepherd, G. W.. Boulder, Colorado, Westview Press.Google Scholar

McCammant, J. (1984). “Governance without Blood: Social Sciences Antiseptic View of Rule; or, the Neglect of Political Repression.” The State as Terrorist: The Dynamics of Governmental Violence and Repression. Stohl, M. and Lopez, G. A.. Westport, Connecticut, Greenwood Press.Google Scholar

McCormick, J. and Mitchell, N.. (1997). “Human rights violations, umbrella concepts, and empirical analysis.” World Politics 49(4): 510.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

McFaul, M. (2002). “The Fourth Wave of Democracy and Dictatorship – Noncooperative Transitions in the Postcommunist World.” World Politics 54(2): 212–44.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

McLennan, B. (1973). Cross-National Comparison of Political Opposition and Conflict: Political Opposition and Dissent. New York, Dunellen Publishing Company.Google Scholar

McMahon, R. (2005). “2005 in Review: Bush's Democracy Agenda Sees Mixed Results, Radio Free Europe – Radio Liberty.” www.rferl.org/featuresarticle/2005/12/3c64dfdc-dc88-4f57-9b65-39e92de7bac0.html

McPhail, C., D. Schweingruber and J. McCarthy (1998). “Policing Protest in the United States, 1960–1995.” Policing Protest: The Control of Mass Demonstrations in Western Democracies. Porta, D. Della and Reiter, H.. Minneapolis, University of Minnesota Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Meyer, W. H. (1996). “Human Rights and MNC's: Theory Versus Quantitative Analysis.” Human Rights Quarterly 18(2): 368–97.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Michels, R. (1962). Political Parties. New York, Free Press.Google Scholar

Mill, J. S. (1861). Considerations on Representative Government. London, Parker, Son, and Bourn.Google Scholar

Mitchell, N. J. and McCormick, J. M. (1988). “Economic and Political Explanations of Human Rights Violations.” World Politics 40(4): 476–98.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Monshipouri, M. (1995). Democratization, Liberalization & Human Rights in the Third World. Boulder, Colorado, Lynne Rienner Publishers.Google Scholar

Montesquieu, C. d. S. (1989). The Spirit of the Laws. New York, Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar

Moore, B. (1954). Terror and Progress USSR: Some Sources of Change and Stability in the Soviet Dictatorship. Cambridge, Harvard University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Moore, W. H. (1998). “Repression and Dissent: Substitution, Context and Timing.” American Journal of Political Science 45(3): 851–73.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Mosca, G. (1980). The Ruling Class – Elementi Di Scienza Politica. Westport, Connecticut, Greenwood Press.Google Scholar

Munck, G. and Verkuilen, J. (2002). “Conceptualizing and Measuring Democracy: Evaluating Alternative Indices.” Comparative Political Studies 35(1): 5–35.Google Scholar

Ngowi, R. (2003). Rwandans Endorse New Constitution. Associated Press. www.mail-archive.com/ugandanet@kym.net/msg03791.html.

O'Donnell, G. A., Schmitter, P. C. and Whitehead, L., Eds. (1986). Transitions from Authoritarian Rule: Prospects for Democracy. Baltimore, Johns Hopkins University Press.Google Scholar

O'Kane, R. (1996). Terror, Force and States: Path from Modernity. Brookfield, Massachusetts, Edgar Elgar Publishing Company.Google Scholar

Olson, M. (1982). The Rise and Decline of Nations: Economic Growth, Stagflation, and Social Rigidities. New Haven, Connecticut, Yale University Press.Google Scholar

Olson, M. (1993). “Dictatorship, Democracy and Development.” American Political Science Review 87(3): 650–74.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

O'Neal, J. R. and Russett, B. (1999). “The Kantian Peace: The Pacific Benefits of Democracy, Interdependence, and International Organizations, 1885–1992.” World Politics 52(1): 1–37.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

O'Neal, J. R., O'Neal, F. H., Maoz, Z. and Russett, B. (1996). “The Liberal Peace: Interdependence, Democracy, and International Conflict, 1950–85.” Journal of Peace Research 33(1): 11–28.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Pateman, C. (1970). Participation and Democratic Theory. Cambridge, United Kingdom, University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Paxton, P., Bollen, K. A., Lee, D. M. and Kim, H. (2003). “A Half-Century of Suffrage: New Data and a Comparative Analysis.” Studies in Comparative International Development 38(1): 93–122.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Penna, D. (1998). “Democratization and Pluralism in South Africa: Policy and Process in the Post-Apartheid Transition.” Democratization and the Protection of Human Rights. Campbell, P. and Mahoney-Norris, K.. Westport, Connecticut, Praeger Publishers.Google Scholar

Pion-Berlin, D. (1989). The Ideology of State Terror: Economic Doctrine and Political Repression in Argentina and Peru. Boulder, Colorado, L. Rienner Publishers.Google Scholar

