Skip to main content Accessibility help
×
Hostname: page-component-76fb5796d-zzh7m Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-04-29T22:55:28.532Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

Bibliography

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  05 June 2012

Séverine Autesserre
Affiliation:
Columbia University, New York
Get access

Summary

Image of the first page of this content. For PDF version, please use the ‘Save PDF’ preceeding this image.'
Type
Chapter
Information
The Trouble with the Congo
Local Violence and the Failure of International Peacebuilding
, pp. 279 - 302
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Print publication year: 2010

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Abdullah, Ibrahim. 1997. “Bush Path to Destruction: The Origin and Character of the Revolutionary United Front.” Africa Development 22 (3/4): 45–76.Google Scholar
Adam, Hussein. 2004. “Somalia: International Versus Local Attempts at Peacebuilding,” in Durable Peace: Challenges for Peacebuilding in Africa, eds. Taisier, M. Ali and Matthews, Robert O. (pp. 253–281). Toronto: University of Toronto Press.Google Scholar
Adam, Hussein. 2005. “Peace Making and Peace Building in Somalia: A Tale of Two Political Cultures.” Paper presented at the 49th Annual Meeting of the African Studies Association Conference, November, Washington, D.C.
Adam, Hussein M. 2008. From Tyranny to Anarchy: The Somali Experience. Trenton, NJ: Africa World Press.Google Scholar
Adler, Emanuel. 1997. “Seizing the Middle Ground: Constructivism in World Politics.” European Journal of International Relations 3 (3): 319–363.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Alao, Abiodun, Olonisakin, Funmi, and Mackinlay, John. 1999. Peacekeepers, Politicians and Warlords: The Liberian Peace Process. New York: United Nations University Press.Google Scholar
,Amnesty International. 2003. On the Precipice: The Deepening Human Rights and Humanitarian Crisis in Ituri. New York: Amnesty International.Google Scholar
,Amnesty International. 2005. Democratic Republic of Congo: Arming the East. New York: Amnesty International.Google Scholar
Anderson, Mary B. 1999. Do No Harm: How Aid Can Support Peace – or War. Boulder, CO: Lynne Rienner Publishers.Google Scholar
Anderson, Mary, and Olson, Lara. 2003. Confronting War: Critical Lessons for Peace Practitioners. Cambridge, MA: The Collaborative for Development Action.Google Scholar
Autesserre, Séverine. 2006. “Local Violence, National Peace? Post-War ‘Settlement’ in the Eastern D.R. Congo (2003–2006).” African Studies Review 49 (3): 1–29.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Autesserre, Séverine. 2007. “Explaining Peace Building Failures: A Study of the Eastern D.R. Congo (2003–2006).” Review of African Political Economy 34 (113): 423–442.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Autesserre, Séverine. 2008. “The Trouble with Congo – How Local Disputes Fuel Regional Violence.” Foreign Affairs 87 (3): 94–110.Google Scholar
Autesserre, Séverine. 2009. “Hobbes and the Congo. Frames, Local Violence, and International Intervention.” International Organization 63: 249–280.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Avruch, Kevin. 2004. “Culture as Context, Culture as Communication: Considerations for Humanitarian Negotiators.” Harvard Negotiation Law Review 9: 391–408.Google Scholar
Baaz, Maria Eriksson, and Stern, Maria. 2008. “Making Sense of Violence: Voices of Soldiers in the Congo (DRC).” Journal of Modern African Studies 46 (1): 57–86.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Badie, Bertrand. 1995. La Fin des Territoires: Essai sur le Désordre International et sur l'Utilité Sociale du Respect. Paris: Fayard.Google Scholar
Banégas, Richard, and Jewsiewicki, Bogumil (eds.). 2000. “RDC, La Guerre Vue D'en Bas. Special Issue.” Politique Africaine84.
Bangura, Yusuf. 1997. “Understanding the Political and Cultural Dynamics of the Sierra Leone War: A Critique of Paul Richards's Fighting for the Rain Forest.” Africa Development 22 (3/4): 117–148.Google Scholar
Barnett, Michael N. 2002. Eyewitness to a Genocide: The United Nations and Rwanda. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press.Google Scholar
Barnett, Michael N., and Finnemore, Martha. 2004. Rules for the World: International Organizations in Global Politics. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press.Google Scholar
Barron, Patrick, Smith, Claire Q., and Woolcock, Michael. 2004. Understanding Local Level Conflict in Developing Countries: Theory, Evidence and Implications from Indonesia. Social development papers. Conflict prevention and reconstruction series. Washington, DC: World Bank.Google Scholar
Barston, R. P. 1988. Modern Diplomacy. New York: Longman.Google Scholar
Bax, Mart 2000. “Warlords, Priests and the Politics of Ethnic Cleansing: A Case-Study from Rural Bosnia Herzegovina.” Ethnic and Racial Studies 23 (1): 16–36.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bayart, Jean-François. 1989. L'Etat en Afrique: la Politique du Ventre. Paris: Fayard.Google Scholar
Bayart, Jean-François. 1996. L'illusion Identitaire. Paris: Fayard.Google Scholar
Behrend, Heike. 1999. Alice Lakwena & the Holy Spirits: War in Northern Uganda, 1985–97. Oxford: James Currey.Google Scholar
Benson, Rodney. 2006. “News Media as a ‘Journalistic Field’: What Bourdieu Adds to New Institutionalism, and Vice Versa.” Political Communication (23): 187–202.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Berger, Carol. 2009. “The Unintended Consequences of UN Peacekeeping in Post-War Southern Sudan: Why Everyone Wants a Uniform.” Paper presented at the Symposium on Imperfect Duties? Humanitarian Intervention in Africa and the Responsibility to Protect in the Post-Iraq Era, March, De Pauw University, Indiana.
Berger, Peter L., and Luckmann, Thomas. 1967. The Social Construction of Reality; a Treatise in the Sociology of Knowledge. Garden City, NY: Doubleday.Google Scholar
Berkeley, Bill. 2001. The Graves Are Not Yet Full: Race, Tribe and Power in the Heart of Africa. New York: Basic Books.Google Scholar
Bigo, Didier. 1996. “Guerres, Conflits, Transnational et Territoire,” in L'international Sans Territoire, eds. Badie, Bertrand, Smouts, Marie-Claude, and Andreff, Wladimir (pp. 397–418). Paris: L'Harmattan.Google Scholar
Bigo, Didier. 2006. “Globalized (in)Security: The Field and the Ban-Opticon,” in Illiberal Practices of Liberal Regimes – the (in)Security Games, eds. Bigo, Didier and Tsoukala, Anastasia (pp. 5–49). Paris: L'Harmattan.Google Scholar
Boas, Morten. 2008. “‘Just Another Day’ – the North Kivu Security Predicament after the 2006 Congolese Elections.” African Security 1 (1): 53–68.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Boas, Morten. 2009. “Funérailles Pour un Ami: des Luttes de Citoyenneté dans la Guerre Civile Libérienne.” Politique Africaine (112): 36–51.Google Scholar
Boshoff, Henri. 2005. Update on the Status of Army Integration in the DRC. Pretoria, South Africa: Institute for Security Studies.Google Scholar
Bourdieu, Pierre. 1979. La Distinction: Critique Sociale du Jugement. Paris: Éditions de Minuit.Google Scholar
Boutros-Ghali, Boutros. 1992. An Agenda for Peace. Preventive Diplomacy, Peacemaking and Peace-Keeping. New York: United Nations.Google Scholar
Braeckman, Colette. 1999. L'enjeu Congolais: L'Afrique Centrale Après Mobutu. Paris: Fayard.Google Scholar
Braeckman, Colette. 2003. Les Nouveaux Prédateurs: Politique Des Puissances En Afrique Centrale. Paris: Fayard.Google Scholar
Branch, Daniel. 2009. The Normalisation of Violence. Oxford Transitional Justice Research Working Paper Series, Oxford University.
Brewer, Cecily. 2008. “Good Intentions: The UN's Integrated DDR Dilemmas in Southern Sudan.” Unpublished Manuscript, Johns Hopkins University, on file with author.Google Scholar
Brittain, Victoria, and Conchiglia, Augusta. 2004. EU Security: The Great Lake. Study Group on Europe's Security Capabilities. London: London School of Economics – Center for the Study of Global Governance.Google Scholar
Bush, Robert A. Baruch. 2003. “Realizing the Potential of International Conflict Work: Connections between Practice and Theory.” Negotiation Journal (January): 97–103.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Carayannis, Tatiana. Forthcoming. Pioneers of Peacekeeping: The Story of the UN Operation in the Congo 1960–1965. Boulder, CO: Lynne Rienner Publishers.
Carayannis, Tatiana, and Weiss, Herbert F. 2003. “The Democratic Republic of Congo: 1996–2002,” in Dealing with Conflict in Africa: The Role of the United Nations and Regional Organizations, ed. Boulden, Jane (pp. 253–303). London: Palgrave.Google Scholar
Carothers, Thomas. 2002. “The End of the Transition Paradigm.” Journal of Democracy 13 (2): 5–21.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Carpenter, R. Charli. 2003. “Women and Children First: Gender, Norms, and Humanitarian Evacuation in the Balkans 1991–5.” International Organization (57): 661–694.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Carpenter, R. Charli. 2006. Innocent Women and Children: Gender, Norms and the Protection of Civilians. Burlington, VT: Ashgate.Google Scholar
