Although political violence in Italy as a whole covered a long period, the history of individual underground groups was usually very short. Only the Red Brigades survived, albeit in a state of organizational crisis, for more than a decade. The other long-standing organization, the Front Line, existed (under various names) for seven years, although it represented an effective threat for only four years. The history of the Nuclei Armati Proletari (NAP) spanned three short years between its creation in 1974 and its dissolution in 1976. Few of the other groups survived beyond their first year: the Unità Comuniste Combattenti (UCC) only lasted from 1976 to 1977; the Formazioni Comuniste Combattenti (FCC), created in the summer of 1977, ceased to exist in February 1979; the Reparti Comunisti Armati (RCA) and the Movimento Comunista Rivoluzionario (MCR) were active between 1979 and the beginning of 1981; the Guerriglia Rossa, created at the beginning of 1979, had already changed its name by March of the same year and disappeared entirely in the summer of 1980; the Nuclei carried out their first action in June 1981 and their last in November 1982; the Proletari Armati per il Comunismo (PAC) operated between 1978 and 1979; the actions of Per il Comunismo were carried out between December 1979 and January 1980; and the Brigata Lo Muscio barely lasted ten months, from January to October 1980.