1 - The Old Republic, 1889–1930
Published online by Cambridge University Press: 05 June 2014
Summary
Brazil was first visited by the Portuguese in 1500 and initially attracted temporary traders who exchanged European goods with the Indians for Brazil wood, which was used as a dye in Europe. This symmetrical relation changed when the Portuguese decided to permanently settle this American territory. This decision, unusual in the evolution of Portuguese imperial expansion, was based on the need to defend itself against European rivals. Portugal's undeveloped American possession had become a base for North European attacks on its Asian trade routes, which passed through the South Atlantic. Having a small population in relation to its overseas imperial obligations Portugal preferred to establish small commercial settlements, or factories, and accompanying forts in order to dominate international trade, rather than relying on settler colonies to sustain its imperial system. But in the case of Brazil it had to opt for the second alternative, and using a feudal mechanism left over from the wars with Moslem Spain, it initially divided up its American colony in captaincies that were given to private entrepreneurs. But this system eventually failed and the government was forced to transform Brazil into a settler colony.
Like all the European colonizers of the New World who followed the Spanish, the Portuguese had to obtain a product that was exportable to Europe in order to sustain the colonial enterprise. Without precious metals, the Portuguese only had access to Indian slave labor and had to develop new products acceptable to the European market. The solution was the establishment of a slave-based plantation economy producing cane sugar, a product that the Portuguese had already developed in their Atlantic islands in the fifteenth century. First using captured Indian slave labor, by 1600 the plantations of Brazil were already being manned by African slave labor brought by Portuguese slavers from West Africa. By the middle of the sixteenth century, Brazil had become the world's largest producer of cane sugar, and the industry provided the funds necessary for the Portuguese to maintain their continental possession in the New World.
Information
- Type
- Chapter
- Information
- The Economic and Social History of Brazil since 1889 , pp. 1 - 81Publisher: Cambridge University PressPrint publication year: 2014
References
and , eds., La Población de Argentina (Buenos Aires: C.I.C.R.E.D. Series, 1974), 49
, New Life Tables for Latin American Populations in the Nineteenth and Twentieth Centuries, Population Monograph Series, No. 3 (Berkeley: University of California, 1968), 29–35Google Scholar
, “The Development and Structure of Brazil's Population,” Population Studies 8,2 (November 1954), 122CrossRefGoogle Scholar
, “Demographic Evolution of the Brazilian Population during the Twentieth Century,” in Population Change in Brazil: Contemporary Perspectives, ed. (Campinas: UNICAMP, 2001), 15Google Scholar
and , Population and Economic Development in Brazil: 1800 to the Present (Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1979), 30–31Google Scholar
, Vassouras, a Brazilian Coffee County, 1850–1900 (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1957)Google Scholar
, “Escravos daqui, dali e de mais além: o tráfico interno de escravos em Constituição (Piracicaba), 1861–1880,” Revista Brasileira de História 26,52 (2006), 15–47CrossRefGoogle Scholar
and , “O comércio de escravos no Vale do Paraíba paulista: Guaratinguetá e Silveiras na década de 1870,” Estudos Econômicos 30,2 (Abril–Junho 2000), 267–299Google Scholar
, Immigrants on the Land: Coffee and Society in São Paulo, 1886–1934 (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1980)Google Scholar
, Memórias de um colono no Brasil (1850) (Belo Horizonte: Itatiaia; São Paulo: Ed. Universidade de São Paulo, 1980)Google Scholar
, Rio Claro: A Brazilian Plantation System, 1820–1920 (Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 1976)Google Scholar
, “The Supply of Mules to Central Brazil: The Sorocaba Market, 1825–1880,” Agricultural History 64,4 (Fall 1990), 1–25Google Scholar
, Order against Progress: Government, Foreign Investment, and Railroads in Brazil, 1854–1913 (Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 2003), 40Google Scholar
, Native Capital: Financial Institutions and Economic Development in São Paulo, Brazil, 1850–1920 (Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 2005), 74Google Scholar
