Given the central importance of the five-item Gender Equality Scale and the 6-item religiosity scale, additional diagnostic tests were run to examine the reliability and consistency of these scales among, and within, different types of society.

Gender Equality Scale

The five-item Gender Equality Scale from the pooled 1995–2001 WVS/EVS, standardized to 100 points, included the following items:

• MENPOL Q118: “On the whole, men make better political leaders than women do.” (Agree coded low) (1990–2001 WVS)

• MENJOBS Q78: “When jobs are scarce, men should have more right to a job than women.” (Agree coded low) (1990–2001 WVS)

• BOYEDUC Q119: “A university education is more important for a boy than a girl.” (Agree coded low) (1990–2001 WVS)

• NEEDKID Q110: “Do you think that a woman has to have children in order to be fulfilled or is this not necessary?” (Agree coded low) (1981–2001 WVS)

• SGLMUM Q112: “If a woman wants to have a child as a single parent but she doesn't want to have a stable relationship with a man, do you approve or disapprove?” (1981–2001 WVS)