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4 - The cosmological era

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  05 December 2012

By
Luigi Piro  and
Kevin Hurley
Edited by
Chryssa Kouveliotou ,
Ralph A. M. J. Wijers  and
Stan Woosley
Luigi Piro
Affiliation:
Instituto Astrofisica Spaziale Fisica Cosmica, Sez. Roma, INAF, Via Fosso del Cavaliere 100, Rome, I-00133, Italy
Kevin Hurley
Affiliation:
University of California, Space Sciences Laboratory, 7 Gauss Way, Berkeley, CA 94720-7450, USA
Chryssa Kouveliotou
Affiliation:
NASA-Marshall Space Flight Center, Huntsville
Ralph A. M. J. Wijers
Affiliation:
Universiteit van Amsterdam
Stan Woosley
Affiliation:
University of California, Santa Cruz
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Summary

Introduction

The observations of gamma-ray bursts (GRBs) with the Compton Gamma Ray Observatory/Burst and Transient Source Experiment (CGRO/BATSE; see Chapter 3) pointed toward an extragalactic origin of GRBs; however, a direct measurement of the distance was still missing. Faster and much more precise positions were needed to find the counterparts at other wavelengths, the “Holy Grail” of GRB scientists. However, whether any “remnant” (afterglow) emission actually followed the GRB was unknown. A number of breakthrough discoveries were enabled by the launch of BeppoSAX in 1996. The fundamental questions about the nature of GRBs addressed with BeppoSAX and their implications, can be summarized as follows:

  • Where are GRBs located? – distance-scale measurement; properties of the host galaxy; properties of the GRB formation site.

  • What is the source of the GRB energy? – nature of their progenitors; how the progenitors produce the initial GRB energy (collapsars or mergers?).

  • How is this energy transformed into radiation?

BeppoSAX

BeppoSAX was an Italian X-ray satellite with Dutch participation, nicknamed Beppo after the physicist Giuseppe “Beppo” Occhialini (Piro et al. 1995a, Boella et al. 1997a). One of the key science goals of BeppoSAX was the study of transient sources in the sky, including GRBs. Scientific instruments and ground operations were specifically designed to search for transient events over wide areas of the sky, and to follow up their detection with fast observations using sensitive X-ray telescopes.

Type
Chapter
Information
Gamma-ray Bursts , pp. 39 - 72
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Print publication year: 2012

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  • The cosmological era
    • By Luigi Piro, Instituto Astrofisica Spaziale Fisica Cosmica, Sez. Roma, INAF, Via Fosso del Cavaliere 100, Rome, I-00133, Italy, Kevin Hurley, University of California, Space Sciences Laboratory, 7 Gauss Way, Berkeley, CA 94720-7450, USA
  • Edited by Chryssa Kouveliotou, NASA-Marshall Space Flight Center, Huntsville, Ralph A. M. J. Wijers, Universiteit van Amsterdam, Stan Woosley, University of California, Santa Cruz
  • Book: Gamma-ray Bursts
  • Online publication: 05 December 2012
  • Chapter DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511980336.005
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  • The cosmological era
    • By Luigi Piro, Instituto Astrofisica Spaziale Fisica Cosmica, Sez. Roma, INAF, Via Fosso del Cavaliere 100, Rome, I-00133, Italy, Kevin Hurley, University of California, Space Sciences Laboratory, 7 Gauss Way, Berkeley, CA 94720-7450, USA
  • Edited by Chryssa Kouveliotou, NASA-Marshall Space Flight Center, Huntsville, Ralph A. M. J. Wijers, Universiteit van Amsterdam, Stan Woosley, University of California, Santa Cruz
  • Book: Gamma-ray Bursts
  • Online publication: 05 December 2012
  • Chapter DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511980336.005
Available formats
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To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Google Drive.

  • The cosmological era
    • By Luigi Piro, Instituto Astrofisica Spaziale Fisica Cosmica, Sez. Roma, INAF, Via Fosso del Cavaliere 100, Rome, I-00133, Italy, Kevin Hurley, University of California, Space Sciences Laboratory, 7 Gauss Way, Berkeley, CA 94720-7450, USA
  • Edited by Chryssa Kouveliotou, NASA-Marshall Space Flight Center, Huntsville, Ralph A. M. J. Wijers, Universiteit van Amsterdam, Stan Woosley, University of California, Santa Cruz
  • Book: Gamma-ray Bursts
  • Online publication: 05 December 2012
  • Chapter DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511980336.005
Available formats
×