Eastern Orthodox Christianity

doi:10.1017/CBO9780511979651.005

3 - Eastern Orthodox Christianity

Published online by Cambridge University Press: 05 June 2014

Yuri Stoyanov

Edited by

Gregory M. Reichberg and

Henrik Syse

Assisted by

Nicole M. Hartwell

Show author details

Yuri Stoyanov: Affiliation:
University of London
Gregory M. Reichberg: Affiliation:
Peace Research Institute Oslo
Henrik Syse: Affiliation:
Peace Research Institute Oslo

Book contents

Get access

Summary

Eastern Orthodoxy represents one of the three principal branches of Christianity and the second largest Christian denomination. With its historical connections with the Eastern Roman/Byzantine Empire, the traditional and contemporary areas of its greatest spread and influence are in Eastern Europe, Russia, the Eastern Mediterranean, and the Near East. It represents a decentralized church organization of autocephalous (administratively independent) doctrinally and liturgically united ecclesial bodies. Among these ecclesial bodies the Ecumenical Patriarch of Constantinople has the honor of titular primacy, while several of them function in effect as national churches. The continuity of Eastern Orthodoxy with the apostolic church through the process of apostolic succession is strongly emphasized, with faith and worship being delineated and regulated by its adherence to and recognition of only the decisions and canons of the first seven ecumenical councils (325–787 CE).

Introduction

The provenance, historical trajectories, and modern transformations of Eastern Orthodox cultures vis-à-vis the ethics of war display both significant analogies and dissimilarities to the respective Western Christian developments but have received much less in-depth and comprehensive treatment. However, in the last three decades some intense debates have evolved among Eastern Orthodox theologians, Byzantinists, and historians of the modern period centered on the Eastern Orthodox Churches’ and cultures’ traditional and current stances on the legitimization and conduct of just, justifiable, and “holy” warfare, as well as on pacifism and nonresistance to violence. These debates have ranged from the scriptural and patristic substructures of these stances to their more recent reformulations and political instrumentalizations in modern ideologized, “nationalized,” and reformist trends in Eastern Orthodox thought and societies.

Information

Type: Chapter
Information: Religion, War, and Ethics
A Sourcebook of Textual Traditions
, pp. 164 - 234

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511979651.005 [Opens in a new window]

Publisher: Cambridge University Press

Print publication year: 2014

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

Book purchase

Temporarily unavailable

References

Miller, Timothy S., “Introduction,” in Miller, Timothy S. and Nesbit, John (eds.), Peace and War in Byzantium. Essays in Honor of George T. Dennis (Washington, D.C.: Catholic University of America Press, 1995), pp. 1–17Google Scholar

Haldon, John, Warfare, State and Society in the Byzantine World, 565–1204 (London: University College Press, 1999), pp. 2–7Google Scholar

Bos, Hildo and Forest, Jim (eds.), For the Peace from Above: An Orthodox Resource Book on War, Peace and Nationalism (Bialystok: Syndesmos Press, 1999)

Ahrweiler, Hélène, L’Idéologie politique de l’empire byzantine (Paris: P.U.F., 1975), pp. 42ff.Google Scholar

Laiou, Angeliki E., “On Just War in Byzantium,” in Langdon, J. et al. (eds.), To Hellenikon, vol. 1: Hellenic Antiquity and Byzantium. Studies in Honor of Speros Vryonis Jr. (New Rochelle, N.Y.: Aristide D. Caratzas, 1993), pp. 153–177Google Scholar

Treadgold, W., “Byzantium, the Reluctant Warrior,” in Christie, N. and Yazigi, M. (eds.), Noble Ideals and Bloody Realities: Warfare in the Middle Ages (Leiden: Brill, 2006), pp. 209–33Google Scholar

