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Published online by Cambridge University Press: 05 June 2012
In this chapter, we describe final demand by domestic agents – private households, government, investors – and by the export market. Data in the Social Accounting Matrix (SAM) describe agents' incomes and the commodity composition of their spending. The computable general equilibrium (CGE) model depicts demand by domestic agents as a two-stage decision. First, consumers decide on the quantities of each commodity in their consumption basket. Second, an “Armington” import aggregation function describes their choice between domestic and imported varieties of each commodity. We survey functional forms commonly used in CGE models to describe private household preferences. We also introduce the concept of “national welfare,” which is the monetary value of changes in a nation's well-being following an economic shock.
The U.S. economic stimulus package, implemented in the 2009 recession, was designed to increase government spending in order to compensate for sharp declines in spending by private households and investors, and in export sales. These four categories of demand – private households, investment, government, and exports – constitute the demand side of an economy. They are called components of final demand since the goods and services that are consumed are in their end-use; they are not further combined or processed into other goods and services. An economy's structure can change when the categories of aggregate final demand change in relative size because each type of final demand usually purchases different goods and services.
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