Carthage and Rome

H. H. Scullard

doi:10.1017/CHOL9780521234467.012

11 - Carthage and Rome

Published online by Cambridge University Press: 28 March 2008

H. H. Scullard

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F. W. Walbank ,

A. E. Astin ,

M. W. Frederiksen and

R. M. Ogilvie

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A. Drummond

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H. H. Scullard: Affiliation:
University of London
F. W. Walbank: Affiliation:
University of Liverpool

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Summary

CARTHAGINIAN PUBLIC AND PRIVATE LIFE

(a) The Carthaginian state

The Carthaginian state impressed the ancient world not only for its wealth, but also for its stability and endurance. Its riches may have provoked envy, and its increasing corruption contempt, but its tenacity evoked respect even from Greeks and Romans, its age-long enemies. Thus Cicero wrote (Rep. fr. 3) ‘Carthage would never have held an empire for six hundred years had it not been governed with wisdom and statesmanship’, and Aristotle classed its constitution with those of Sparta and Crete as one of the three actual states which through their stability most nearly approached the ideal ‘mixed’ polity (Pol.ii. 127 b ff): it was in fact the only non-Hellenic constitution that he included in his long series of constitutional studies. Isocrates (Nicocles 24) echoes the same theme: ‘the Carthaginians and Lacedaemonians, who are the best-governed peoples in the world’ (τους άριστα των άλλων πολιτευομένους) Wealth and constitutional stability were closely linked. The wealth of Carthage derived from her territorial empire in North Africa and the western Mediterranean; it was safeguarded by naval protection of her overseas trade which in turn provided her with financial means to maintain a strong navy. Further, her commercial success gave political power to a timocratic oligarchy which, by providing the state with the means of hiring a mercenary army instead of depending upon a large citizen militia, decreased the risk of military coups and enhanced political stability.

The early history of Carthage has already been described in earlier volumes. including the gradual way she dominated the other Phoenician settlements in the West and added her own quota to the number of Semitic colonies; her extending influence in North Africa, Spain, Sardinia and Sicily; her establishment of a commercial monopoly in western waters and the consequential struggles (at times in concert with the Etruscans) with the Greek cities which challenged her ascendancy; her continuing success in the extreme west and her fluctuating fortunes in Sicily.

Keywords

Carthage First Punic War public life Romano-Carthaginian treaties Rome

Type: Chapter
Information: The Cambridge Ancient History , pp. 486 - 572

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/CHOL9780521234467.012 [Opens in a new window]

Publisher: Cambridge University Press

Print publication year: 1990

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11 - Carthage and Rome

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