References

Marc Morjé Howard

doi:10.1017/CBO9780511840012.013

Achen, Christopher H., and W. Phillips Shively, Cross-Level Inference (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1995)

Adorno, Theodor W., Else Frenkel-Brunswik, Daniel J. Levinson, R. Nevitt Sanford, Betty Aron, Maria Hertz Levinson, and William Morrow, The Authoritarian Personality (New York: Harper, 1950)

Allgemeine Deutsche Nachrichtenagentur, “Die Ost-West Ehe bleibt auch weiter die Ausnahme,” in Berliner Zeitung, August 9, 1996

Anheier, Helmut K., “Germany,” in The New Civic Atlas: Profiles of Civil Society in 60 Countries (Washington, DC: Civicus, 1997)

Anheier, Helmut K., et al., eds., Der Dritte Sektor in Deutschland: Organisationen Zwischen Staat und Markt im gesellschaftlizhen Wandel (Berlin: Edition Sigma, 1998)

Arato, Andrew, “Civil Society vs. the State: Poland, 1980–81,” in Telos, No. 47 (1981), pp. 23–47CrossRef Google Scholar

Bachrach, Peter, and Baratz, Morton, “The Two Faces of Power,” in American Political Science Review, Vol. 56 (1962), pp. 947–952CrossRef Google Scholar

Badescu, Gabriel, “Social Trust and Democratization in Post-Communist Societies,” in Social Capital and the Transition to Democracy, edited by Gabriel Badescu and Eric M. Uslaner (New York: Routledge, forthcoming)

Barnes, Samuel H. “The Mobilization of Political Identity in New Democracies,” in The Postcommunist Citizen, edited by Samuel H. Barnes and János Simon (Budapest: Erasmus Foundation, 1998)

Barnes, Samuel H., Max Kaase et al., Political Action: Mass Participation in Five Western Democracies (Beverly Hills, CA: Sage Publications, 1979)

Baumgartner, Frank, and Walker, Jack L., “Survey Research and Membership in Voluntary Associations,” in American Journal of Political Science, Vol. 32, No. 4 (1988), pp. 908–928CrossRef Google Scholar

Baur, Jürgen, Uwe Koch, and Stephan Telschow, Sportvereine im Übergang. Die Vereinslandschaft in Ostdeutschland (Aachen: Meyer und Meyer, 1995)

Berlin, Isaiah, “Two Concepts of Liberty,” in Four Essays on Liberty (London: Oxford University Press, 1969), pp. 118–172

Berman, Sheri, “Civil Society and Political Institutionalization,” in American Behavioral Scientist, Vol. 40, No. 5 (1997), pp. 562–574CrossRef Google Scholar

Berman, Sheri, “Civil Society and the Collapse of the Weimar Republic,” in World Politics, Vol. 49, No. 3 (1997), pp. 401–429CrossRef Google Scholar

Bermeo, Nancy, “Democracy in Europe,” in Daedalus, Vol. 123, No. 2 (1994), pp. 159–178Google Scholar

Bernhard, Michael H., The Origins of Democratization in Poland: Workers, Intellectuals, and Oppositional Politics, 1976–1980 (New York: Columbia University Press, 1993)

Booth, John A., and Patricia, Bayer Richard, “Civil Society, Political Capital, and Democratization in Central America,” in Journal of Politics, Vol. 60, No. 3 (1998), pp. 780–800CrossRef Google Scholar

Borodkin, F. M., “Tretii Sektor v Gosudarstve Blagodenstviya,” in Mir Rossii, No. 2 (1997), pp. 67–116Google Scholar

Braungart, Richard G., and Margaret, M. Braungart, “Life-Course and Generational Politics,” in Annual Review of Sociology, Vol. 12 (1986), pp. 205–231CrossRef Google Scholar

Breslauer, George, “In Defense of Sovietology,” in Post-Soviet Affairs, Vol. 8, No. 3 (1992), pp. 197–238Google Scholar

Bunce, Valerie, “Comparing East and South,” in Journal of Democracy, Vol. 6, No. 3 (1995), pp. 87–100CrossRef Google Scholar

Bunce, Valerie, “Should Transitologists Be Grounded?” in Slavic Review, Vol. 54, No. 1 (1995), pp. 111–127CrossRef Google Scholar

Bunce, Valerie, “Regional Differences in Democratization: The East versus the South,” in Post-Soviet Affairs, Vol. 14, No. 3 (1998), pp. 187–211Google Scholar

Bunce, Valerie, “The Political Economy of Postsocialism,” in Slavic Review, Vol. 58, No. 4 (1999), pp. 756–793CrossRef Google Scholar

Bunce, Valerie, Subversive Institutions: The Design and the Destruction of Socialism and the State (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1999)

Bürklin, Wilhelm, Hilke Rebenstorf, et al., Eliten in Deutschland: Rekrutierung und Integration (Opladen: Leske & Budrich, 1997)