Cassanelli, Lee V. 1997. “Somali Land Resource Issues in Historical Perspective.” In Learning from Somalia, ed. Clarke, Walter and Herbst, Jeffrey (pp. 42–63). Boulder, CO: Westview Press.
,Cellule Provinciale d'Appui à la Pacification and Programme des Nations Unies pour le Développement. 2008. Rapports de l'Exercice Participatif d'Analyse des Conflits et Capacités de Paix pour la Planification du Développement dans la Province du Nord-Kivu. Goma: Programme des Nations Unies pour le Développement.Google Scholar
Chrétien, Jean-Pierre. 1995. Les Médias du Génocide. Paris: Karthala.Google Scholar
Coles, Kimberley. 2007. Democratic Designs. International Intervention and Electoral Practices in Postwar Bosnia-Herzegovina. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Conrad, Joseph. 1971 [1902]. Heart of Darkness. New York: Norton.Google Scholar
Cowan, Paul. 2005. The Peacekeepers. Montreal: National Film Board of Canada.Google Scholar
Curtis, Devon. 2001. Politics and Humanitarian Aid: Debates, Dilemmas and Dissension. HPG Report. London: Overseas Development Institute.Google Scholar
Daase, Christopher. 1999. “Spontaneous Institutions: Peacekeeping as an International Convention,” in Imperfect Unions: Security Institutions over Time and Space, eds. Haftendorn, Helga, Keohane, Robert O., and Wallander, Celeste A. (pp. 223–258). Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Dahl, Robert Alan. 1989. Democracy and Its Critics. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.Google Scholar
Goede, Meike, and Borgh, Chris. 2008. “A Role for Diplomats in Postwar Transitions? The Case of the International Committee in Support of the Transition in the Democratic Republic of the Congo.” African Security 1 (2): 115–133.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wall, Alenander. 1997. Famine Crimes: Politics & the Disaster Relief Industry in Africa. Bloomington: Indiana University Press.Google Scholar
Wall, Alenander. 2005a. “Counter-Insurgency on the Cheap.” London Review of Books 26 (15).Google Scholar
Waal, Alexander. 2005b. “Who Are the Darfurians? Arab and African Identities, Violence and External Engagement.” African Affairs 104 (415): 181–205.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Waal, Alexander. 2007. “Prospects for Peace in Darfur,” in War in Darfur and the Search for Peace, ed. Alex Waal, (pp. 367–392). Cambridge and London: Global Equity Initiative, Harvard University, and Justice Africa.Google Scholar
Zeeuw, Jeroen 2005. “Projects Do Not Create Institutions. The Record of Democracy Assistance in Post-conflict Societies.” Democratization 12 (4): 481–504.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Debos, Marielle. 2008. “Fluid Loyalties in a Regional Crisis: Chadian ‘Ex-Liberators’ in the Central African Republic.” African Affairs 107 (427): 225–241.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Deng, Francis M. 1995. War of Visions: Conflict of Identities in the Sudan. Washington, DC: Brookings Institution.Google Scholar
Denich, Bette. 1994. “Dismembering Yugoslavia: Nationalist Ideology and the Symbolic Revival of Genocide.” American Ethnologist 21 (2): 367–390.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dennys, Christian, and Zaman, Idrees. 2009. Trends in Local Afghan Conflicts – Synthesis Paper. Kabul, Afghanistan: Cooperation for Peace and Unity.Google Scholar
Des Forges, Alison. 1999. Leave None to Tell the Story: Genocide in Rwanda. New York: Human Rights Watch.Google Scholar
Diamond, Larry. 1996. “Democracy in Latin America: Degrees, Illusions, and Directions for Consolidation,” in Beyond Sovereignty: Collectively Defending Democracy in the Americas, ed. Tom Farer, (pp. 52–104). Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press.Google Scholar
DiMaggio, Paul, and Powell, Walter. 1983. “The Iron Cage Revisited: Institutional Isomorphism and Collective Rationality in Organizational Fields.” American Sociological Review 48 (2): 147–160.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Doom, Ruddy, and Gorus, Jan F. J. 2000. Politics of Identity and Economics of Conflict in the Great Lakes Region. Brussels: VUB University Press.Google Scholar
Doom, Ruddy, and Vlassenroot, Koen. 1999. “Kony's Message: A New Koine? The Lord's Resistance Army in Northern Uganda.” African Affairs 98: 5–36.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Downs, George, and Stedman, Stephen John. 2002. “Evaluation Issues in Peace Implementation,” in Ending Civil Wars. The Implementation of Peace Agreements, eds. John Stedman, Stephen, Rothchild, Donald, and Cousens, Elizabeth M. (pp. 43–69). London: Lynne Rienner Publishers.Google Scholar
Doyle, Michael W., Johnstone, Ian, and Orr, Robert C., eds. 1997. Keeping the Peace: Multidimensional UN Operations in Cambodia and El Salvador. New York: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Doyle, Michael W., and Sambanis, Nicholas. 2000. “International Peacebuilding: A Theoretical and Quantitative Analysis.” American Political Science Review 94 (4): 779–801.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Doyle, Michael W., and Sambanis, Nicholas. 2006. Making War and Building Peace: United Nations Peace Operations. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.Google Scholar
Drew, Elizabeth. 1994. On the Edge: The Clinton Presidency. New York: Simon & Schuster.Google Scholar
Duffey, Tamara. 2000. “Cultural Issues in Contemporary Peacekeeping.” International Peacekeeping 7 (1); 142–168.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Duffield, Mark R. 2001. Global Governance and the New Wars: The Merging of Development and Security. New York: Zed Books.Google Scholar
Dunn, Kevin C. 2003. Imagining the Congo: The International Relations of Identity. New York: Palgrave Macmillan.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Eden, Lynn. 2004. Whole World on Fire: Organizations, Knowledge, and Nuclear Weapons Devastation. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press.Google Scholar
Ellis, Stephen. 2002. “Cautions on Macro-Political Peacebuilding.” Paper presented at the symposium Democratization after War: State-Of-the-Art Thinking about Governance and Peacebuilding, Tinas J. Watson Jr. Institute for International Studies, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island.
Ellis, Stephen. 2005. “How to Rebuild Africa.” Foreign Affairs 84 (5): 135–148.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Englebert, Pierre, and Tull, Denis. 2008. “Postconflict Resolution in Africa: Flawed Ideas About Failed States.” International Security 32 (4): 106–139.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Fahey, Dan. 2009. “Guns and Butter: Uganda's Involvement in Northeastern Congo 2003–2009.” Paper presented at the 52nd Annual Meeting of the African Studies Association Conference, November, New Orleans.
Fanthrope, Richard. 2001. “Neither Citizen nor Subject? ‘Lumpen’ Agency and the Legacy of Native Administration in Sierra Leone.” African Affairs 100: 363–386.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Farah, Ahmed Yusuf. 2002. African Conflicts, Their Management, Resolution and Post Conflict Reconstruction. CODESRIA, Addis Ababa, http://unpan1.un.org/intradoc/groups/public/documents/cafrad/unpan009239.pdf.
Farah, Ahmed Yusuf, with Lewis, I.M. 1993. Somalia: The Roots of Reconciliation. London/Hargeisa: Action Aid.Google Scholar
Farah, Ahmed Yusuf, with Lewis, I.M. 1997Making Peace in Somaliland.” Cahiers d'Études Africaines 37 (146): 349–377.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Fearon, James D., and Laitin, David D. 2003. “Ethnicity, Insurgency, and Civil War.” American Political Science Review 97 (1): 75–90.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Fearon, James, and Wendt, Alexander. 2002. “Rationalism Versus Constructivism: A Skeptical View,” in Handbook of International Relations, eds. Carlsnaes, Walter, Risse, Thomas, and Simmons, Beth (pp. 52–72). London: Sage Publications.Google Scholar
,Fédération Internationale des Ligues des Droits de l'Homme. 2009. République Démocratique du Congo: la Dérive Autoritaire du Régime. Paris:Fédération Internationale des Ligues des Droits de l'Homme.Google Scholar
Ferguson, James. 1990. The Anti-Politics Machine: “Development,” Depoliticization, and Bureaucratic Power in Lesotho. New York: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Fetherston, Betts and Nordstrom, Carolyn. 1995. “Overcoming Habitus in Conflict Management: UN peacekeeping and Warzone Ethnography.” Peace and Change 20 (1): 94–119.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Finnemore, Martha. 1996a. “Constructing Norms of Humanitarian Interventions,” in The Culture of National Security: Norms and Identity in World Politics, ed. Katzenstein, Peter J. (pp. 107–126). New York: Columbia University Press.Google Scholar
Finnemore, Martha. 1996b. “Norms, Culture, and World Politics: Insights from Sociology's Institutionalism.” International Organization 50 (2): 325–347.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Fitzduff, Niall, and Williams, Sue. 2007. How Did Northern Ireland Move toward Peace? Collaborative Learning Project. Cambridge, MA: Reflecting on Peace Practice Project.Google Scholar