Laiou, Angeliki E., “The Just War of Eastern Christians and the Holy War of the Crusaders,” in Sorabji, Richard and Rodin, David (eds.), The Ethics of War: Shared Problems in Different Traditions (Aldershot, Hants: Ashgate, 2006), pp. 30–44Google Scholar

Dennis, George T., “Defenders of the Christian People: Holy War in Byzantium,” in Laiou, Angeliki E. and Mottaheden, Roy Parviz (eds.), The Crusades from the Perspective of Byzantium and the Muslim World (Washington, D.C.: Dumbarton Oaks Research Library and Collection, 2001), pp. 31–41Google Scholar

Vieillefond, J.-R., “Les pratiques religieuses dans l’armée byzantine d’après les traités militaries,” Revue des études anciennes 37 (1935), 322–330CrossRef Google Scholar

McCormick, Michael, Eternal Victory: Triumphal Rulership in Late Antiquity, Byzantium and the Early Medieval West (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1986), pp. 238–251Google Scholar

Dennis, George T, “Religious Services in the Byzantine Army,” in Carr, E. et al. (eds.), Eulogēma: Studies in Honor of Robert Taft, S.J. (Rome: Pontificio Ateneo S. Anselmo, 1993), pp. 107–118Google Scholar

Brundage, James A., Medieval Canon Law and the Crusader (Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 1969), pp. 22–26Google Scholar

Dagron, Gilbert and Mihâescu, Haralambie (eds.), Le traité sur la guérilla (De velitatione) de l’empereur Nicéphore Phocas (963–969) (Paris: Editions du CNRS, 1986), pp. 284–286

Kolbaba, Tia M., “Fighting for Christianity: Holy War in the Byzantine Empire,” Byzantion 68 (1998), 194–221Google Scholar

Haldon, John, Warfare, State and Society in the Byzantine World, 565–1204 (London: University College Press, 1999), pp. 30–32Google Scholar

Delehaye, Hippolyte, Les légendes grecques des saints militaries (Paris: Librairie A. Picard, 1909)Google Scholar

Webster, Alexander F. C., “Varieties of Christian Military Saints: From Martyrs under Caesar to Warrior Princes,” St. Vladimir’s Theological Quarterly 24 (1980), 3–35Google Scholar

Walter, Christopher, The Warrior Saints in Byzantine Art and Tradition (Aldershot: Ashgate, 2002)Google Scholar

Haldon, John (ed.), Byzantine Warfare (Aldershot: Ashgate, 2007)

Stoyanov, Yuri, “Norms of War in Eastern Orthodox Christianity,” in Reichberg, G., Popovski, V., and Turner, N. (eds.), World Religions and Norms of War (Tokyo: UNU Press, 2009), pp. 84–128Google Scholar

Huttenbach, Henry, “The Origins of Russian Imperialism,” in Hunczak, Taras (ed.), Russian Imperialism from Ivan the Great to the Revolution (New Brunswick, N.J.: Rutgers University Press, 1974), pp. 18–44Google Scholar

Troyat, Henri, Ivan the Terrible, trans. Pinkham, J. (London: Phoenix, 2001), p. 65Google Scholar

Robinson, Paul, “The Justification of War in Russian History and Philosophy,” in Robinson, Paul (ed.), Just War in Comparative Perspective (Aldershot: Ashgate, 2003), pp. 62–75Google Scholar

White, Grant, “Orthodox Christian Positions on War and Peace,” in Asfaw, Semegnish, Kerber, Guillermo, and Weiderud, Peter (eds.), The Responsibility to Protect: Ethical and Theological Reflections (Geneva: WCC Publications, 2005), pp. 37–39Google Scholar

Dain, Alphonse, “Les stratégistes byzantins,” Travaux et Mémoires 2 (1967), 317–392Google Scholar

Luttwak, Edward N., The Grand Strategy of the Byzantine Empire (Cambridge, Mass.: Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, 2009), pp. 235–393 passim (with a discussion of the Greco-Roman classical inheritance reworked in the genre at pp. 239–266)Google Scholar