Calhoun, Craig, ed., Habermas and the Public Sphere (Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 1992)

Carapico, Sheila, Civil Society in Yemen: The Political Economy of Activism in Modern Arabia (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1998)

Carothers, Thomas, Aiding Democracy Abroad: The Learning Curve (Washington, DC: Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, 1999)

Chambers, Simone, and Jeffrey, Kopstein, “Bad Civil Society,” in Political Theory, Vol. 29, No. 6 (2001), pp. 837–865CrossRef Google Scholar

Civicus, The New Civic Atlas: Profiles of Civil Society in 60 Countries (Washington, DC: Civicus, 1997)

Coats, Dan, and Rick Santorum, “Civil Society and the Humble Role of Government,” in Community Works: The Revival of Civil Society in America, edited by E. J. Dionne, Jr. (Washington, DC: Brookings Institution Press, 1998), pp. 101–106

Cohen, Jean L., Class and Civil Society (Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 1982)

Cohen, Jean L., “American Civil Society Talk,” in Report from the Institute for Philosophy and Public Policy, Vol. 18, No. 3 (1998)Google Scholar

Cohen, Jean L., and Andrew Arato, Civil Society and Political Theory (Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 1992)

Coleman, James S., “Social Capital in the Creation of Human Capital,” in American Journal of Sociology, Vol. 94, Supplement (1988), pp. S95–S120CrossRef Google Scholar

Coleman, James S., Foundations of Social Theory (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1990)

Collier, David, and James, E. Mahon Jr., “Conceptual ‘Stretching’ Revisited: Adapting Categories in Comparative Analysis,” in American Political Science Review, Vol. 87, No. 4 (1993), pp. 845–855CrossRef Google Scholar

Crozier, Michel, On ne change pas la société par décret (Paris: B. Grasset, 1979)

Csanádi, Mária, Party States and Their Legacies in Post-Communist Transformation (Cheltenham, UK: Edward Elgar, 1997)

Cusack, Thomas R., “The Shaping of Popular Satisfaction with Government and Regime Performance in Germany,” in British Journal of Political Science, Vol. 29, No. 4 (1999), pp. 641–672CrossRef Google Scholar

Di Palma, Giuseppe, To Craft Democracies: An Essay on Democratic Transitions (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1990)

Di Palma, Giuseppe, “Legitimation from the Top to Civil Society: Politico-Cultural Change in Eastern Europe,” in World Politics, Vol. 44, No. 3 (1991), pp. 49–80CrossRef Google Scholar

Diamond, Larry, Developing Democracy: Toward Consolidation (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1999)

Diamond, Larry, “Economic Development and Democracy Reconsidered,” in Reexamining Democracy, edited by Gary Marks and Larry Diamond (Newbury Park: Sage, 1992), pp. 93–139

Diamond, Larry, “Toward Democratic Consolidation,” in The Global Resurgence of Democracy, 2nd ed., edited by Larry Diamond and Marc F. Plattner (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1996), pp. 227–240

Diamond, Larry, A. H. M. Kirk-Greene, and Oyeleye Oyediran, Transition Without End: Nigerian Politics and Civil Society under Babangida (Boulder: Lynne Rienner Publishers, 1997)

Diamond, Larry, and Marc F. Plattner, eds., The Global Resurgence of Democracy, 2nd ed. (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1996)

Dionne, E. J., Jr., ed., Community Works: The Revival of Civil Society in America (Washington, DC: Brookings Institution Press, 1998)

Eberstadt, Nicholas, “Demographic Disaster: The Soviet Legacy,” in National Interest, No. 36 (1994), pp. 53–57Google Scholar

Eberstadt, Nicholas, “Demographic Shocks after Communism: Eastern Germany, 1989–93,” in Population and Development Review, Vol. 20, No. 1 (1994), pp. 137–152CrossRef Google Scholar

Eckstein, Harry, Division and Cohesion in Democracy: A Study of Norway (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1966)

Edwards, Bob, and Michael, W. Foley, “Social Capital and the Political Economy of Our Discontent,” in American Behavioral Scientist, Vol. 40, No. 5 (1997), pp. 669–678CrossRef Google Scholar

Edwards, Bob, and Michael, W. Foley, “Civil Society and Social Capital Beyond Putnam,” in American Behavioral Scientist, Vol. 42, No. 1 (1998), pp. 124–140CrossRef Google Scholar

Ekiert, Grzegorz, “Democratization Processes in East Central Europe: A Theoretical Reconsideration,” in British Journal of Political Science, Vol. 21, No. 3 (1991), pp. 285–313CrossRef Google Scholar

Ekiert, Grzegorz, The State against Society: Political Crises and Their Aftermath in East Central Europe (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1996)

Ekiert, Grzegorz, and Jan Kubik, Rebellious Civil Society: Popular Protest and Democratic Consolidation in Poland, 1989–1993 (Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 1999)