Fortna, Virginia Page. 2004a. “Where Have All the Victories Gone? War Outcomes in Historical Perspective.” Paper presented at the 99th Annual Meeting of the American Political Science Association Conference, September, Chicago.
Fortna, Virginia Page. 2004b. Peace Time: Cease-Fire Agreements and the Durability of Peace. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.Google Scholar
Fortna, Virginia Page. 2008. Does Peacekeeping Work? Shaping Belligerents' Choices after Civil War. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.Google Scholar
Fujii, Lee Ann. 2008. “The Power of Local Ties: Popular Participation in the Rwandan Genocide.” Security Studies (17): 568–597.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gambino, Anthony W. 2008. Congo. Securing Peace, Sustaining Progress. Washington, DC: Council on Foreign Relations Press.Google Scholar
Gilbert, Andrew. 2008. Foreign Authority and the Politics of Impartiality in Postwar Bosnia-Herzegovina. PhD diss., University of Chicago.
Gilligan, Michael, and Stedman, Stephen John. 2003. “Where Do the Peacekeepers Go?International Studies Review 5 (4): 37–54.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
,Global Witness. 2005. Under-Mining Peace. Tin: The Explosive Trade in Cassiterite in Eastern DRC. Washington, DC: Global Witness.Google Scholar
Grove, Brandon. 2005. Behind Embassy Walls: The Life and Times of an American Diplomat. Columbia: University of Missouri Press.Google Scholar
Guilhot, Nicolas. 2005. The Democracy Makers: Human Rights and International Order. New York: Columbia University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hadjipavlou, Maria, and Kanol, Bülent 2008. Cumulative Impact Case Study. The Impacts of Peacebuilding Work on the Cyprus Conflict. Collaborative Learning Project. Cambridge, MA: Reflecting on Peace Practice Project.Google Scholar
Hamilton, Keith, and Langhorne, Richard. 1995. The Practice of Diplomacy: Its Evolution, Theory and Administration. New York: Routledge.Google Scholar
Hansen, Lene. 2006. Security as Practice: Discourse Analysis and the Bosnian War. New York: Routledge.Google Scholar
Held, David. 2006. Models of Democracy. Cambridge, UK: Polity.Google Scholar
Hergé, . 1930–1931. Tintin au Congo. Paris: Casterman.Google Scholar
Hochschild, Adam. 1998. King Leopold's Ghost: A Story of Greed, Terror, and Heroism in Colonial Africa. Boston: Houghton Mifflin.Google Scholar
Hocking, Brian. 2004. “Privatizing Diplomacy? (ISP Policy Forum: The Privatization of Diplomacy and Security).” International Studies Perspectives 5 (2): 147–152.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hoebeke, Hans, Carette, Stéphanie, and Vlassenroot, Koen. 2007. EU Support to the Democratic Republic of Congo. Paris: Centre d'Etudes Stratégiques. Bureau du Premier Ministre de la République Française.
Hoffman, Bruce. 2008. “The Myth of Grass-Roots Terrorism. Why Osama Bin Laden Still Matters.” Foreign Affairs 87 (3): 133–138.Google Scholar
Holbrooke, Richard C. 1998. To End a War. New York: Random House.Google Scholar
Holohan, Anne. 2005. Networks of Democracy: Lessons from Kosovo for Afghanistan, Iraq, and Beyond. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press.Google Scholar
Holt, Victoria K., and Berkman, Tobias C. 2006. The Impossible Mandate? Military Preparedness, the Responsibility to Protect and Modern Peace Operations. Washington, DC: The Henry L. Stimson Center.Google Scholar
Howard, Lise Morjé. 2008. UN Peacekeeping in Civil Wars. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
,Human Rights Watch. 1999. Democratic Republic of Congo: Casualties of War: Civilians, Rule of Law, and Democratic Freedoms. New York: Human Rights Watch.Google Scholar
,Human Rights Watch. 2000. Eastern Congo Ravaged: Killing Civilians and Silencing Protest. Washington, DC: Human Rights Watch.Google Scholar
,Human Rights Watch. 2002. The War within the War – Sexual Violence against Women and Girls in Eastern Congo. Washington, DC: Human Rights Watch.Google Scholar
,Human Rights Watch. 2004. End Arm Flows as Ethnic Tensions Rise. Brussels: Human Rights Watch.Google Scholar
,Human Rights Watch. 2005. République Démocratique Du Congo – Attaque Contre Des Civils au Nord Kivu. Brussels: Human Rights Watch.Google Scholar
,Human Rights Watch. 2007. Human Rights Watch World Report 2007: Events of 2006. New York: Seven Stories Press.Google Scholar
,Human Rights Watch. 2008a. Ballots to Bullets: Organized Political Violence and Kenya's Crisis of Governance. New York: Human Rights Watch.Google Scholar
,Human Rights Watch. 2008b. We Will Crush You: The Restriction of Political Space in the Democratic Republic of Congo. New York: Human Rights Watch.Google Scholar
Huntington, Samuel P. 1993. “The Clash of Civilizations?Foreign Affairs 72 (3): 22–49.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hutchinson, Sharon. 2001. “A Curse from God? Religious and Political Dimensions of the Post-1991 Rise of Ethnic Violence in South Sudan.” The Journal of Modern African Studies 39 (2): 307–331.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
,International Crisis Group. 1999. The Agreement on a Cease-Fire in the Democratic Republic of Congo: An Analysis of the Agreement and Prospects for Peace. Democratic Republic of Congo Report. Brussels: International Crisis Group.Google Scholar
,International Crisis Group. 2000a. Indonesia's Maluku Crisis: The Issues. Brussels: International Crisis Group.Google Scholar
,International Crisis Group. 2000b. Scramble for the Congo. Anatomy of an Ugly War. Africa Report. Brussels: International Crisis Group.Google Scholar
,International Crisis Group. 2001. The Inter-Congolese Dialogue. Political Negotiation or Game of Bluff? Africa Report. Brussels: International Crisis Group.Google Scholar
,International Crisis Group. 2002. Storm Clouds over Sun City. The Urgent Need to Recast the Congolese Peace Process. Africa Report. Brussels: International Crisis Group.Google Scholar
,International Crisis Group. 2003a. Congo Crisis: Military Intervention in Ituri. Africa Report. Brussels: International Crisis Group.Google Scholar
,International Crisis Group. 2003b. The Kivus: The Forgotten Crucible of the Congo Conflict. Africa Report. Brussels: International Crisis Group.Google Scholar
,International Crisis Group. 2004a. Back to the Brink in the Congo. Africa Briefing. Brussels: International Crisis Group.Google Scholar
,International Crisis Group. 2004b. Liberia and Sierra Leone: Rebuilding Failed States. Africa Report. Brussels: International Crisis Group.Google Scholar
,International Crisis Group. 2004c. Maintaining Momentum in the Congo: The Ituri Problem. Africa Report. Brussels: International Crisis Group.Google Scholar
,International Crisis Group. 2005a. The Congo's Transition Is Failing: Crisis in the Kivus. Brussels: International Crisis Group.Google Scholar
,International Crisis Group. 2005b. Congo: Deal with the FDLR Threat Now. Brussels: International Crisis Group.Google Scholar
,International Crisis Group. 2006a. Congo's Elections: Making or Breaking the Peace. Brussels: International Crisis Group.Google Scholar
,International Crisis Group. 2006b. Escaping the Conflict Trap: Promoting Good Governance in the Congo. Brussels: International Crisis Group.Google Scholar
,International Crisis Group. 2006c. Katanga: The Congo's Forgotten Crisis. Brussels: International Crisis Group.Google Scholar
,International Crisis Group. 2007a. Bringing Peace to North Kivu. Brussels: International Crisis Group.Google Scholar
,International Crisis Group. 2007b. Darfur's New Security Reality. Brussels: International Crisis Group.Google Scholar
,International Crisis Group. 2007c. Congo: Consolidating the Peace. Brussels: International Crisis Group.Google Scholar
,International Crisis Group. 2008. Congo: Four Priorities for Sustainable Peace in Ituri. Brussels: International Crisis Group.Google Scholar
,International Crisis Group. 2009. Congo: Five Priorities for a Peacebuilding Strategy. Brussels: International Crisis Group.Google Scholar
,International Rescue Committee. 2003. Mortality in the Democratic Republic of Congo: Results from a Nationwide Survey. New York: International Rescue Committee and Burnet Institute.Google Scholar
,International Rescue Committee. 2004. Mortality in the Democratic Republic of Congo: Results from a Nationwide Survey. Conducted April–July 2004. New York: International Rescue Committee and Burnet Institute.Google Scholar
,International Rescue Committee. 2005. Mortality in the Democratic Republic of Congo: Results from a Nationwide Survey. New York: International Rescue Committee and Burnet Institute.Google Scholar
,International Rescue Committee. 2007. Mortality in the Democratic Republic of Congo: An Ongoing Crisis. New York: International Rescue Committee and Burnet Institute.Google Scholar
Ismail, Omer, and Fick, Maggie. 2009. Darfur Rebels 101. Washington, DC: Enough Project.Google Scholar
Jackson, Stephen. 2000. “‘Nos Richesses Sont Pillées!’ Economies de Guerre et Rumeurs de Crime au Kivu.” Politique Africaine 84: 117–135.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Jackson, Stephen. 2006. “Sons of Which Soil? The Language and Politics of Autochthony in Eastern D.R. Congo.” African Studies Review 49 (2): 95–123.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Johnston, Patrick. 2005. “Dynamics of Post-War and Peacekeeping in Sierra Leone.” Paper presented at the 49th Annual Meeting of the African Studies Association Conference, Washington, D.C.