Sullivan, Denis, “Byzantine Military Manuals: Prescriptions, Practice, and Pedagogy,” in Stephenson, Paul (ed.), The Byzantine World (London: Routledge, 2010), pp. 149–161Google Scholar

Korzenszky, E. and Vári, R. (eds.), Onasandri Strategicus (Budapest: Typis Societatis Franklinianae, 1935), p. 10 (Greek text)

The Taktika of Leo VI, Dennis, George (ed. and trans.) (Washington, D.C.: Dumbarton Oaks Research Library and Collection, 2010), p. 594 (Greek text), p. 595 (English translation)

Dennis, George T. (ed. and trans.), Three Byzantine Military Treatises (Washington, D.C.: Dumbarton Oaks Research Library and Collection, 1985), p. 20 (Greek text), p. 21

Strategikon Arta militară. Mauricius, Mihăescu, H. (ed. and trans.) (Bucharest: Editura Academiei Republicii Socialiste România, 1970), p. 44 (Greek text)

Dennis, George T. (trans.), Maurice’s Strategikon: Handbook of Byzantine Military Strategy (Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 1984), p. 9Google Scholar

McGeer, Eric (ed. and trans.), Sowing the Dragon’s Teeth: Byzantine Warfare in the Tenth Century (Washington, D.C.: Dumbarton Oaks Research Library and Collection, 1995), pp. 13–61

Komnene, Anna, Alexiad, 15.6.5; Alexiade: règne de l’empereur Alexis I Comnène, 1081–1118, Leib, B. (ed. and trans.), vol. III, Books XI–XV (Paris: Les Belles Lettres, 1989), p. 209Google Scholar

The Alexiad of Anna Comnena, Sewter, E. R. A. (trans.) (Harmondsworth: Penguin, 1969), p. 488Google Scholar

Nesbit, John W. (ed.), Byzantine Authors: Literary Activities and Preoccupations: Texts and Translations Dedicated to the Memory of Nicolas Oikonomides (Leiden: Brill, 2003), pp. 111–35

Theophylacti Simocattae Historiarum, Bekker, I. (ed.) (Bonn: Weber, 1834), pp. 142–143 (Greek text)

The History of Theophylact Simocatta, Whitby, Michael (trans.) (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1986), pp. 93–94Google Scholar

Whitby, Michael, “Deus Nobiscum: Christianity, Warfare, and Morale in Late Antiquity,” in Austin, M., Harries, J., and Smith, C. (eds.), Modus Operandi: Essays in Honour of Geoffrey Rickman (London: Institute of Classical Studies, SAS, University of London, 1998), pp. 191–208Google Scholar

Theopahis Chronographia, Boor, Carl de (ed.), 2 vols. (Leipzig: Teubner 1883–1885)

The Chronicle of Theophanes Confessor: Byzantine and Near Eastern History, AD 284–813, Mango, Cyril and Scott, Roger (trans.) (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1997), p. 436Google Scholar

Johnston, James Howard, “Heraclius’ Persian Campaign and the Revival of the East Roman Empire,” War in History 6 (1996), 1–44Google Scholar

Stoyanov, Yuri, Defenders and Enemies of the True Cross (Vienna: Austrian Academy of Science Press, 2011), ch. 3 passimGoogle Scholar

Ahrweiler, Hélène, “Un discours inédit de Constantin VII Porphyrogénète,” Travaux et Mémoires 2 (1967), 393–404Google Scholar

Vári, R., “Zum historischen Exzerptenwerke des Konstantinos Porphyrogennetos,” Byzantinische Zeitschrift 17:1 (1908), 75–85 (Greek text at 78–84, at 80, 83)CrossRef Google Scholar

Taft, Robert F., “War and Peace in the Byzantine Divine Liturgy,” in Miller, and Nesbit, , Peace and War, pp. 17–33