Elster, Jon, Claus Offe, and Ulrich K. Preuss, Institutional Design in Post-Communist Societies: Rebuilding the Ship at Sea (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1998)

Ertman, Thomas, Birth of the Leviathan: Building States and Regimes in Medieval and Early Modern Europe (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1997)

Ertman, Thomas, “Democracy and Dictatorship in Interwar Western Europe Revisited,” in World Politics, Vol. 50, No. 3 (1998), pp. 475–505CrossRef Google Scholar

Fish, M. Steven, “Russia's Fourth Transition,” in Journal of Democracy, Vol. 5, No. 3 (1994), pp. 31–42CrossRef Google Scholar

Fish, M. Steven, Democracy from Scratch: Opposition and Regime in the New Russian Revolution (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1995)

Fish, M. Steven, “Democratization's Requisites: The Postcommunist Experience,” in Post-Soviet Affairs, Vol. 14, No. 3 (1998), pp. 212–247Google Scholar

Fish, M. Steven, “The Determinants of Economic Reform in the Post-Communist World,” in East European Politics and Societies, Vol. 12, No. 1 (1998), pp. 31–78CrossRef Google Scholar

Fish, M. Steven, “Postcommunist Subversion: Social Science and Democratization in East Europe and Eurasia,” in Slavic Review, Vol. 58, No. 4 (1999), pp. 794–823CrossRef Google Scholar

Foley, Michael W., and Bob, Edwards, “The Paradox of Civil Society,” in Journal of Democracy, Vol. 7, No. 3 (1996), pp. 38–52CrossRef Google Scholar

Foley, Michael W., and Bob, Edwards, “Escape from Politics? Social Theory and the Social Capital Debate,” in American Behavioral Scientist, Vol. 40, No. 5 (1997), pp. 550–561CrossRef Google Scholar

Freedom House, “Annual Survey of Freedom House Country Scores, 1972–73 to 1998–99.” Available at 〈http://www.freedomhouse.org/ratings/ratings.pdf〉

Freedom House, Freedom in the World: The Annual Survey of Political Rights and Civil Liberties (Washington, DC: Freedom House, 1999)

Friedgut, Theodore H., Political Participation in the USSR (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1979)

Fukuyama, Francis, Trust: The Social Virtues and the Creation of Prosperity (New York: Free Press, 1995)

Galston, William A., and Peter Levine, “America's Civic Condition: A Glance at the Evidence,” in Community Works: The Revival of Civil Society in America, edited by E. J. Dionne, Jr. (Washington, DC: Brookings Institution Press, 1998), pp. 30–36

Gellner, Ernest, Conditions of Liberty: Civil Society and Its Rivals. (New York: Allen Lane/Penguin Press, 1994)

Geremek, Bronislaw, “Civil Society Then and Now,” in The Global Resurgence of Democracy, 2nd ed., edited by Larry Diamond and Marc F. Plattner (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1996), pp. 241–250

Gibson, James L., “Social Networks, Civil Society, and the Prospects for Consolidating Russia's Democratic Transition,” in American Journal of Political Science, Vol. 45, No. 1 (2001), pp. 51–68CrossRef Google Scholar

Gibson, James L., and Raymond M. Duch, “Emerging Democratic Values in Soviet Political Culture,” in Public Opinion and Regime Change: The New Politics of Post-Soviet Societies, edited by Arthur H. Miller, William M. Reisinger, and Vicky L. Hesli (Boulder: Westview Press, 1993), pp. 69–94

Goldhagen, Daniel Jonah, Hitler's Willing Executioners: Ordinary Germans and the Holocaust (New York: Knopf, 1996)

Goldhagen, Daniel Jonah, “Modell Bundesrepublik: National History, Democracy, and Internationalization in Germany,” in Unwilling Germans? The Goldhagen Debate, edited by Robert R. Shandley (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1997), pp. 275–285

Granovetter, Mark, “The Strength of Weak Ties,” in American Journal of Sociology, Vol. 78 (1973), pp. 1360–1380CrossRef Google Scholar

Greeley, Andrew, “Coleman Revisited: Religious Structures as a Source of Social Capital,” in American Behavioral Scientist, Vol. 40, No. 5 (1997), pp. 587–594CrossRef Google Scholar

Greskovits, Béla, The Political Economy of Protest and Patience: East European and Latin American Transformations Compared (New York: Central European University Press, 1998)

Grömling, Michael, and Claus, Schnabel, “Angleichung ostdeutscher Einkommen an westdeutsche Niveaus: Eine Bestandsaufnahme,” in iw-trends, Vol. 25, No. 3 (1998), pp. 52–66Google Scholar

Gutmann, Amy, “Freedom of Association: An Introductory Essay,” in Freedom of Association, edited by Amy Gutmann (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1998), pp. 3–32

Habermas, Jürgen, Legitimation Crisis, translated by Thomas McCarthy (Boston: Beacon Press, 1975)