Poe, S. and Tate, C. N. (1994). “Repression of Human-Rights to Personal Integrity in the 1980s – A Global Analysis.” American Political Science Review 88(4): 853–72.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Poe, S., Tate, C. N. and Keith, L. C. (1999). “Repression of the Human Right to Personal Integrity Revisited: A Global Cross-National Study Covering the Years 1976–1993.” International Studies Quarterly 43(2): 291–313.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Powell, G. B. (1982). Contemporary Democracies: Participation, Stability, and Violence. Cambridge, Massachusetts, Harvard Univerity Press.Google Scholar

Powell, G. B. (2000). Elections as Instruments of Democracy: Majoritarian and Proportional Visions. New Haven, Connecticut, Yale University Press.Google Scholar

Przeworski, A. (2000). Democracy and Development: Political Institutions and Well-Being in the World, 1950–1990. Cambridge, Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Przeworski, A. (2004). “Institutions Matter?” Government & Opposition 39(4): 527–41.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Przeworski, A., Stokes, S. C. and Manin, B. (1999). Democracy, Accountability, and Representation. Cambridge, United Kingdom; New York, Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Raftery, A. (1995). “Bayesian Model Selection in Social Research.” Sociological Methodology 25: 111–64.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Rapoport, D. C. and Weinberg, L. (2001). The Democratic Experience and Political Violence. London; Portland, Oregon, F. Cass.Google Scholar

Rasler, K. (1986). “War, Accommodation and Violence in the United States, 1890–1970.” American Political Science Review 80: 921–45.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Regan, P. and Henderson, E. (2002). “Democracy, Threats and Political Repression in Developing Countries: Are Democracies Internally Less Violent?” Third World Quarterly 23(1): 119–36.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Reiter, D. and Stam, A. C. (2002). Democracies at War. Princeton, New Jersey, Princeton University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Rejali, D. M. (1994). Torture & Modernity: Self, Society, and State in Modern Iran. Boulder, Colorado, Westview Press.Google Scholar

Reyntjens, F. (1996). “Constitution-Making in Situations of Extreme Crisis: The Case of Rwanda and Burundi.” Journal of African Law 40: 236–9.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Reyntjens, F. (2004). “Rwanda, Ten Years On: From Genocide to Dictatorship.” African Affairs 103(411): 177–210.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Richards, D. L. (1999). “Perilous Proxy: Human Rights and the Presence of National Elections.” Social Science Quarterly 80(4): 648–65.Google Scholar

Richards, D. L., Gelleny, R. D. and Sacko, D. H. (2001). “Money with a Mean Streak? Foreign Economic Penetration and Government Respect for Human Rights in Developing Countries.” International Studies Quarterly 45: 219–39.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Roller, E. (2003). “Conceptualizing and Measuring Institutions of Democratic Governance: A Critical Review and Empirical Validation of Veto-Player Indexes.” ECPR Joint Sessions Workshop on “Institutional Theory: Issues of Measurement and Change.”

Rosato, S. (2003). “The Flawed Logic of Democratic Peace Theory.” American Political Science Review 97(4): 585–602.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Rothgeb, J. (1989). Direct Foreign Investment, Repression, Reform and Political Conflict in the Third World. Markets, Politics, and Change in the Global Political Economy. Avery, William P. and Rapkin, David P.. Boulder, Colorado, Lynne Rienner.Google Scholar

Rousseau, D. L., Gelpi, C., Reiter, D. and Huth, P. K. (1996). “Assessing the Dyadic Nature of the Democratic Peace, 1918–88.” American Political Science Review 90(3): 512–33.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Ruland, J. (2003). “Constitutional Debates in the Philippines: From Presidentialism to Parliamentarianism?” Asian Survey 43(3): 461–84.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Rummel, R. J. (1997). Power Kills. New Brunswick, New Jersey, Transaction Publishers.Google Scholar

Russett, B. M. (1993). Grasping the Democratic Peace: Principles for a Post-Cold War World. Princeton, New Jersey, Princeton University Press.Google Scholar

Sambanis, N. (2004). “What Is Civil War? Conceptual and Empirical Complexities of an Operational Definition.” Journal of Conflict Resolution 48(6): 814–58.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Sartori, G. (1987). The Theory of Democracy Revisited. Chatham, New Jersey, Chatham House Publishers.Google Scholar

Schmid, A. P. (1991). “Repression, State Terrorism, and Genocide: Conceptual Clarifications.” State Organized Terror: The Case of Violent Internal Repression. Bushnell, P. T.. Boulder, Colorado, Westview Press.Google Scholar

Schumpeter, J. (1962). Capitalism Socialism and Democracy. New York, Harper Torchbooks.Google Scholar

Scoble, H. and L. Weisberg (1981). “Problems of Comparative Research in Human Rights.” Global Human Rights: Public Policies, Comparative Measures and Ngo Strategies. Nanda, V. P., Scarritt, J., and Shephard, G. W.. Boulder, Colorado, Westview Press.Google Scholar

Scott, J. C. (1985). Weapons of the Weak: Everyday Forms of Peasant Resistance. New Haven, Connecticut, Yale University Press.Google Scholar

Shapiro, I. (2003). The State of Democratic Theory. Princeton, New Jersey, Princeton University Press.Google Scholar