Pertusi, A., “Una acolouthia militare inedita del X secolo,”Aevum 22 (1948), 145–168Google Scholar

The Pedalion (The Rudder) of the Orthodox Catholic Church: The Compilation of the Holy Canons by Saints Nicodemus and Agapius, Cummings, D. (trans.) (Chicago, Ill.: Orthodox Christian Educational Society, 1957Google Scholar

Swift, Louis J. (ed. and trans.), The Early Fathers on Law and Military Service (Wilmington, Del.: Michael Glazier, 1983), pp. 90–93

Webster, Alexander F. C., The Pacifist Option: The Moral Argument against War in Eastern Orthodox Theology (Lanham, Md.: Rowman & Littlefield, 1998), pp. 165–181Google Scholar

Harakas, Stanley S., “The Morality of War,” in Allen, Joseph J. (ed.), Orthodox Synthesis. The Unity of Theological Thought (Crestwood, N.Y.: St. Vladimir Seminar Press, 1981), pp. 67–95Google Scholar

Rhalles, Georgios A. and Potles, Michael, Syntagma ton theion kai hieron kanonon (Athens: G. Chartophylax, 1852), vol. 4, p. 69Google Scholar

Webster, Alexander F. C., “Justifiable War as a ‘Lesser Good’ in Eastern Orthodox Moral Tradition,”St. Vladimir’s Theological Quarterly 47:1 (2003), 3–59Google Scholar

Harakas, Stanley S., “The Teaching of Peace in the Fathers,” in Harakas, Stanley S., The Wholeness of Faith and Life: Orthodox Christian Ethics: Part One: Patristic Ethics (Brookline, Mass.: Holy Orthodox Press), ch. 6, pp. 155–156

McGuckin, John A., “Non-Violence and Peace Traditions in Early and Eastern Christianity,” in Kuriakose, K. (ed.), Religion, Terrorism and Globalisation: Non-Violence – A New Agenda (New York: Nova Science Publishers, 2006), pp. 189–202Google Scholar

McGuckin, John A., The Orthodox Church: An Introduction to Its History, Doctrine, and Spiritual Culture (Oxford: Blackwell, 2008), pp. 403–404CrossRef Google Scholar

Saint Basil Exegetic Homilies, Way, Agnes C. (trans.) (Washington, D.C.: Catholic University of America Press, 1963), pp. 341–351Google Scholar

Scylitzes, Ioannes, Synoposis Historiarum, Thurn, Hans (ed.) (New York and Berlin: Walter de Gruyter, 1973), pp. 274–275Google Scholar

Stephenson, Paul, “Imperial Christianity and Sacred War in Byzantium,” in Wellman, James K., Jr. (ed.), Belief and Bloodshed: Religion and Violence across Time and Tradition (Lanham, Md.: Rowman & Littlefield, 2007), pp. 81–97Google Scholar

Dagron, Gilbert, Emperor and Priest. The Imperial Office in Byzantium, Birrell, J. (trans.) (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2003), pp. 1Google Scholar

Kliment Okhridskii. Sŭbrani sŭchineniia, Angelov, B. S. and Kodov, K. (eds.) (Sofia: Izdatelstvo na Bŭlgarskata Akademiia na Naukite, 1973), vol. 3, pp. 89–109

Goodin, David K., “Just War Theory and Eastern Orthodox Christianity: A Theological Perspective on the Doctrinal Legacy of Chrysostom and Constantine-Cyril,”Theandros: An Online Journal of Orthodox Christian Theology and Philosophy 2(3), 2005Google Scholar

Simion, Marian Gh., “Seven Factors of Ambivalence in Defining a Just War Theory in Eastern Christianity,” in Simion, Marian Gh. and Tălpăşanu, Ilie (eds.), Proceedings of the 32nd Annual Congress of the American Romanian Academy of Arts and Sciences (Montreal: Polytechnic International Press, 2008), pp. 537–543, at p. 539Google Scholar