Habermas, Jürgen, The Structural Transformation of the Public Sphere: An Inquiry into a Category of Bourgeois Society, translated by Thomas Burger with the assistance of Frederick Lawrence (Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 1989)

Haggard, Stephan, and Robert R. Kaufman, The Political Economy of Democratic Transitions (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1995)

Hahn, Jeffrey, “Continuity and Change in Russian Political Culture,” in British Journal of Political Science, Vol. 21, No. 4 (1991), pp. 393–422CrossRef Google Scholar

Hahn, Jeffrey, “The Development of Local Legislatures in Russia: The Case of Yaroslavl,” in Democratization in Russia: The Development of Legislative Institutions, edited by Jeffrey Hahn (Armonk, NY: M. E. Sharpe, 1996), pp. 159–196

Hall, Peter A., “Social Capital in Britain,” in British Journal of Political Science, Vol. 29, No. 3 (1999), pp. 417–461CrossRef Google Scholar

Hann, Chris, “Introduction: Political Society and Civil Anthropology,” in Civil Society: Challenging Western Models, edited by Chris Hann and Elizabeth Dunn (London and New York: Routledge, 1996)

Hann, Chris, and Elizabeth Dunn, eds., Civil Society: Challenging Western Models (London and New York: Routledge, 1996)

Hanson, Stephen E., Time and Revolution: Marxism and the Design of Soviet Institutions (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1997)

Hanson, Stephen E., and Jeffrey, S. Kopstein, “The Weimar/Russia Comparison,” in Post-Soviet Affairs, Vol. 13, No. 3 (1997), pp. 252–283Google Scholar

Havel, Václav, The Power of the Powerless, edited by John Keane (Armonk, NY: M. E. Sharpe, 1985)

Haynes, Jeffrey, Democracy and Civil Society in the Third World: Politics and New Political Movements (Cambridge: Polity Press, 1997)

Hendley, Kathryn, “Legal Development in Post-Soviet Russia,” in Post-Soviet Affairs, Vol. 13, No. 3 (1997), pp. 231–256Google Scholar

Howard, Marc, “An East German Ethnicity? Understanding the New Division of Unified Germany,” in German Politics and Society, Vol. 13, No. 4 (1995), pp. 49–70Google Scholar

Huber, Evelyne, Dietrich, Rueschemeyer, and JohnStephens, D., “The Impact of Economic Development on Democracy,” in Journal of Economic Perspectives, Vol. 7, No. 3 (1993), pp. 71–86CrossRef Google Scholar

Huntington, Samuel P., The Third Wave: Democratization in the Late Twentieth Century (Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1991)

Huntington, Samuel P., “The Clash of Civilizations?” in Foreign Affairs, Vol. 72, No. 3 (1993), pp. 22–49CrossRef Google Scholar

Huntington, Samuel P., The Clash of Civilizations and the Remaking of World Order (New York: Simon & Schuster, 1996)

Ichilov, Orit, Political Socialization, Citizenship Education, and Democracy (New York: Teachers College Press, 1990)

Inglehart, Ronald, The Silent Revolution: Changing Values and Political Styles among Western Publics (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1977)

Inglehart, Ronald, Modernization and Postmodernization: Cultural, Economic, and Political Change in 43 Societies (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1997)

Jacoby, Wade, Imitation and Politics: Redesigning Modern Germany (Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 2000)

Jakobson, Lev, Boris Rudnik, and Sergei Shishkin, “Russia,” in The New Civic Atlas: Profiles of Civil Society in 60 Countries (Washington, DC: Civicus, 1997), pp. 115–117

Janos, Andrew C., “Continuity and Change in Eastern Europe: Strategies of Post-Communist Politics,” in East European Politics and Societies, Vol. 8, No. 1 (1994), pp. 1–31CrossRef Google Scholar

Jennings, M. Kent, and Richard G. Niemi, Generations and Politics: A Panel Study of Young Adults and Their Parents (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1981)

Jowitt, Ken, New World Disorder: The Leninist Extinction (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1992)

Karatnycky, Adrian, Alexander J. Motyl, and Charles Graybow, eds., Nations in Transit, 1998: Civil Society, Democracy, and Markets in East Central Europe and the Newly Independent States (New Brunswick, NJ: Transaction Publishers, 1999)

Karl, Terry Lynn, and Philippe, C. Schmitter, “Modes of Transition in Latin America, Southern and Eastern Europe,” in International Social Science Journal, Vol. 43, No. 2 (1991), pp. 269–284Google Scholar

Karl, Terry Lynn, and Philippe, C. Schmitter, “From Iron Curtain to a Paper Curtain: Grounding Transitologists or Students of Postcommunism?” in Slavic Review, Vol. 54, No. 4 (1995), pp. 965–978CrossRef Google Scholar

Katznelson, Ira, “Structure and Configuration in Comparative Politics,” in Comparative Politics: Rationality, Culture, and Structure, edited by Mark I. Lichbach and Alan S. Zuckerman (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1997), pp. 81–112

