Low Leverage: Cases that meet at least one of the following criteria:

1. Large Economy: Total GDP more than $100 billion (1995, current US$) (Source: World Bank World Development Indicators (online: www.worldbank.org/data))

2. Major Oil Producer: Annual production of more than one million barrels of crude oil per day average (1995) (Source: U.S. Energy Information Administration, “International Energy Annual” (online: http://www.eia.doe.gov/emeu/iea/))

3. Possession of/capacity to use nuclear weapons (1990–1995)

Medium Leverage: Cases that meet none of the criteria for low leverage but meet at least one of the following criteria:

1. Medium-Sized Economy: Total GDP between $50 billion and $100 billion (1995, current US$). Source: World Bank World Development Indicators (online: www.worldbank.org/data)

2. Secondary Oil Producer: Annual production of 200,000 to one million barrels of crude oil per day average (1995) (Source: U.S. Energy Information Administration, “International Energy Annual” (online: http://www.eia.doe.gov/emeu/iea/))

3. Competing Security Issues: Country where there exists a major security-related foreign-policy issue for the United States and/or the EU.

4. Beneficiary of Black Knight Assistance: Country that receives significant bilateral aid (at least 1 percent of GDP), the overwhelming dominant share of which comes from a major power that is not the EU or the United States (1990–1995). A major power is defined as a high-income country (per capita GDP of $10,000 or higher) or a major military power (annual military spending in excess of $10 billion, 1990–1995) (Source: “Correlates of War,” available at www.cow2.la.psu.edu). China, France, Japan, and Russia are considered potential Black Knights.