, História da viação pública de São Paulo (São Paulo: Governo do Estado de São Paulo, 1977), 21–31Google Scholar
, O sistema ferroviário paulista: um estudo sobre a evolução do transporte de transporte de passageiros sobre trilhos (MA thesis, FFLCH-USP, São Paulo, 2007)Google Scholar
, Café e ferrovias: a evolução ferroviária de São Paulo e o desenvolvimento da cultura cafeeira (São Paulo: Alfa-Omega, 1974)Google Scholar
, “Railroads, Coffee, and the Growth of Big Business in Sao Paulo, Brazil,” The Hispanic American Historical Review 57,2 (May 1977), 273–295CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Statistics of Railways in the United States (Washington, DC: Government Printing Office, 1894)
and , 150 anos de café, 2nd ed., rev. ed. (Rio de Janeiro: Marcelino Martins & E. Johnston Exportadores, 1993)Google Scholar
analyzes in detail this process, which he calls the “socialization of losses” in Formação Econômica do Brasil (São Paulo: Cia Editora Nacional, 1968a)Google Scholar
, A Abolição no Parlamento: 65 anos de luta, 1823–1888, 2 vols. (Brasília: Subsecretaria de Arquivo, 1988), II:487Google Scholar
, ed., “O Brasil Monárquico,” in História Geral da Civilização Brasileira, II:5 (Rio de Janeiro: Bertrand Brasil, 1997)
, Patronage and Politics in Nineteenth-Century Brazil (Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 1990)Google Scholar
, Os donos do Poder. Formação do Patronato político brasileiro, 2 vols. (Porto Alegre: Ed. Globo; São Paulo: Ed. Universidade São Paulo, 1975)Google Scholar
, A construção da Ordem: a elite política imperial; Teatro das sombras: a política imperial (Rio de Janeiro: Civilização Brasileira, 2003)Google Scholar
, “Dos Governos Militares a Prudente – Campos Sales,” in História Geral da Civilização Brasileira, III:1, ed. (Rio de Janeiro: Ed. Bertrand Brasil, 1989), 17Google Scholar
, As Barbas do Imperador. D. Pedro II, um monarca nos trópicos (São Paulo: Cia. das Letras, 1999)Google Scholar
, “Las conseqüências econômicas de la Independencia en América Latina,” in Institucionalidade y desarrollo econômico en América Latina, ed. and (Santiago de Chile: Cepal, 2012), 62–63Google Scholar
, The Atlantic Slave Trade, 2nd ed., rev. ed. (New York and Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2010)CrossRefGoogle Scholar
, “O Papel da Migração Internacional na evolução da população brasileira (1872 a 1972),” Revista de Saúde Pública 8 (Suppl.) (1974), 71–73Google Scholar
, Sexo, raça e estado civil, nacionalidade, filiação culto e analfabetismo da população recensada em 31 em Dezembro de 1890 (Rio de Janeiro: Officina da Estatística, 1898), 373Google Scholar
, “Analfabetismo e níveis de letramento no Brasil: o que dizem os censos?” Revista Educação & Sociedade (Campinas) 23,81 (Dezembro 2002), 34Google Scholar
and , “The Social Bases of Political Parties in Argentina, 1912–2003,” Latin American Research Review 44,1 (2009), 7Google Scholar
, A Space for Science – The Development of the Scientific Community in Brazil (College Station: Pennsylvania State University Press, 1991)Google Scholar
Levels and Recent Trends in Fertility and Mortality in Brazil, Report No. 21 (Washington, DC: National Academy Press, 1983), 15
, “O Financiamento Hipotecário da Cafeicultura no Vale do Paraíba Paulista (1865–87),” Revista Brasileira de Economia 56,1 (Janeiro–Março 2002), 147–170CrossRefGoogle Scholar
, “O problema do financiamento: uma análise histórica sobre o crédito no complexo cafeeiro paulista. Casa Branca (1874–1914)” (MA thesis, Franca, UNESP, 2011Google Scholar
, Britain and the Onset of Modernization in Brazil 1850–1914 (London: Cambridge University Press, 1968)CrossRefGoogle Scholar
, The Financial Crisis of Abolition (New Haven, CT, and London: Yale University Press, 2008)CrossRefGoogle Scholar
, “Reforma Monetária”; , Banking and Economic Development: Brazil, 1889–1930 (New York: Palgrave, 2000)Google Scholar
, “A primeira década republicana,” in A ordem do Progresso, ed. (Rio de Janeiro: Editora Campus, 1992)Google Scholar
, Brasil 1850–1984. Desenvolvimento Financeiro Sob um Século de Inflação (São Paulo: Editora Harper & Row do Brasil, 1986)Google Scholar
, A crise financeira da abolição (São Paulo: Ed. Universidade de São Paulo, Instituto Fernando Braudel, 1966)Google Scholar
, Finanças e política da República. Discursos e escritos (Rio de Janeiro: Cia. Impressora, 1892), 73Google Scholar