Keane, John, Democracy and Civil Society: On the Predicaments of European Socialism, the Prospects for Democracy, and the Problem of Controlling Social and Political Power (London: Verso, 1988)

Kenworthy, Lane, “Civic Engagement, Social Capital, and Economic Cooperation,” in American Behavioral Scientist, Vol. 40, No. 5 (1997), pp. 645–656CrossRef Google Scholar

Kharkhordin, Oleg, The Collective and the Individual in Russia: A Study of Practices (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1999)

Kim, Sunhyuk, “Civil Society and Democratization in South Korea,” in Korea Journal, Vol. 38, No. 2 (1998), pp. 214–236Google Scholar

King, Gary, Robert O. Keohane, and Sidney Verba, Designing Social Inquiry: Scientific Inference in Qualitative Research (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1994)

Kopecky, Petr, and Cas Mudde, eds., Uncivil Society? Contentious Politics in Post-Communist Europe (London: Routledge, 2002)

Kornai, János, Economics of Shortage (Amsterdam: North-Holland Publishing Company, 1980)

Kornai, János, The Socialist System: The Political Economy of Communism (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1992)

Laitin, David D., “Disciplining Political Science,” in American Political Science Review, Vol. 89, No. 2 (1995), pp. 454–456CrossRef Google Scholar

Lambert, T. Allen, “Generations and Change: Toward a Theory of Generations as a Force in Historical Processes,” in Youth and Society, Vol. 4 (1972), pp. 21–46CrossRef Google Scholar

Ledeneva, Alena V., Russia's Economy of Favours: Blat, Networking, and Informal Exchange (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1998)

Levi, Margaret, “Social and Unsocial Capital: A Review Essay of Robert Putnam's Making Democracy Work,” in Politics & Society, Vol. 24, No. 1 (1996), pp. 45–55CrossRef Google Scholar

Levy, Jonah D., Tocqueville's Revenge: State, Society, and Economy in Contemporary France (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1999)

Lichbach, Mark I., and Alan S. Zuckerman, eds., Comparative Politics: Rationality, Culture, and Structure (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1997)

Lieberson, Stanley, “Small N's and Big Conclusions: An Examination of the Reasoning in Comparative Studies Based on a Small Number of Cases,” in What Is a Case? Exploring the Foundations of Social Inquiry, edited by Charles C. Ragin and Howard S. Becker (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1992)

Lijphart, Arend, and Carlos H. Waisman, eds., Institutional Design in New Democracies: Eastern Europe and Latin America (Boulder: Westview Press, 1996)

Linz, Juan J., “An Authoritarian Regime: The Case of Spain,” in Mass Politics: Studies in Political Sociology, edited by Erik Allardt and Stein Rokkan (New York: Free Press, 1970)

Linz, Juan J., “Totalitarian and Authoritarian Regimes,” in The Handbook of Political Science, Vol. 3, edited by Fred I. Greenstein and Nelson Polsby (Reading, MA: Addison-Wesley, 1975)

Linz, Juan J., The Breakdown of Democratic Regimes: Crisis, Breakdown, and Reequilibration (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1978)

Linz, Juan J., Totalitarian and Authoritarian Regimes (Boulder: Lynne Rienner, 2000)

Linz, Juan J., and Alfred Stepan, Problems of Democratic Transition and Consolidation: Southern Europe, South America, and Post-Communist Europe (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1996)

Lipset, Seymour Martin, “Some Social Requisites of Democracy: Economic Development and Political Legitimacy,” in American Political Science Review, Vol. 53, No. 2 (1959), pp. 69–105CrossRef Google Scholar

Lomax, Bill, “The Strange Death of Civil Society in Post-Communist Hungary,” in Journal of Communist Studies and Transition Politics, Vol. 13, No. 1 (1997), pp. 41–63CrossRef Google Scholar

Maier, Charles S., Dissolution: The Crisis of Communism and the End of East Germany (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1997)

Mannheim, Karl, “The Problem of Generations,” in Essays in the Sociology of Knowledge (New York: Oxford University Press, 1952 [1928]), pp. 276–332

McAdam, Doug, Sidney Tarrow, and Charles Tilly, “Toward an Integrated Perspective on Social Movements and Revolution,” in Comparative Politics: Rationality, Culture, and Structure, edited by Mark I. Lichbach and Alan S. Zuckerman (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1997)

Melville, Andrei Yu., “An Emerging Civic Culture? Ideology, Public Attitudes, and Political Culture in the Early 1990s,” in Public Opinion and Regime Change: The New Politics of Post-Soviet Societies, edited by Arthur H. Miller, William M. Reisinger, and Vicky L. Hesli (Boulder: Westview Press, 1993), pp. 56–68

Milbraith, Lester W., and M. L. Goel, Political Participation: How and Why Do People Get Involved in Politics (Chicago: Rand McNally, 1977)