Dagron, Gilbert, “Byzance et le modèle islamique au Xe siècle, à propos des Constitutions tactiques de l’empereur Léon VI,” Comptes rendus des séances de l’Académie des Inscriptions et Belles-Lettres 127 (4) (Paris, 1983), pp. 219–243Google Scholar

Détorakis, T. and Mossay, J., “Un office inédit pour ceux qui sont morts à la guerre, dans le Cod. Sin. Gr. 734–735,” Le Muséon 101 (1988), 183–211CrossRef Google Scholar

Stephenson, Paul, “‘About the emperor Nikephoros and how he leaves his bones in Bulgaria’: A Context for the Controversial Chronicle of 811,” Dumbarton Oaks Papers 60 (2006), 87–109Google Scholar

Isoaho, Mari, The Image of Aleksandr Nevskiy in Medieval Russia: Warrior and Saint (Leiden: Brill, 2006), pp. 53–67Google Scholar

The Russian Primary Chronicle, Laurentian Text, Cross, Samuel H. and Sherbowitz-Wetzor, Olgerd P. (eds. and trans.) (Cambridge, Mass.: Mediaeval Academy of America, 1953), pp. 129–130

Miller, David B., “The Cult of Saint Sergius of Radonezh and Its Political Uses,” Slavic Review 52:4 (1993), 680–699, at 692–693CrossRef Google Scholar

Dmitriev, L. A. and Likhachev, D. S. (eds.), Pamiatniki literatury Drevnei Rusi XIV-seredina XV veka (Moscow: Khudozh. Literatura, 1981), pp. 256–429

Medieval Russia’s Epics, Chronicles, and Tales, Zenkovsky, Serge A. (ed. and trans.) (New York: Dutton, 1963), pp. 208–236

Webster, Alexander F. C., The Price of Prophecy: Orthodox Churches on Peace, Freedom, and Security (Washington, D.C.: Ethics and Public Policy Center, 1993), pp. 203–204Google Scholar

Skazaniia i povesti o Kulikovskoi bitve (Tales and Stories of the Battle of Kulikov), Dmitriev, L. A. and Likhacheva, O. P. (eds.) (Leningrad: Nauka, 1982), pp. 369–374

Pelenski, Jaroslaw, Russia and Kazan: Conquest and Imperial Ideology, 1438–1560s (The Hague/Paris: Mouton, 1974), pp. 177–283CrossRef Google Scholar

Ostrowski, Donald, Muscovy and the Mongols: Cross-Cultural Influences on the Steppe Frontier, 1304–1589 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1998), pp. 133–249Google Scholar

Ržiga, V. F. (ed.), “Opity po istorii russkoi publitsistiki XVI veka” (Experimental Essays on the History of Russian Social and Political Journalism in the 16th century), Trudy otdela drevnerusskoi literatury 1 (1943), 111–116

Pavlov, Andrei and Perrie, Maureen, Ivan the Terrible (London: Longman, 2003), pp. 47, 206Google Scholar

Yemelianova, Galina M., Russia and Islam: A Historical Survey (New York: Palgrave, 2002), p. 30CrossRef Google Scholar

Butler, William E.: Shafirov, Peter P., A Discourse Concerning the Just Causes of the War between Sweden and Russia: 1700–1721 (Dobbs Ferry, N.Y: Oceana Publications, 1973)Google Scholar

Shafirov, Petr, Rassuzhdenie, kakie zakonnye prichiny Petr I, tsar’ i povelitel’ vserossiĭskiĭ, k nachatiiu voĭny protiv Karla XII, korolia shvedskogo, v 1700 godu imel (A Discourse Concerning the Just Reasons Which His Czarish Majesty, Peter I, Had for the Beginning of the War against the King of Sweden, Charles XII), Tomsinov, V. (ed.) (Moscow: Zertsalo, 2008), p. 175Google Scholar