, A indústria do Rio de Janeiro através de suas sociedades anônimas (Rio de Janeiro: Prefeitura do Município do Rio de Janeiro, 1994), 127Google Scholar
, “Tradição Liberal, positivismo e pedagogia. A síntese derrotada de Rui Barbosa,” Perspectivas (São Paulo) 37 (Janeiro–Junho 2010), 113–144Google Scholar
, The Brazilian Cotton Manufacture: Textile Enterprise in an Underdeveloped Area, 1850–1950 (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1957), 96CrossRefGoogle Scholar
, “A crise Baring e a crise do Encilhamento nos quadros da economia-mundo capitalista,” Economia e Sociedade 19,1 (Abril 2010), 135–171CrossRefGoogle Scholar
and , “The Baring Crisis and the Brazilian Encilhamento, 1889–1891: An Early Example of Contagion among Emerging Capital Markets,” Financial History Review 12,2 (2005), 199–225CrossRefGoogle Scholar
, “Os Funding Loans Brasileiros – 1898–1931,” Pesquisa e Planejamento Econômico 32,3 (Dezembro 2002), 515–540Google Scholar
, Formação da diplomacia econômica no Brasil: as relações econômicas internacionais do Império (São Paulo: Editora Senac-Funag, 2001)Google Scholar
. Relatório apresentado ao Presidente dos Estados Unidos do Brazil pelo Ministério de Estado dos Negocios da no anno de 1900 (Rio de Janeiro: Imprensa Nacional), iv
and , eds., Estado de São Paulo: estatística agrícola e zootécnica, 1904–1905 (Campinas: NEPO/UNICAMP, 2003)
, The Political Economy of the Brazilian State, 1889–1930 (Austin: University of Texas Press, 1987)Google Scholar
, “The Evolution of the Economy Role of the Brazilian State, 1889–1930,” Latin American Studies 11,2 (November 1979), 329Google Scholar
and , “The State and Economic Growth in Latin America: Brazil and Mexico, Nineteenth and Early Twentieth Centuries,” in Nation, State and the Economy in History, ed. and (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2003), 349–372CrossRefGoogle Scholar
, Expansão cafeeira e origens da indústria no Brasil (São Paulo: Editora Alfa-Omega, 1995), 60Google Scholar
, The Sugar Industry in Pernambuco: Modernization without Change, 1840–1910 (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1974), 42–43Google Scholar
, O açúcar na formação econômica do Brasil (Rio de Janeiro: Annuário Açucareiro, 1937)Google Scholar
, “A grande Lavoura,” in História da civilização brasileira, II:4, ed. (São Paulo: Difusão Europeia do Livro, 1971), 85–140Google Scholar
Indústria assucareira no Brazil (Rio de Janeiro: Directoria Geral de Estatística, 1919), 44, 68
and , “A borracha na economia brasileira na primeira república,” in História geral da civilização brasileira, III:1, ed. (Rio de Janeiro: Bertran Brasil, 1989), 285–307Google Scholar
, Fordlandia: The Rise and Fall of Henry Ford's Forgotten Jungle City (New York: Metropolitan Books, 2009)Google Scholar
, “O desenvolvimento econômico da América Latina e seus principais problemas,” Revista Brasileira de Economia 3 (1949), 49–111Google Scholar
, “Origens e conseqüências da substituição de importações no Brasil,” in Formação Econômica do Brasil. A experiência da industrialização, ed. and (São Paulo: Saraiva, 1977), 7–41Google Scholar
and , “A industrialização brasileira antes de 1930: uma contribuição,” in Formação Econômica do Brasil, ed. and (São Paulo: Saraiva, 1977), 121–142Google Scholar
, São Paulo in the Brazilian Federation, 1889–1937 (Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 1980)Google Scholar
, Estado e Capital Cafeeiro em São Paulo (1889–1930) (São Paulo: Fapesp; Campinas: UNICAMP, 1999)Google Scholar
, Britain and the Onset of Modernization in Brazil 1850–1914 (London: Cambridge University Press, 1968)CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Anuário do Estado de São Paulo, 1920, Vol. 2, 88
, The World Economy: A Millennial Perspective (Geneva, Switzerland: OCDE, 2001), 74CrossRefGoogle Scholar
, O movimento Operário na Primeira República (Rio de Janeiro: Jorge Zahar Editor, 2000Google Scholar
, “A participação politíca no Brasil do século XIX: Os votantes de São Paulo em 1880,” Dados. Revista de Ciéncias Sociais (Rio de Janeiro) 38,3 (1995), 527–544Google Scholar
Accessibility standard: Unknown
Why this information is here
This section outlines the accessibility features of this content - including support for screen readers, full keyboard navigation and high-contrast display options. This may not be relevant for you.Accessibility Information
Accessibility compliance for the PDF of this chapter is currently unknown
and may be updated in the future.