Mill, John Stuart, A System of Logic: Ratiocinative and Inductive (New York: Harper, 1846)

Minkoff, Debra C., “Producing Social Capital: National Social Movements and Civil Society,” in American Behavioral Scientist, Vol. 40, No. 5 (1997), pp. 606–619CrossRef Google Scholar

Mishler, William, and Richard, Rose, “Trust, Distrust and Skepticism: Popular Evaluations of Civil and Political Institutions in Post-Communist Societies,” in Journal of Politics, Vol. 59, No. 2 (1997), pp. 418–451CrossRef Google Scholar

Miszlivetz, Ferenc, Illusions and Realities: The Metamorphosis of Civil Society in a New European Space (Szombathely, Hungary: Savaria University Press, 1999)

Miszlivetz, Ferenc, and Jody Jensen, “An Emerging Paradox: Civil Society from Above?” in Participation and Democracy East and West: Comparisons and Interpretations, edited by Dietrich Rueschemeyer, Marilyn Rueschemeyer, and Björn Wittrock (Armonk, NY: M. E. Sharpe, 1998)

Moore, Barrington, Social Origins of Dictatorship and Democracy (Boston: Beacon Press, 1966)

Neumann, Peter, und Ulrich Paul, “Zehn Jahre nach der Grenzöffnung entsteht eine neue Berlin-Identität,” in Berliner Zeitung, November 9, 1999

Newton, Kenneth, “Social Capital and Democracy,” in American Behavioral Scientist, Vol. 40, No. 5 (1997), pp. 575–586CrossRef Google Scholar

Offe, Claus, “Capitalism by Democratic Design? Democratic Theory Facing the Triple Transition in East Central Europe,” in Social Research, Vol. 58, No. 4 (1991), pp. 865–892Google Scholar

Oliver, J. Eric, “The Effects of Metropolitan Economic Segregation on Local Civic Involvement,” in American Journal of Political Science, Vol. 43, No. 1 (1999), pp. 186–212CrossRef Google Scholar

Oliver, J. Eric, “City Size and Civic Involvement in Metropolitan America,” in American Political Science Review, Vol. 94, No. 2 (2000), pp. 361–373CrossRef Google Scholar

Ost, David, and Stephen Crowley, “Weak Labor and Fragile Democracy,” in Workers After Workers' States: Labor and Politics in Postcommunist Eastern Europe, edited by Stephen Crowley and David Ost (Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield, 2001)

Ottoway, Marina, and Theresa, Chung, “Debating Democracy Assistance: Toward a New Paradigm,” in Journal of Democracy, Vol. 10, No. 4 (1999), pp. 99–113CrossRef Google Scholar

Padgett, Stephen, Organizing Democracy in Eastern Germany: Interest Groups in Post-Communist Society (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2000)

Priller, Eckhard, “Veränderungen in der politischen und sozialen Beteiligung in Ostdeutschland,” in Wohlfahrtsentwicklung im vereinten Deutschland. Sozialstruktur, sozialer Wandel und Lebensqualität, edited by Wolfgang Zapf and Roland Habich (Berlin: Edition Sigma, 1996), pp. 283–308

Priller, Eckhard, “Der Dritte Sektor in Deutschland” (unpublished manuscript, 1997)

Przeworski, Adam, Democracy and the Market: Political and Economic Reforms in Eastern Europe and Latin America (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1991)

Przeworski, Adam, and Henry Teune, The Logic of Comparative Social Inquiry (New York: John Wiley & Sons, 1970)

Putnam, Robert D., Making Democracy Work: Civic Traditions in Modern Italy (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1993)

Putnam, Robert D., “Bowling Alone: America's Declining Social Capital,” in Journal of Democracy, Vol. 6, No. 1 (1995), pp. 65–78CrossRef Google Scholar

Putnam, Robert D., “The Strange Disappearance of Civic America,” in The American Prospect, No. 24 (1996), pp. 34–48Google Scholar

Putnam, Robert D., Bowling Alone: The Collapse and Revival of American Community (New York: Simon & Schuster, 2000)

Rau, Zbigniew, ed., The Reemergence of Civil Society in Eastern Europe and the Soviet Union (Boulder: Westview Press, 1991)

Reisinger, William M., Arthur, H. Miller, Vicki, L. Hesli, and Kristen, Hill Maher, “Political Values in Russia, Ukraine and Lithuania: Sources and Implications for Democracy,” in British Journal of Political Science, Vol. 24, No. 2 (1994), pp. 183–224CrossRef Google Scholar

Renshon, Stanley A., ed., Handbook of Political Socialization: Theory and Research (New York: Free Press, 1977)

Richter, Michaela, “From State Culture to Citizen Culture: Political Parties and the Postwar Transformation of Political Culture in Germany,” in The Postwar Transformation of Germany, edited by John S. Brady, Beverly Crawford, and Sarah Elise Wiliarty (Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 1999)

