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Published online by Cambridge University Press: 29 September 2009
Induction and deduction are not necessarily different intellectual processes. They are distinguished as problems rather than processes. A deductive problem calls for discovering the implications of certain given statements. What is given in an inductive problem consists of specimens, and the result to be attained is a definition, or at least a working knowledge, of the class represented by the given specimens. The process might be about the same in solving both sorts of problem; more probably, it will show much variation in both cases.
Robert S. Woodworth (1938)Reasoning abilities are traditionally considered to be at or near the core of what is ordinarily meant by intelligence. Binet (1890, p. 582) offered the opinion that intelligence could be defined at least in part as the ability to “think about” materials drawn from the perception of the external world, and the Binet scale (Binet & Simon, 1905) included numerous tasks that relied in some way on the ability to reason with either verbal or nonverbal materials. In the famous symposium on intelligence organized by E. L. Thorndike (1921), Terman (p. 128) described intelligence as “the ability to carry on abstract thinking.”
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