Jones, Bruce D. 2001. Peacemaking in Rwanda: The Dynamics of Failure. Boulder, CO: Lynne Rienner Publishers.Google Scholar
Jönsson, Christer, and Hall, Martin. 2005. Essence of Diplomacy. New York: Palgrave Macmillan.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kalere, Jean Migabo. 2002. Génocide au Congo? Analyse des Massacres de Populations Civiles. Brussels: Broederlijk Delen.Google Scholar
Kalyvas, Stathis N. 2001. “ ‘New’ and ‘Old’ Civil Wars, a Valid Distinction?World Politics, 54 (1): 99–118.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Finnemore, Martha. 2003. “The Ontology of ‘Political Violence’: Action and Identity in Civil Wars.” Perspectives on Politics 1 (3): 475–494.Google Scholar
Kalyvas, Stathis N. 2006. The Logic of Violence in Civil War. New York: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kaplan, Robert. 1994a. “The Coming Anarchy.” The Atlantic Monthly, February.Google Scholar
Finnemore, Martha. 1994b. Balkan Ghosts: A Journey through History. New York: Vintage Books.Google Scholar
Kaplan, Robert D. 1996. The Ends of the Earth: A Journey at the Dawn of the 21st Century. New York: Random House.Google Scholar
Kasongo, Missak, and Sebahara, Pamphile. 2006. Le Désarmement, la Démobilisation et la Réinsertion des Combattants en RD Congo. Note d'Analyse. Brussels: GRIP.Google Scholar
Katz-Lavigne, Sarah. 2008. “Partial Peacebuilding and the Failure of Civilian Protection in the Democratic Republic of Congo, 2003–2006.” MA thesis, London School of Economics, on file with author.
Kayser, Christiane. 2008. La Conférence De La Dernière Chance? Et Après? Echos de Goma et d'Ailleurs. Goma: Pole Institute.Google Scholar
Kim, Cheryl M. Lee, and Metrikas, Mark. 1997. “Holding a Fragile Peace: The Military and Civilian Components of UNTAC,” in Keeping the Peace, eds. Doyle, Michael W., Johnstone, Ian, and Orr, Robert C. (pp. 107–133). New York: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Kipp, Jacob, Grau, Lester, Prinslow, Karl, and Smith, Don. 2006. “The Human Terrain System: A Cords for the 21st Century.” Military Review (Sept-Oct).Google Scholar
Klopp, Jacqueline. 2002. “Can Moral Ethnicity Trump Political Tribalism? The Struggle for Land and Nation in Kenya.” African Studies Review 61 (2): 269–294.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Klopp, Jacqueline. 2009. “Kenya's Unfinished Agendas.” Journal of International Affairs 62 (2): 143–158.Google Scholar
Klopp, Jacqueline, Githinji, Patrick, and Karuoya, Keffa. 2009. “Internal Displacement and Local Peace-Building in Kenya: Challenges and Innovations.” Unpublished Manuscript, Columbia University/Internal Displacement Policy and Advocacy Center, on file with author.
Klopp, Jacqueline, and Kamungi, Prisca. 2007/2008. “Violence and Elections: Will Kenya Collapse?World Policy Review 24 (4): 11–18.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Klopp, Jacqueline, and Zuern, Elke. 2007. “The Politics of Violence in Democratization.” Comparative Politics 39 (2): 127–146.Google Scholar
Klotz, Audie, and Lynch, Cecelia. 2007. Strategies for Research in Constructivist International Relations. Armonk, NY: M.E. Sharpe.Google Scholar
Knox, Colin, and Quirk, Pádraic. 2000. Peace Building in Northern Ireland, Israel and South Africa. Transition, Transformation and Reconciliation. New York: Palgrave Macmillan.Google Scholar
Krämer, Mario. 2006. “The Relations between Center and Periphery. Dynamics of Violence in Kwazulu-Natal, South Africa.” Paper presented at the Order, Conflict, and Violence Speaker Series, Yale University.
Krämer, Mario. 2007. Violence as Routine. Transformations of Local-Level Politics and the Disjunction between Centre and Periphery in Kwazulu-Natal (South Africa). Köln: Rüdiger Köppe Verlag (Siegener Beiträge zur Soziologie, vol. 8).Google Scholar
Kuper, Adam. 1999. Culture: The Anthropologists' Account. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.Google Scholar
Lapid, Yosef, and Kratochwil, Friedrich V. 1996. The Return of Culture and Identity in IR Theory. Boulder, CO: Lynne Rienner Publishers.Google Scholar
Lederach, John Paul. 1995. Preparing for Peace: Conflict Transformation across Cultures. Syracuse, N.Y.: Syracuse University Press.Google Scholar
Lederach, John Paul. 1997. Building Peace: Sustainable Reconciliation in Divided Societies. Washington, DC: U.S. Institute of Peace Press.Google Scholar
Lemarchand, René. 1995. “Rwanda: The Rationality of Genocide.” Issue: A Journal of Opinion XXIII: 12–17.Google Scholar
Lemarchand, René. 2008. The Dynamics of Violence in Central Africa. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press.Google Scholar
Lemarchand, René. 2009. “Reflections on the Crisis in Eastern Congo,” in L'Afrique Des Grands Lacs – Annuaire 2008 – 2009, eds. Reyntjens, Filip and Marysse, Stefaan (pp. 105–123). Paris: L'Harmattan.Google Scholar
Lesch, Ann Mosely. 1998. The Sudan: Contested National Identities. Bloomington: Indiana University Press.Google Scholar
Lewer, Nick. 1999. International Non-Government Organisations and Peacebuilding – Perspectives from Peace Studies and Conflict Resolution. West Yorkshire, UK: University of Bradford. Department of Peace Studies. Centre for Conflict Resolution.Google Scholar
Lewis, I. M. 1993. Understanding Somalia: Guide to Culture, History and Social Institutions. London: Haan.Google Scholar
Licklider, Roy. 1995. “Consequences of Negotiated Settlements in Civil Wars, 1945–1993.” American Political Science Review 89 (3): 681–687.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lie, Jon Harald Sande, and Carvalho, Benjamin 2008. A Culture of Protection? Perceptions of the Protection of Civilians from Sudan. Oslo: Norwegian Institute for International Affairs (NUPI).Google Scholar
,Life and Peace Institute. 2004. Atelier de Planification des Partenaires de l'Institut Vie et Paix. Bukavu: Life and Peace Institute.Google Scholar
,Life and Peace Institute. 2006. Analyse des Dynamiques Locales de Cohabitation avec Groupes Armés FDLR à Bunyakiri, Hombo Nord, Hombo Sud et Chambucha. Bukavu: Life and Peace Institute.Google Scholar
Lyons, Terrence. 2002. “The Role of Postsettlement Elections,” in Ending Civil Wars. The Implementation of Peace Agreements, eds. Stedman, Stephen John, Rothchild, Donald, and Cousens, Elizabeth M. (pp.215–237). Boulder, CO: Lynne Rienner Publishers.Google Scholar
Lyons, Terrence. 2004. “Post-Conflict Elections and the Process of Demilitarizing Politics: The Role of Electoral Administration.” Democratization 11 (3): 36–62.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lyons, Terrence. 2005. Demilitarizing Politics: Elections on the Uncertain Road to Peace. Boulder, CO: Lynne Rienner Publishers.Google Scholar
Macrae, Joanna, and Leader, Nicholas. 2000. Shifting Sands: The Search for ‘Coherence’ between Political and Humanitarian Responses to Complex Emergencies. HPG Report. London: Overseas Development Institute.Google Scholar
Maindo Monga Ngonga, Alphonse 2000. “Survivre à la Guerre des Autres. Un Défi Populaire en RDC. RDC, la Guerre Vue d'en Bas.” Politique Africaine 84: 33–58.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Maindo Monga Ngonga, Alphonse 2007. Des Conflits Locaux à la Guerre Régionale en Afrique Centrale: Le Congo-Kinshasa Oriental 1996–2007. Paris: L'Harmattan.Google Scholar
Mamdani, Mahmood. 1996. Citizen and Subject: Contemporary Africa and the Legacy of Late Colonialism. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.Google Scholar
Mamdani, Mahmood. 2001. When Victims Become Killers: Colonialism, Nativism, and the Genocide in Rwanda. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.Google Scholar
Mamdani, Mahmood. 2007. “The Politics of Naming: Genocide, Civil War, Insurgency.” London Review of Books 29 (5): 5–8.Google Scholar
Mamdani, Mahmood. 2009. Saviors and Survivors: Darfur, Politics, and the War on Terror. New York: Pantheon Books.Google Scholar
Mampilly, Zachariah Cherian. 2007. Stationary Bandits: Understanding Rebel Governance. PhD diss., University of California–Los Angeles.
Mansfield, Edward D., and Snyder, Jack L. 2005. Electing to Fight: Why Emerging Democracies Go to War. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.Google Scholar
March, James, and Olsen, Johan. 1984. “The New Institutionalism: Organizational Factors in Political Life.” American Political Science Review 78 (3): 734–749.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Marchal, Roland, and Messiant, Christine. 2002. “De l'Avidité des Rebelles. L'analyse Economique De La Guerre Civile Selon Paul Collier.” Critique Internationale 16: 58–69.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Marks, Susan Collin. 2000. Watching the Wind: Conflict Resolution During South Africa's Transition to Democracy. Washington, DC: U.S. Institute of Peace Press.Google Scholar
Marx, Benjamin. 2008. “Elections, State Collapse, and Local Conflict in the Rift Valley. Kenya 2008.” Unpublished Manuscript, Columbia University, on file with author.
Mathieu, Paul, and Willame, Jean-Claude. 1999. Conflits et Guerres au Kivu et dans la Région des Grands Lacs: Entre Tensions Locales et Escalade Régionale. Paris: L'Harmattan.Google Scholar