Khomiakov, Aleksei, “Pis’mo k priiateliu-inostrantsu pered’ nachalom vostochnoi voiny” (Letter to a Foreign Friend on the Eve of the Eastern [Crimean] War), Polnoe sobranīe sochinenii Alekseia Stepanovicha Khomiakova, 3rd ed. (Moscow: Universitetskaia tipografiia, 1900), vol. 3, pp. 187–205 (Russian text)Google Scholar

The Mind of Modern Russia: Historical and Political Thought of Russia’s Great Age, Kohn, Hans (ed.) (New Brunswick, N.J.: Rutgers University Press, 1955), pp. 108–112

Tiutchev, Fedor, “Rossiia i Revoliutsiia,” in Polnoe sobranie sochinenii F.I. Tiutcheva, Bikov, P. V. (ed.) (St. Petersburg: Izd. T-va A. F. Marks, 1913), pp. 456–475 (Russian text)Google Scholar

Zeldin, Jesse, Poems and Political Letters of F. I. Tyutchev (Knoxville: University of Tennessee Press, 1973), pp. 176–187Google Scholar

Danilevskii, Nikolai, Rossiia i Evropa, 5th ed. (St. Petersburg: Tip. brat. Panteleevykh, 1895)Google Scholar

Petrovich, Michael B., The Emergence of Russian Panslavism, 1856–1870 (New York: Columbia University Press, 1956), pp. 281–282Google Scholar

Walicki, Andrzej, The Slavophile Controversy, Andrews-Rusiecka, Hilda (trans.) (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1975), p. 497Google Scholar

Tatishchev, Sergei, Imperator Aleksandr II, ego zhizn’ i tsarstvovanie (Emperor Alexander II, His Life and Reign) (St. Petersburg: Izd. A. S. Suvorina, 1903), vol. 1, pp. 335–336 (Russian text)Google Scholar

Sumner, Benedict, Russia and the Balkans, 1870–1880 (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1937), p. 227Google Scholar

Novikova, Ol’ga, Russia and England from 1876 to 1880: A Protest and an Appeal (London: Longmans, Green, 1880), pp. 52–61Google Scholar

Rancour-Laferriere, Daniel, Tolstoy’s Quest for God (New Brunswick, N.J.: Transaction Publishers, 2007), pp. 96–99Google Scholar

Tolstoi, Lev, My Religion (London: W. Scott, 1890), pp. 7–8Google Scholar

Tolstoi, Lev, The Kingdom of God Is within You, Garnett, Constance (trans.) (London: William Heinemann, 1894), pp. 45, 46, 47, 48, 50Google Scholar

Tolstoy, Lev, The Law of Love and the Law of Violence, Tolstoy, Mary (trans.) (London: Anthony Blond, 1970), pp. 32, 92, 96Google Scholar

Tolstoi, Lev, “Dve voiny” (1898); English translation from Tolstoy’s Writings on Civil Disobedience and Non-Violence, Maude, A. (trans.) (New York: Bergman Publishers, 1967), pp. 21–29Google Scholar

Sochineniia V. S. Solov’eva, Solov’ev, S. and Radlov, E. (eds.) (St. Petersburg: N. F. Merts, 1903), vol. 8 (Russian text)

The Justification of the Good: An Essay on Moral Philosophy, Duddington, Nathalie (trans.) (London: Constable, 1918), pp. 387, 404, 405, 406Google Scholar

War and Christianity from the Russian Point of View: Three Conversations, Graham, Stephen (trans.) (London: Constable & Company, 1915), pp. 10–11Google Scholar

Solov’ev, Vladimir, “Byzantinism and Russia,” in Freedom, Faith, and Dogma: Essays by V.S. Soloviev on Christianity and Judaism, Wozniuk, Vladimir (ed. and trans.) (Albany: State University of New York Press, 2008), pp. 191–229Google Scholar

