Adorno, Theodor (1903–69). Born in Frankfurt, Adorno was precocious intellectually and musically, writing a dissertation on Edmund Husserl at twenty-one and then studying with the Arnold Schoenberg circle in Vienna. Returning to Frankfurt in 1927, he began his lifelong collaboration with Max Horkheimer’s Institute and, in 1931, began teaching at the university. After the Nazi seizure of power, he first lived in London, then joined Horkheimer in New York in 1938. Throughout the 1930s and 1940s, he did important studies in social psychology and in the sociology of music and culture. With Horkheimer, he wrote the Dialectic of Enlightenment (1947) and then, after returning to Frankfurt in 1949, composed his own major works, Negative Dialectics (1966) and Aesthetic Theory (1970). Important studies of him include Buck-Morss, S. (1977), The Origin of Negative Dialecties: Theodor W. Adorno Walter Benjamin, and the Frankfurt Institute (New York: Free Press); Jay, M. (1984), Adorno (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press); and Rose, G. (1978). The Melancholy Science: An Introduction to the Thought of W. Adorno (New York: Columbia Press).

Ajdukiewicz, Kazimierz (1890–1963). Ajdukiewicz studied in Lvov with Twardowski, gaining his PhD in 1913 and his Habilitation in 1920. He was an associate professor in Lvov from 1921 to 1926, a professor in Warsaw from 1926 to 1928, in Lvov from 1928 to 1939, in Poznan from 1945 to 1952, and finally once more in Warsaw from 1952 to 1963. His main writings (available in English) are Pragmatic Logic (Warsaw: Polish Scientific Publishers and Dordrecht: Reidel, 1974) and The Scientific World-Perspective and Other Essays, 1931–1963, ed. J. Giedymin (Dordrecht: Reidel).