Ries, Nancy, Russian Talk: Culture and Conversation during Perestroika (Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 1997)

Rigby, T. H., The Changing Soviet System: Mono-Organizational Socialism from Its Origins to Gorbachev's Restructuring (Aldershot: Edward Elgar, 1990)

Rose, Richard, “Freedom as a Fundamental Value,” in International Social Science Journal, No. 145 (1995), pp. 454–471Google Scholar

Rose, Richard, “Russia as an Hour-Glass Society: A Constitution without Citizens,” in East European Constitutional Review, Vol. 4, No. 3 (1995), pp. 34–42Google Scholar

Rose, Richard, “Postcommunism and the Problem of Trust,” in The Global Resurgence of Democracy, 2nd ed., edited by Larry Diamond and Marc F. Plattner (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1996), pp. 251–263

Rose, Richard, and Ellen, Carnaghan, “Generational Effects on Attitudes to Communist Regimes: A Comparative Analysis,” in Post-Soviet Affairs, Vol. 11, No. 1 (1995), pp. 28–56Google Scholar

Rose, Richard, and Christian, Haerpfer, “The Impact of a Ready-Made State: East Germans in Comparative Perspective,” in German Politics, Vol. 6, No. 1 (1997), pp. 100–121CrossRef Google Scholar

Rose, Richard, William Mishler, and Christian Haerpfer, Democracy and Its Alternatives: Understanding Post-Communist Societies (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1998)

Rothstein, Bo, “Social Capital in the Social Democratic State,” paper presented at the 1998 Annual Meeting of the American Political Science Association, Boston, September 3–6, 1998

Rucht, Dieter, Barbara Blattert, and Dieter Rink, Soziale Bewegungen auf dem Weg zur Institutionalisierung. Zum Strukturwandel “alternativer” Gruppen in beiden Teilen Deutschlands (Frankfurt/M: Campus, 1997)

Rueschemeyer, Dietrich, Marilyn Rueschemeyer, and Björn Wittrock, eds, Participation and Democracy East and West: Comparisons and Interpretations (Armonk, NY: M. E. Sharpe, 1998)

Rueschemeyer, Dietrich, Evelyne Huber Stephens, and John D. Stephens, Capitalist Development and Democracy (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1992)

Rupnik, Jacques, “The Post-Totalitarian Blues,” in The Global Resurgence of Democracy, 2nd ed., edited by Larry Diamond and Marc F. Plattner (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1996), pp. 365–377

Rupnik, Jacques, “The Postcommunist Divide,” in Journal of Democracy, Vol. 10, No. 1 (1999), pp. 57–62CrossRef Google Scholar

Salamon, Lester M., Helmut K. Anheier, Regina List, Stefan Toepler, S. Wojciech Sokolowski, Global Civil Society: Dimensions of the Nonprofit Sector (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins Center for Civil Society Studies, 1999)

Sartori, Giovanni, “Concept Misinformation in Comparative Politics,” in American Political Science Review, Vol. 87, No. 4 (1970), pp. 1033–1053CrossRef Google Scholar

Schambra, William A., “All Community Is Local: The Key to America's Civic Renewal,” in Community Works: The Revival of Civil Society in America, edited by E. J. Dionne, Jr. (Washington, DC: Brookings Institution Press, 1998), pp. 44–49

Schmitter, Philippe C., and Terry, Lynn Karl, “The Conceptual Travels of Transitologists and Consolodologists: How Far to the East Should They Attempt to Go?” in Slavic Review, Vol. 53, No. 1 (1994), pp. 173–185CrossRef Google Scholar

Seligman, Adam B., The Idea of Civil Society (New York: Free Press, 1992)

Seligman, Adam B., The Problem of Trust (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1997)

Shain, Yossi, and Gary, Sussman, “From Occupation to State-Building: Palestinian Political Society Meets Palestinian Civil Society,” in Government and Opposition, Vol. 33, No. 3 (1998)CrossRef Google Scholar

Shlapentokh, Vladimir, Public and Private Life of the Soviet People: Changing Values in Post-Stalin Russia (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1989)

Skocpol, Theda, “Unravelling from Above,” in The American Prospect, No. 25 (1996), pp. 20–25Google Scholar

Skocpol, Theda, “How Americans Became Civic,” in Civic Engagement in American Democracy, edited by Theda Skocpol and Morris P. Fiorina (Washington, DC: Brookings Institution Press and the Russell Sage Foundation, 1999), pp. 27–80

Skocpol, Theda, and Morris P. Fiorina, eds., Civic Engagement in American Democracy (Washington, DC: Brookings Institution Press and the Russell Sage Foundation, 1999)

Smolar, Aleksander, “From Opposition to Atomization,” in Journal of Democracy, Vol. 7, No. 1 (1996), pp. 24–38CrossRef Google Scholar

Solnick, Steven L., Stealing the State: Control and Collapse in Soviet Institutions (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1998)