Ivanov, Viacheslav, “Vselenskoe delo (The Universal Task),” Russkaia Mysl’ 12 (1914), 97–107Google Scholar

Khrapovitskii, Antonii, “Khristianskaiia vera i voina,” Russkii inok 21 (November 1916), 872–877Google Scholar

Khrapovitsky, Antony, The Christian Faith and War (Jordanville, N.Y.: Holy Trinity Monastery, 1973), pp. 5–6, 10, 11, 13, 15, 16Google Scholar

Kersnosvkii, Anton, Filosofiia voiny (The Philosophy of War) (Belgrade, 1939), p. 9. Translation by Y. StoyanovGoogle Scholar

Il’in, Ivan, O soprotivlenii zlu siloiu (On Resistance to Evil by Force) (1925), in Sochineniia v dvukh tomakh, Antonova, E. (ed.) (Moscow: Medium, 1993), pp. 301–480, at pp. 307, 454Google Scholar

Berdiaev, Nikolai, O rabstve i svoboda cheloveka (Slavery and Freedom) (1939); English translation from Christian Existentialism: A Berdyaev Anthology, Lowrie, Donald (ed. and trans.) (London: G. Allen & Unwin, 1965), pp. 301, 302Google Scholar

Berdiaev, Nikolai, Dialectique existentielle du divin et de l’humain (Paris: J. B. Janin, 1947)Google Scholar

Losskii, Vladimir, Sept jours sur les routes de France (Paris: Éditions du Cerf, 1998)Google Scholar

The Teachings of Modern Orthodox Christianity on Law, Politics, and Human Nature, Witte, John, Jr., and Alexander, Frank (eds.) (New York: Columbia University Press, 2007), pp. 213, 214Google Scholar

Skobtsova, Maria, “Prozrenie v voine” (Insight in Wartime), in Mat’ Mariia. Vospominaniia, stat’i, ocherki (Mother Maria. Memoires, Articles and Essays) (Paris: YMCA Press, 1992), vol. 1, pp. 312–337 (Russian text)Google Scholar

Hariton, Silviu, “Religion, Nationalism and Militarism in Nineteenth Century Romania,” Études Balkaniques 44:4 (2008), 9–36, at 22Google Scholar

Velimirović, Nikolaj, Serbia in Light and Darkness (London: Longmans, Green, 1916), p. 40Google Scholar

Velimirović, Nikolaj, Agony of the Church (London: Student Christian Movement, 1917), pp. 64–65Google Scholar

Patriarch Gavrilo V of Serbia, “U čemu je značaj 27. marta,” Memoari patriarcha srpskog Gavrila (Belgrade: Sfairos, 1991), p. 270Google Scholar

Anzulovic, Branimir, Heavenly Serbia (New York: New York University Press, 1999), p. 17Google Scholar

Curtiss, John S., The Russian Church and the Soviet State, 1917–1950 (Boston: Little, Brown), p. 50

Vvedenskii, A. I., Tserkov’ i gosudarstvo (Church and State) (Moscow, 1923), pp. 114–115Google Scholar

Miner, Steven, Stalin’s Holy War: Religion, Nationalism, and Alliance Politics, 1941–1945 (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2003)Google Scholar

Sergius, , “Sermon” (12 August 1941), in Patriarkhiia, Moskovskaiia, The Truth about Religion in Russia (London: Hutchinson, 1944), pp. 43, 44Google Scholar

Russkaia pravoslavnaia tserkov’: The Russian Orthodox Church, Bradbury, Doris (trans.) (Moscow: Progress, 1982), pp. 112–135Google Scholar

The Orthodox Church in the Ecumenical Movement: Documents and Statements 1902–1975, Patelos, Constantin (ed.) (Geneva: World Council of Churches, 1978), pp. 248–250

Patriarch Pimen of Moscow, “An Orthodox View on Contemporary Ecumenism,” in The Orthodox Church, pp. 325–337, at pp. 335, 336.