Frontières, Médecins Sans. 2005. Rien de Nouveau en Ituri: La Violence Continue. Geneva: Médecins Sans Frontières.Google Scholar
Menkhaus, Ken. 1997. “International Peacebuilding and the Dynamics of Local and National Reconciliation in Somalia,” in Learning from Somalia, eds. Clarke, Walter and Herbst, Jeffrey (pp. 42–63). Boulder, CO: Westview Press.Google Scholar
Mitchell, Timothy 2002. Rule of Experts: Egypt, Techno-Politics, Modernity. Berkeley: University of California Press.Google Scholar
Moore, Barrington. 1966. Social Origins of Dictatorship and Democracy; Lord and Peasant in the Making of the Modern World. Boston: Beacon Press.Google Scholar
Mortimer, Edward. 1998. “Under What Circumstances Should the UN Intervene Militarily in a ‘Domestic’ Crisis?,” in Peacemaking and Peacekeeping for the New Century, eds. Otunnu, Olara A., Doyle, Michael W., and International Peace Academy (pp. 111–142). Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield.Google Scholar
Muana, Patrick. 1997. “The Kamajoi Militia: Violence, Internal Displacement and the Politics of Counter-Insurgency.” Africa Development 22 (3/4): 77–100.Google Scholar
Mugangu Matabaro, Séverin. 2008. “La Crise Foncière à l'Est de la RDC.” In L'Afrique des Grands Lacs – Annuaire 2007–2008, eds. Marysse, Stefaan, Reyntjens, Filip, and Vandegiste, Stef (pp. 385–414). Paris: L'Harmattan.
Nest, Michael, Grignon, François, and Kisangani, Emizet F. 2006. The Democratic Republic of Congo. Economic Dimensions of War and Peace. Boulder, CO.: Lynne Rienner.Google Scholar
Neumann, Iver B. 2002. “Returning Practice to the Linguistic Turn: The Case of Diplomacy.” Millennium: Journal of International Studies 31 (3): 626–651.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Neumann, Iver B. 2008a. “Discourse Analysis: From Meta to Method,” in Qualitative Methods in International Relations, eds. Klotz, Audie and Prakash, Deepa (pp. 61–77). New York: Palgrave.Google Scholar
Neumann, Iver B. 2008b. “Globalisation and Diplomacy.” Unpublished Manuscript, Norwegian Institute for International Affairs, on file with author.
Ngbanda Nzambo, Honoré. 2004. Crimes Organisés en Afrique Centrale. Révélations sur les Réseaux Rwandais et Occidentaux. Paris: Duboiris.Google Scholar
Nicolson, Harold. 1988. Diplomacy. Washington, DC: Institute for the Study of Diplomacy School of Foreign Service, Georgetown University.Google Scholar
Ottaway, Marina. 2002. “Rebuilding State Institutions in Collapsed States.” Development and Change 33 (5): 1001–1023.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ottaway, Marina. 2003. “Promoting Democracy after Conflict: The Difficult Choices.” International Studies Perspectives 4: 314–322.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Paris, Roland. 2003. “Peacekeeping and the Constraints of Global Culture.” European Journal of International Relations 9 (3): 441–473.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Paris, Roland. 2004. At War's End: Building Peace after Civil Conflict. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Patrick, Stewart, and Rice, Susan. 2008. Index of State Weakness in the Developing World. Washington, DC: Brookings Institute.Google Scholar
Perrot, Sandrine. 2008. “Les Sources de l'Incompréhension. Production et Circulation des Savoirs sur la Lord's Resistance Army.” In Politique Africaine 112: 140–160.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Perrot, Sandrine. Forthcoming. “Northern Uganda: A Forgotten Conflict, Again? The Role of External Actors in the Northern Uganda Conflict Resolution,” in The Lord's Resistance Army, War, Peace and Reconciliation in Northern Uganda, eds. Tim Allen, and Koen Vlassenroot, . London: Zed Books.
,Pole Institute. 2004. Une Plaie Encore Ouverte: La Problématique des Violences Sexuelles au Nord Kivu. Regards Croisés. Goma: Pole Institute.Google Scholar
Pourtier, Roland. 2004. L'Economie Minière au Kivu et ses Implications Régionales (Version Provisoire) – Rapport Suite à Une Mission au Nord Kivu, au Sud Kivu, et au Rwanda. Paris: OCDE – Initiative for Central Africa / Initiative pour l'Afrique Centrale.Google Scholar
Power, Samantha. 2002. “A Problem from Hell:” America and the Age of Genocide. New York: Basic Books.Google Scholar
Prendergast, John. 1996. Frontline Diplomacy: Humanitarian Aid and Conflict in Africa. Boulder, CO: Lynne Rienner Publishers.Google Scholar
Prendergast, John, and Plumb, Emily. 2002. “Building Local Capacity: From Implementation to Peace Building,” in Ending Civil Wars. The Implementation of Peace Agreements, eds. Stedman, Stephen John, Rothchild, Donald, and Cousens, Elizabeth M. (pp. 237–349). London: Lynne Rienner Publishers.Google Scholar
Prunier, Gérard. 1995. The Rwanda Crisis: History of a Genocide. New York: Columbia University Press.Google Scholar
Prunier, Gérard. 2008. Africa's World War. Congo, the Rwandan Genocide, and the Making of a Continental Catastrophe. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Przeworski, Adam. 1999. “Minimalist Conception of Democracy: A Defense,” in Democracy's Value, eds. Shapiro, Ian and Hacker-Cordon, Casiano (pp. 12–17). Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Putnam, Robert D., Leonardi, Robert, and Nanetti, Raffaella Y. 1993. Making Democracy Work: Civic Traditions in Modern Italy. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.Google Scholar
Rajasingham-Senanayake, Darani. 2003. “Sri Lanka and the Violence of Reconstruction.” Development 48 (3): 111–120.Google Scholar
,Rassemblement Pour Le Progrès. Undated, probably 2001. Pour Que L'On N'Oublie Jamais. Brussels: Rassemblement pour le Progrès.Google Scholar
,Refugee International. 2008. DR Congo: Give Peacekeepers Political Support and an Achievable Mission. May. http://www. humansecuritygateway.com/documents/RI_DRC_GivePeacekeepers PoliticalSupport.pdf (accessed December 2009).
Regan, Patrick M. 2002. “Third-Party Interventions and the Duration of Intrastate Conflicts.” Journal of Conflict Resolution 46 (1): 55–73.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Reno, William. 1998. Warlord Politics and African States. Boulder, CO: Lynne Rienner Publishers.Google Scholar
Reyntjens, Filip. 1999a. “Briefing: The Second Congo War: More Than a Remake.” African Affairs 98 (391): 241–250.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Reyntjens, Filip. 1999b. La Guerre des Grands Lacs: Alliances Mouvantes et Conflits Extraterritoriaux en Afrique Centrale. Paris: L'Harmattan.Google Scholar
Reyntjens, Filip. 2007. “Democratic Republic of Congo: Political Transition and Beyond.” African Affairs 106 (423): 307–317.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Reyntjens, Filip. 2009. The Great African War: Congo and Regional Geopolitics, 1996–2006. New York: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Richards, Paul. 1996. Fighting for the Rain Forest: War, Youth & Resources in Sierra Leone. Oxford: International African Institute and James Currey.Google Scholar
Richards, Paul. 2005. No Peace, No War: An Anthropology of Contemporary Armed Conflicts. Oxford: James Currey.Google Scholar
Richmond, Oliver P. 2002. Maintaining Order, Making Peace. New York: Palgrave.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Richmond, Oliver P. 2005. The Transformation of Peace. New York: Palgrave Macmillan.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Richmond, Oliver P. 2008. Peace in International Relations. New York: Routledge.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rieff, David. 2002. A Bed for the Night: Humanitarianism in Crisis. New York: Simon & Schuster.Google Scholar
Romkema, Hans. 2004. Update on the DRC Transition: The Case of the Kivu Provinces. Pretoria, South Africa: Institute for Security Studies.Google Scholar
Rothchild, Donald. 1997. Managing Ethnic Conflict in Africa: Pressures and Incentives for Cooperation. Washington, DC: Brookings Institution Press.Google Scholar
Rubinstein, Robert A. 2008. Peacekeeping under Fire: Culture and Intervention. Boulder CO: Paradigm Publishers.Google Scholar
Sageman, Marc. 2008. Leaderless Jihad: Terror Networks in the Twenty-First Century. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sageman, Marc, and Hoffman, Bruce. 2008. “Does Osama Still Call the Shots? Debating the Containment of Al Qaeda's Leadership.” Foreign Affairs 87 (4): 163–166.Google Scholar
Samset, Ingrid, and Madore, Yvon. 2006. Evaluation of the UNDP/UNOPS Peacebuilding and Community Development Project in Ituri, the Democratic Republic of Congo. Bergen, Norway: Chr. Michelsen Institute.Google Scholar
Samset, Ingrid, and Suhrke, Astri. 2007. “What's in a Figure? Estimating Recurrence of Civil War.” International Peacekeeping 14 (2): 195–203.Google Scholar
Satow, Ernest Mason. 1979. Satow's Guide to Diplomatic Practice. New York: Longman.Google Scholar
Schraeder, Peter. 2003. “Sapphire Anniversary Reflections on the Study of United States Foreign Policy Towards Africa.” Journal of Modern African Studies 41 (1): 139–152.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sebudandi, Christophe, and Icoyitungye, Juliette Kavabuha. 2008. Impact Cumulatif des Efforts de Paix au Burundi: Avancées et Fragilités. Collaborative Learning Project. Cambridge, MA: Reflecting on Peace Practice Project.Google Scholar
