THE NATURE OF THE PROBLEM

Old Roots, New Growth

The problems of criminals fleeing abroad to avoid prosecution or committing crimes that crosspolitical borders have existed since ancient times. Smuggling may be the world’s second oldest profession. Agreements among states to return fugitives have been recorded since ancient Egypt. In today’s world of porous borders the possibilities for transnational crime and fugitivity have multiplied a thousandfold.

As of the twenty-first century nation states are expanding institutions of international cooperation in law enforcement and criminal justice matters. Compared to the beginning of the nineteenth century when international cooperation was virtually nonexistent and the prevailing assumption was that “the courts of no country enforce the laws of another country,” today’s world is strikingly different. A web of bilateral, regional, and international agreements, conventions (treaties) and institutions addressing transnational crime and criminals are proliferating (Andreas & Nadelmann, 2006).

This chapter traces these developments and identifies gaps that remainin the canopy of international law enforcement and criminal justice. Thesedevelopments began slowly in the nineteenth century, took of after WorldWar II, and accelerated in the 1990s.

Formerly criminologists dealt with crime in other countries under the rubric of “comparative criminology.” Interrelatedness as such became a focus of criminological concern in 1974 with the phrase, “transnational crime,” which is not a legally-defined crime but rather refers to criminal activities, transactions, or schemes that violate the laws of more than one country or have a direct impact on a foreign country (Mueller, 1999). In 1996 the National Institute of Justice (NIJ) established its International Center for the study of crime and justice.