Somers, Margaret R., “Narrativity, Narrative Identity, and Social Action: Rethinking English Working Class Formation,” in Social Science History, Vol. 16 (1992), pp. 591–630CrossRef Google Scholar

Sperling, Valerie, Organizing Women in Contemporary Russia: Engendering Transition (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1999)

Stark, David, and László Bruszt, Postsocialist Pathways: Transforming Politics and Property in East Central Europe (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1998)

Steinmo, Sven, Kathleen Ann Thelen, and Frank Longstreth, eds., Structuring Politics: Historical Institutionalism in Comparative Analysis (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1992)

Sztompka, Piotr, “The Intangibles and Imponderables of the Transition to Democracy,” in Studies in Comparative Communism, Vol. 24, No. 3 (1991), pp. 295–311CrossRef Google Scholar

Sztompka, Piotr, “Civilizational Incompetence: The Trap of Post-Communist Societies,” in Zeitschrift für Soziologie, Vol. 22, No. 2 (1993), pp. 85–95CrossRef Google Scholar

Sztompka, Piotr, “Looking Back: The Year 1989 as a Cultural and Civilizational Break,” in Communist and Post-Communist Studies, Vol. 29, No. 2 (1996), pp. 115–129CrossRef Google Scholar

Sztompka, Piotr, “Trust and Emerging Democracy: Lessons from Poland,” in International Sociology, Vol. 11, No. 1 (1996), pp. 37–62CrossRef Google Scholar

Tarrow, Sidney, Power in Movement: Social Movements and Contentious Politics, 2nd ed. (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1998)

Thompson, Mark R., “Neither Totalitarian nor Authoritarian: Post-Totalitarianism in Eastern Europe,” in Totalitarianism: A Theoretical Reassessment, edited by Achim Siegel, Poznan Studies in the Philosophy of the Sciences and the Humanities (Poznan, Poland, 1999)

Tocqueville, Alexis de, Democracy in America, translated by George Lawrence, edited by J. P. Mayer (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, Anchor Books, 1969 [1835, 1840])

Urban, Michael E., The Rebirth of Politics in Russia (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1997)

Urban, Michael E., and M. Steven Fish, “Does Post-Sovietology Have A Future?” in Rethinking Soviet Collapse: Sovietology, the Death of Communism and the New Russia, edited by Michael Cox (London: Pinter, 1999), pp. 164–180

Uslaner, Eric, The Moral Foundations of Trust (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2002)

Van Rooy, Allison, ed., Civil Society and the Aid Industry (London: Earthscan, 1998)

Verba, Sidney, Norman H. Nie, and Joe-on Kim, Participation and Political Equality: A Seven-Nation Comparison (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1978)

Verba, Sidney, Kay Lehman Schlozman, and Henry E. Brady, Voice and Equality: Civic Voluntarism in American Politics (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1995)

Völker, Beate, ‘Should auld Acquaintance be forgot …?’ The Institutions of Communism, the Transition to Capitalism and Personal Networks: The Case of East Germany (Amsterdam: Thesis Publishers, 1995)

Völker, Beate, and Henk, Flap, “Changes in Personal Networks in the Former GDR,” in Netherlands Journal of Social Sciences, No. 2 (1996), pp. 87–110Google Scholar

Völker, Beate, and Henk, Flap, “Getting Ahead in the GDR: Social Capital and Status Attainment under Communism,” in Acta Sociologica, Vol. 42, No. 1 (1999), pp. 17–34CrossRef Google Scholar

Walzer, Michael, “The Idea of Civil Society: A Path to Social Reconstruction,” in Community Works: The Revival of Civil Society in America, edited by E. J. Dionne, Jr. (Washington, DC: Brookings Institution Press, 1998), pp. 123–143

Warren, Mark, ed., Democracy and Trust (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1999)

Wedel, Janine R., The Private Poland (New York: Facts on File, 1986)

Wedel, Janine R., Collision and Collusion: The Strange Case of Western Aid to Eastern Europe 1989–1998 (New York: St. Martin's Press, 1998)

Weigle, Marcia A., Russia's Liberal Project: State-Society Relations in the Transition from Communism (University Park: Pennsylvania State University Press, 2000)

Wessels, Bernhard, “Bürger und Organisationen in Ost- und Westdeutschland: Vereint und doch verschieden?” in Probleme der Einheit: Organisierte Interessen in Ostdeutschland, edited by Volker Eichener et al. (Marburg: Metropolis-Verlag, 1992), pp. 509–543

White, Gordon, Jude Howell, and Shang Xiaoyuan, In Search of Civil Society: Market Reform and Social Change in Contemporary China (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1996)

White, Stephen, Richard Rose, and Ian McAllister, How Russia Votes (Chatham, NJ: Chatham House, 1997)

Wolfinger, Raymond E., and Steven J. Rosenstone, Who Votes? (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1980)

Woodruff, David M., Money Unmade: Barter and the Fate of Russian Capitalism (Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 1999)