Sells, Michael. 1996. The Bridge Betrayed: Religion and Genocide in Bosnia. Berkeley: University of California Press.Google Scholar
Shaw, Ibrahim Seaga. 2007. “Historical Frames and the Politics of Humanitarian Intervention: From Ethiopia, Somalia to Rwanda.” Globalisation, Societies and Education 5 (3): 351–371.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Silber, Laura, and Little, Allan. 1996. The Death of Yugoslavia. London: Penguin Books.Google Scholar
Simpson, Smith. 1972. Instruction in Diplomacy: The Liberal Arts Approach. Philadelphia: American Academy of Political and Social Science.Google Scholar
Sisk, Timothy, and Reynolds, Andrew (eds.). 1998. Elections and Conflict Management in Africa. Washington, DC: U.S. Institute of Peace Press.
Snyder, Jack L. 2000. From Voting to Violence: Democratization and Nationalist Conflict. New York: Norton.Google Scholar
Staibano, Carina. 2005. “Enhancing the UN Capacity. Part Two: The Democratic Republic of Congo: Enhancing UN Peacekeeping Capacity – Some Operational Aspects.” Unpublished Manuscript, Department of Peace and Conflict Research, Uppsala University, Uppsala.Google Scholar
Stedman, Stephen John. 1997. “Spoilers Problems in Peace Processes.” International Security 22 (2): 5–53.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Stedman, Stephen John. 2002. “Introduction,” in Ending Civil Wars. The Implementation of Peace Agreements, eds. Stedman, Stephen John, Rothchild, Donald, and Cousens, Elizabeth M. (pp. 1–40). London: Lynne Rienner.Google Scholar
Stedman, Stephen John, Rothchild, Donald S., and Cousens, Elizabeth M. (eds.) 2002. Ending Civil Wars: The Implementation of Peace Agreements. Boulder, CO: Lynne Rienner Publishers.Google Scholar
Straus, Scott. 2006. The Order of Genocide: Race, Power, and War in Rwanda. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press.Google Scholar
Sundh, Lena. 2004. “Making Peace Keeping Missions More ‘Prevention Aware.’” Paper presented at the Stockholm International Forum 2004: Preventing genocide, Stockholm, Sweden.
Swidler, Ann. 1986. “Culture in Action: Symbols and Strategies.” American Sociological Review 51 (2): 273–286.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Vie, Synergie. 2004. Mémoire sur les Entraves au Rapatriement des Groupes Armés Hutu Étrangers dans le Kivu. Bukavu, D.R. Congo: Synergie Vie.Google Scholar
Terlinden, Ulf, and Debiel, Tobias. 2004. “Deceptive Hope for Peace? The Horn of Africa between Crisis Diplomacy and Obstacles to Development.” Peace, Conflict and Development (4): 1–20.Google Scholar
Thayer, Charles Wheeler. 1974. Diplomat. Westport, CT: Greenwood Press.Google Scholar
Touval, Saadia, and Zartman, I. William. 1985. International Mediation in Theory and Practice. Boulder, CO: Westview Press.Google Scholar
Trefon, Theodore. 2004. Ordre et Désordre à Kinshasa: Réponses Populaires à la Faillite de l'Etat. Paris: L'Harmattan.Google Scholar
Tull, Denis M. 2005. The Reconfiguration of Political Order in Africa. A Case Study of North Kivu (DR Congo). PhD diss. Hamburg: Institut fur Africa-Kunde.
Tull, Denis, and Mehler, Andreas. 2005. “The Hidden Costs of Power-Sharing: Reproducing Insurgent Violence in Africa.” African Affairs 104 (416): 375–398.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Turner, Thomas. 2007. The Congo Wars: Conflict, Myth and Reality. New York: Palgrave Macmillan.Google Scholar
Turner, Thomas and Young, Crawford. 1985. The Rise and Decline of the Zairian State. Madison, WI: University of Wisconsiu Press.Google Scholar
,UN Best Practice Unit. 2003. Handbook on United Nations Multidimensional Peacekeeping Operations. New York: United Nations.Google Scholar
,UN Mission in the Democratic Republic of Congo (MONUC). 2004. Kivu Strategy and Kivu Offices Action Plans. Kinshasa (D.R. Congo): United Nations, Department of Peacekeeping Operations.Google Scholar
,UN Mission in the Democratic Republic of Congo (MONUC). 2005a. Inter-Agency Internal Displacement Division (IDD) – Mission to the Democratic Republic of the Congo (12–20 May 2005) – Final Report.
,UN Mission in the Democratic Republic of Congo (MONUC). 2005b. MONUC and the Bukavu Crisis. Department of Peacekeeping Operations, Best Practices Unit.
,UN Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs. 2009. Population Movements in Eastern DR Congo, April–June 2009. http://www.reliefweb.int/rw/RWFiles2009.nsf/FilesByRWDocUnidFilename/LSGZ-7UKHCF-full_report.pdf/$File/full_report.pdf, accessed in October 2009.
,UN Panel of Inquiry. 2001a. Report of the Panel of Experts on the Illegal Exploitation of Natural Resources and Other Forms of Wealth of the Democratic Republic of the Congo. S/2001/357. New York: United Nations.Google Scholar
,UN Panel of Inquiry. 2001b. Report of the Panel of Experts on the Illegal Exploitation of Natural Resources and Other Forms of Wealth of the Democratic Republic of the Congo. S/2001/1072. New York: United Nations.Google Scholar
,UN Panel of Inquiry. 2002a. Report of the Panel of Experts on the Illegal Exploitation of Natural Resources and Other Forms of Wealth of the Democratic Republic of the Congo. S/2002/565. New York: United Nations.Google Scholar
,UN Panel of Inquiry. 2002b. Report of the Panel of Experts on the Illegal Exploitation of Natural Resources and Other Forms of Wealth of the Democratic Republic of the Congo. S/2002/1146. New York: United Nations.Google Scholar
,UN Panel of Inquiry. 2003. Report of the Panel of Experts on the Illegal Exploitation of Natural Resources and Other Forms of Wealth of the Democratic Republic of the Congo. S/2003/1027. New York: United Nations.Google Scholar
,UN Secretary-General. 1998. The Causes of Conflict and the Promotion of Durable Peace and Sustainable Development in Africa. Report of the Secretary-General to the Security Council. New York: United Nations.Google Scholar
,UN Security Council. 2002. Twelfth Report of the Secretary-General on the United Nations Mission in the Democratic Republic of Congo. New York: United Nations.Google Scholar
,UN Security Council. 2003a. Fourteenth Report of the Secretary-General on the United Nations Mission in the Democratic Republic of Congo. New York: United Nations.Google Scholar
,UN Security Council. 2003b. Resolution 1493 (2003). New York: United Nations.Google Scholar
,UN Security Council. 2003c. Second Special Report of the Secretary-General on the United Nations Mission in the Democratic Republic of Congo. New York: United Nations.Google Scholar
,UN Security Council. 2003d. Thirteenth Report of the Secretary-General on the United Nations Mission in the Democratic Republic of Congo. New York: United Nations.
,UN Security Council. 2003–2006a. Fourteenth to Twenty-Third Report of the Secretary-General on the United Nations Mission in the Democratic Republic of Congo. New York: United Nations.Google Scholar
,UN Security Council. 2003–2006b. Resolutions 1711, 1671, 1653, 1649, 1635, 1621, 1616, 1596, 1592, 1565, 1555, 1552, 1533, 1522, 1501, 1499, 1493, 1489. New York: United Nations.Google Scholar
,UN Security Council. 2004a. Fifteenth Report of the Secretary-General on the United Nations Mission in the Democratic Republic of Congo. New York: United Nations.Google Scholar
,UN Security Council. 2004b. Report of the Group of Experts Submitted through the Security Council Committee Established Pursuant to Resolution 1533 (2004) Concerning the Democratic Republic of the Congo. New York: United Nations.Google Scholar
,UN Security Council. 2004c. Sixteenth Report of the Secretary-General on the United Nations Mission in the Democratic Republic of Congo. New York: United Nations.Google Scholar
,UN Security Council. 2004d. Third Special Report of the Secretary-General on the United Nations Mission in the Democratic Republic of Congo. New York: United Nations.Google Scholar
,UN Security Council. 2005a. Eighteenth Report of the Secretary-General on the United Nations Mission in the Democratic Republic of Congo. New York: United Nations.Google Scholar
,UN Security Council. 2005b. Nineteenth Report of the Secretary-General on the United Nations Mission in the Democratic Republic of Congo. New York: United Nations.Google Scholar
,UN Security Council. 2005c. Report of the Group of Experts Submitted through the Security Council Committee Established Pursuant to Resolution 1596 (2005) Concerning the Democratic Republic of the Congo. New York: United Nations.Google Scholar
,UN Security Council. 2005d. Report of the Security Council Mission to Central Africa, 4 to 11 November 2005. New York: United Nations.Google Scholar
,UN Security Council. 2005e. Resolution 1592 (2005). New York: United Nations.Google Scholar
,UN Security Council. 2005f. Resolution 1621 (2005). New York: United Nations.Google Scholar
,UN Security Council. 2005g. Resolution 1635 (2005). New York: United Nations.Google Scholar
,UN Security Council. 2005h. Resolution 1649 (2005). New York: United Nations.Google Scholar
,UN Security Council. 2005i. Seventeenth Report of the Secretary-General on the United Nations Mission in the Democratic Republic of Congo. New York: United Nations.Google Scholar