Patriarch Cyril of Bulgaria (1953–1971), “Address of Welcome to Dr. Eugene Blake,” in The Orthodox Church, pp. 280–282, at p. 281Google Scholar

Justice, Peace and Integrity of Creation: Insights from Orthodoxy, Limouris, Gennadios (ed.) (Geneva: WCC Publications), pp. 16–28

Bartholomew, Patriarch I, “Environment, Peace and, Economy,” in Bartholomew I, Cosmic Grace – Humble Prayer: The Ecological Vision of the Green Patriarch Bartholomew, Chryssavgis, John (ed.) (Grand Rapids, Mich.: W. B. Eerdmans, 2003), pp. 237–243Google Scholar

Bishops, Jubilee’ Council of the Russian Orthodox Church, “War and Peace,” in The Orthodox Church and Society: The Bases of the Social Concept of the Russian Orthodox Church (Belleville, Mich.: St. Innocent, Firebird Publishers, 2000), available at Google Scholar

Frankopan, Peter, The First Crusade: The Call from the East (London: Bodley Head, 2012).CrossRef Google Scholar

Garena, Kamen (Petǔr), Voennoto dukhovenstvo na Bǔlgaria (“The Military Clergy of Bulgaria”), (Sofia: Gutenberg, 2008–2009), 2 vols.Google Scholar

Howard-Johnston, J. D., Witnesses to a World Crisis: Historians and Histories of the Middle East in the Seventh Century (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2010).CrossRef Google Scholar

Nichanian, M., “De la guerre ‘antique’ à la guerre ‘médiévale’ dans l’empire romain d’orient. Legitimite imperiale, ideologie des la guerre et revoltes militaries,” in Barthélemy, D. and Cheynet, J.-Cl. (eds.), Guerre et Société au Moyen Âge, Byzance – Occident (VIIIe–XIIIe siècle) (Paris: ACHCByz, 2010), pp. 27–43.Google Scholar

Richters, Katja, The Post-Soviet Russian Orthodox Church: Politics, Culture and Greater Russia (London: Routledge, 2012).Google Scholar

Schean, J. F., Soldiering for God: Christianity and the Roman Army (Leiden: Brill, 2010).CrossRef Google Scholar

Stephenson, Paul, “Religious Services for Byzantine Soldiers and the Possibility of Martyrdom, c. 400–1000 C.E.,” in Hashmi, S. (ed.), Just Wars, Holy Wars, Jihads (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2012), pp. 25–46.CrossRef Google Scholar

Stouraitis, Ioannis, Krieg und Frieden in der politischen und ideologischen Wahrnehmung in Byzanz (7.–11. Jahrhundert) (Vienna: Fassbaender, 2009).Google Scholar

Stouraitis, Ioannis, “Jihād and Crusade: Byzantine Positions towards the Notions of ‘Holy War,’” ByzantinaSymmeikta 21 (2011), 11–63, available at .Google Scholar

Stouraitis, Ioannis, “‘Just War’ and ‘Holy War’ in the Middle Ages: Rethinking Theory through the Byzantine Case-Study,” Jahrbuch der Österreichischen Byzantinistik 62 (2012), 227–264.Google Scholar

Stouraitis, Ioannis, and Koder, J. (eds.), Byzantine War Ideology between Roman Imperial Concept and Christian Religion (Vienna: Österreichische Akademie der Wissenschaften, 2012).

Stoyanov, Yuri, Defenders and Enemies of the True Cross (Vienna: Austrian Academy of Science Press, 2011).Google Scholar

Accessibility standard: Unknown

Why this information is here

This section outlines the accessibility features of this content - including support for screen readers, full keyboard navigation and high-contrast display options. This may not be relevant for you.

Accessibility Information

Accessibility compliance for the PDF of this chapter is currently unknown and may be updated in the future.