Sherr, A. (1989). Freedom of Protest, Public Order, and the Law. Oxford, United Kingdom; New York, Basil Blackwell.Google Scholar

Shin, D. C. (1994). “On the 3rd Wave of Democratization – A Synthesis and Evaluation of Recent Theory and Research.” World Politics 47(1): 135–70.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Sidanius, J. and Pratto, F. (1999). Social Dominance: An Intergroup Theory of Social Hierarchy and Oppression. Cambridge, United Kingdom; New York, Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Sidel, M. (2004). More Secure Less Free? Antiterrorism Policy & Civil Liberties after September 11. Ann Arbor, University of Michigan Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Singer, J. D. and Small, M. (1994). Correlates of War Project: International and Civil War Data, 1816–1992. Ann Arbor, Inter-university Consortium for Political and Social Research.Google Scholar

Sloan, J. (1984). “State Repression and Enforcement Terrorism in Latin America.” The State as Terrorist: The Dynamics of Governmental Violence and Repression. Stohl, M. and Lopez, G. A.. Westport, Connecticut, Greenwood Press.Google Scholar

Smith, J., Bolyard, M. and Ippolito, A. (1999). “Human Rights and the Global Economy: A Response to Meyer.” Human Rights Quarterly 21(1): 207–19.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Southall, R. (2001). Opposition and Democracy in South Africa. London; Portland, Oregon, Frank Cass.Google Scholar

Stam, A. (1996). Win, Lose or Draw: Domestic Politics and the Crucible of War. Ann Arbor, University of Michigan Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Stanley, W. (1996). The Protection Racket State: Elite Politics, Military Extortion and Civil War in El Salvador. Philadelphia, Temple University Press.Google Scholar

Stohl, M. (1976). War and Domestic Political Violence: The American Capacity for Repression and Reaction. Beverly Hills, California, Sage Publications.Google Scholar

Stohl, M., Carleton, D., Lopez, G. and Samuels, S. (1986). “State Violation of Human-Rights – Issues and Problems of Measurement.” Human Rights Quarterly 8(4): 592–606.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Tilly, C. (1978). From Mobilization to Revolution. Reading, Massachusetts, Addison-Wesley Pub. Co.Google Scholar

Tilly, C., Ardant, G. and Social Science Research Council (U.S.) Committee on Comparative Politics., Eds. (1975). The Formation of National States in Western Europe. Princeton, New Jersey, Princeton University Press.Google Scholar

Timberlake, M. and Williams, K. R. (1984). “Dependence, Political Exclusion, and Government Repression – Some Cross-National Evidence.” American Sociological Review 49(1): 141–46.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Tsebelis, G. (2002). Veto Players: How Political Institutions Work. Princeton, New Jersey, Princeton University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

U.S. State Department (2001). “The Community of Democracies.” www.state.gov/g/drl/c10790.htm.

Berghe, P. L. (1990). State Violence and Ethnicity. Niwot, Colorado, University of Colorado Press.Google Scholar

Vanhanen, T. (2000). “A New Dataset for Measuring Democracy, 1810–1998.” Journal of Peace Research 37(2): 251–65.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Walter, E. V. (1969). Terror and Resistance: A Study of Political Violence, with Case Studies of Some Primitive African Communities. New York, Oxford University Press.Google Scholar

Wantchekon, L. and Healy, A. (1999). “The ‘Game’ of Torture.” Journal of Conflict Resolution 43(5): 596–609.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Ward, M. (2002). “Green Binders in Cyberspace: A Modest Proposal.” Comparative Political Studies 13(1): 46–51.Google Scholar

Weber, M. (1946). From Max Weber: Essays in Sociology. New York, Oxford University Press.Google Scholar

Wedeen, L. (1999). Ambiguities of Domination: Politics, Rhetoric, and Symbols in Contemporary Syria. Chicago, University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar

Whyte, J. and A. MacDonald (1989). “Dissent and National Security and Dissent Some More.” Dissent and the State. Franks, C. E. S.. New York, Oxford University Press.Google Scholar

Wintrobe, R. (1998). The Political Economy of Dictatorship. Cambridge, United Kingdom; New York, Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Wood, E. J. (2000). Forging Democracy from Below: Insurgent Transitions in South Africa and El Salvador. Cambridge, United Kingdom; New York, Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar

Wrong, D. H. (1988). Power, Its Forms, Bases, and Uses: With a New Preface. Chicago, University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar

Wrong, D. H. (1994). The Problem of Order: What Unites and Divides Society. New York, The Free Press.Google Scholar

Zakaria, F. (2004). The Future of Freedom: Illiberal Democracy at Home and Abroad. New York, W. W. Norton and Company.Google Scholar

Zanger, S. C. (2000). “A Global Analysis of the Effect of Political Regime Changes on Life Integrity Violations, 1977–1993.” Journal of Peace Research 37(2): 213–33.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Ziegenhagen, E. A. (1986). The Regulation of Political Conflict. New York, Praeger.Google Scholar

Zimmermann, E. (1983). Political Violence, Crises, and Revolutions: Theories and Research. Boston, G. K. Hall.Google Scholar