,UN Security Council. 2005j. Special Report of the Secretary-General on Elections in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. New York: United Nations.Google Scholar
,UN Security Council. 2005k. Twentieth Report of the Secretary-General on the United Nations Mission in the Democratic Republic of Congo. New York: United Nations.Google Scholar
,UN Security Council. 2006a. Report of the Group of Experts Submitted through the Security Council Committee Established Pursuant to Resolution 1616 (2005) Concerning the Democratic Republic of the Congo. New York: United Nations.Google Scholar
,UN Security Council. 2006b. Resolution 1671 (2006). New York: United Nations.Google Scholar
,UN Security Council. 2006c. Resolution 1711 (2006). New York: United Nations.Google Scholar
,UN Security Council. 2006d. Twenty-First Report of the Secretary-General on the United Nations Mission in the Democratic Republic of Congo. New York: United Nations.Google Scholar
,UN Security Council. 2006e. Twenty-Second Report of the Secretary-General on the United Nations Mission in the Democratic Republic of Congo. New York: United Nations.Google Scholar
,UN Security Council. 2006f. Twenty-Third Report of the Secretary-General on the United Nations Mission in the Democratic Republic of Congo. New York: United Nations.Google Scholar
,UN Security Council. 2007a. Report of the Group of Experts Submitted through the Security Council Committee Established Pursuant to Resolution 1698 (2006) Concerning the Democratic Republic of the Congo. New York: United Nations.Google Scholar
,UN Security Council. 2007b. Resolution 1771 (2007). New York: United Nations.Google Scholar
,UN Security Council. 2007c. Twenty-Third Report of the Secretary-General on the United Nations Mission in the Democratic Republic of Congo. New York: United Nations.Google Scholar
,UN Security Council. 2008. Report of the Group of Experts Submitted through the Security Council Committee Established Pursuant to Paragraph 18(d) of Security Council Resolution 1807 (2008) Concerning the Democratic Republic of the Congo. New York: United Nations.Google Scholar
,UN Security Council. 2009. Resolution 1906 (2009). New York: United Nations.Google Scholar
,Union Paysanne Pour Le Développement Intégral and Life and Peace Institute. 2007. Violence et Insécurité à Nindja / Kaniola – Le Phénomène “Rasta.” Bukavu: Life and Peace Institute.Google Scholar
Uvin, Peter. 1998. Aiding Violence: The Development Enterprise in Rwanda. West Hartford, CT: Kumarian Press.Google Scholar
Acker, Frank (ed.) 1999a. L'Afrique Des Grands Lacs. Annuaire 1998–1999. Paris: L'Harmattan.
Acker, Frank. 1999b. “La ‘Pembénisation’ Du Haut-Kivu: Opportunisme Et Droits Fonciers Revisités,” in L'Afrique Des Grands Lacs. Annuaire 1998–1999, ed. Marysse, Stefaan (pp. 1–35). Paris: L'Harmattan.Google Scholar
Acker, Frank, and Vlassenroot, Koen. 2000. “Youth and Conflict in Kivu: ‘Komona Clair’.” Journal of Humanitarian Assistance. Previously available at http://www.jha.ac, first accessed April 2002.Google Scholar
Hoyweghen, Saskia, and Vlassenroot, Koen. 2000. “Ethnic Ideology and Conflict in South Saharan Africa. The Culture Clash Revisited,” in Politics of Identity and Economics of Conflict in the Great Lakes Region, eds. Doom, Ruddy and Gorus, Jan F. J., Jan, F. J., (pp. 93–118). Brussels: VUB University Press.Google Scholar
Veit, Alexander. 2008. “Figuration of Uncertainty: Armed Groups and ‘Humanitarian’ Military Intervention in Ituri (Dr Congo).” Journal of Intervention and Statebuilding 2 (3): 291–307.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Veit, Alexander. 2009. “Intervention as Indirect Rule: The Politics of Civil War and State-Building in Ituri (Democratic Republic of Congo).” PhD diss., Humboldt University, Berlin.
Verhaegen, Benoît. 1967. Rebellions Au Congo. Brussels: Centre de Recherche et d'Information Socio-Politiques.Google Scholar
Vincent, John. 1974. Nonintervention and International Order. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.Google Scholar
Vinck, Patrick, Pham, Phuong, Baldo, Suliman, and Shigekane, Rachel. 2008. Living with Fear. A Population-Based Survey on Attitudes About Peace, Justice, and Social Reconstruction in Eastern Democratic Republic of Congo. Human Rights Center, University of California, Berkeley / Payson Center for International Development, Tulane University / International Center for Transitional Justice.
Vlassenroot, Koen. 2000. “The Promise of Ethnic Conflict: Militarization and Enclave Formation in South Kivu,” in Conflict and Ethnicity in Central Africa, ed. Goyvaerts, Didier (pp. 59–109). Tokyo: Institute for the Study of Languages and Culture of Asia and Africa.Google Scholar
Vlassenroot, Koen. 2002. “Citizenship, Identity Formation & Conflict in South Kivu: The Case of the Banyamulenge.” Review of African Political Economy 93/94: 499–516.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Vlassenroot, Koen, and Raeymaekers, Timothy. 2004a. Conflict and Social Transformation in Eastern D.R. Congo. Ghent, Belgium: Academia Press Scientific Publishers.Google Scholar
Vlassenroot, Koen, and Raeymaekers, Timothy. 2004b. “The Politics of Rebellion and Intervention in Ituri: The Emergence of a New Political Complex?African Affairs 103: 385–412.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Vlassenroot, Koen, and Romkema, Hans. 2002. “The Emergence of a New Order? Resources and War in Eastern Congo.” Journal of Humanitarian Assistance. Available at http://www.jha.ac/articles/a111.htm.Google Scholar
Walls, Michael. 2009. “The Emergence of a Somali State: Building Peace from Civil War in Somaliland.” African Affairs. Available at http://africacenter.org/2009/12/the-emergence-of-a-somali-state-building-peace-from-civil-war-in-somaliland/, accessed December 2009.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Walker, R. B. J. 1984. Culture, Ideology, and World Order. Boulder, CO: Westview Press.Google Scholar
Walter, Barbara F. 2002. Committing to Peace: The Successful Settlement of Civil Wars. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.Google Scholar
Watson, Adam. 1991. Diplomacy: The Dialogue between States. London: Routledge.Google Scholar
Weaver, Catherine 2008. Hypocrisy Trap: The World Bank and the Poverty of Reform. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Weick, Karl E. 1995. Sensemaking in Organizations. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications.Google Scholar
Weinstein, Jeremy M. 2005. “Autonomous Recovery and International Intervention in Comparative Perspective.” Unpublished Manuscript, Center for Global Development, Washington, DC.Google Scholar
Willame, Jean-Claude. 1997. Banyarwanda et Banyamulenge: Violences Ethniques et Gestion de l'Identitaire au Kivu. Brussels: Institut Africain – CEDAF.Google Scholar
Willame, Jean-Claude. 2002. L'accord de Lusaka: Chronique d'une Négociation Internationale. Tervuren: Institut Africain – CEDAF.Google Scholar
Willame, Jean-Claude. 2007. Les Faiseurs de Paix au Congo. Gestion d'une Crise Internationale dans un État sous Tutelle. Brussels/Paris: Editions Complexes.Google Scholar
Wolters, Stephanie. 2004. Continuing Instability in the Kivus: Testing the DRC Transition to the Limits. Pretoria, South Africa: Institute for Security Studies.Google Scholar
Wolters, Stephanie, and Boshoff, Henri. 2006. The Impact of Slow Military Reform on the Transition Process. Pretoria, South Africa: Institute for Security Studies.Google Scholar
Wood, Elisabeth Jean. 2000. Forging Democracy from Below: Insurgent Transitions in South Africa and El Salvador. New York: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Woodward, Susan. 1995. Balkan Tragedy: Chaos and Dissolution after the Cold War. Washington, DC: Brookings Institution.Google Scholar
Woodward, Susan. 1997. “Violence-Prone Area or International Transition? Adding the Role of Outsiders in Balkan Violence,” in Violence and Subjectivity, eds. Das, Veena, Kleinman, Arthur, et al., (pp. 19–45). Berkeley: University of California Press.Google Scholar
Woodward, Susan. 2006. Why State-Building? Toward a Conceptual Framework. Program on States and Security. New York: City University of New York.Google Scholar
Young, Crawford. 1967. “Significance of the 1964 Rebellion,” in Footnotes to the Congo Story, ed. Kitchen, Helen (pp. 526–543). New York: Walker and Company.Google Scholar
Young, Crawford. 1994. The African Colonial State in Comparative Perspective. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.Google Scholar
Youngs, Richard. 2004. “Democratic Institution-Building and Conflict Resolution: Emerging EU Approaches.” International Peacekeeping 11 (3): 526–543.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Zartman, I. William. 1989. Ripe for Resolution: Conflict and Intervention in Africa. New York: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Zartman, I. William, and Rasmussen, J. Lewis. 1997. Peacemaking in International Conflict: Methods and Techniques. Washington, DC: U.S. Institute of Peace Press.Google Scholar
Zartman, I. William, and Touval, Saadia. 1996. “International Mediation in the Post-Cold War Era,” in Managing Global Chaos, eds. Crocker, Chester, Hampson, Fen Osler, and Aall, Pamela (pp. 445–461). Washington, DC: U.S. Institute of Peace Press.Google Scholar

Save book to Kindle

To save this book to your Kindle, first ensure coreplatform@cambridge.org is added to your Approved Personal Document E-mail List under your Personal Document Settings on the Manage Your Content and Devices page of your Amazon account. Then enter the ‘name’ part of your Kindle email address below. Find out more about saving to your Kindle.

Note you can select to save to either the @free.kindle.com or @kindle.com variations. ‘@free.kindle.com’ emails are free but can only be saved to your device when it is connected to wi-fi. ‘@kindle.com’ emails can be delivered even when you are not connected to wi-fi, but note that service fees apply.

Find out more about the Kindle Personal Document Service.

  • Bibliography
  • Séverine Autesserre, Columbia University, New York
  • Book: The Trouble with the Congo
  • Online publication: 05 June 2012
  • Chapter DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511761034.011
Available formats
×

Save book to Dropbox

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Dropbox.

  • Bibliography
  • Séverine Autesserre, Columbia University, New York
  • Book: The Trouble with the Congo
  • Online publication: 05 June 2012
  • Chapter DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511761034.011
Available formats
×

Save book to Google Drive

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Google Drive.

  • Bibliography
  • Séverine Autesserre, Columbia University, New York
  • Book: The Trouble with the Congo
  • Online publication: 05 June 2012
  • Chapter DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511761034.011
Available formats
×