Perspective

Except in the very youngest regions, the stems and roots of woody plants (specifically, gymnosperms and dicotyledons) are covered by bark consisting of the functional secondary phloem and rhytidome, a complex tissue comprised of successively formed periderms, often of overlapping shell-like morphology, between which are enclosed dead cortical and/or phloem tissues. The outer covering of stems of large monocots differs from that of woody dicotyledons and will be discussed later. The outer bark, consisting primarily of rhytidome, is a protective layer which restricts entrance of both insects and microorganisms and also protects the inner living tissues from temperature extremes. It also inhibits water loss through evaporation, but at the same time allows gaseous exchange through specialized regions in the periderm called lenticels. In addition it supplements the secondary xylem in stiffening young stems (Niklas, 1999), thus, contributing to their ability to withstand the bending forces exerted by excessive wind and/or the weight of ice.

Periderm: structure and development

Periderm consists of phellem and phelloderm, both derived from a single-layered secondary meristem, the phellogen (Fig. 13.1a, b). Cells of the phellogen are tabular, radially thin, somewhat elongate, and polygonal as viewed tangentially. In many plants the phellogen forms at about the same level in the stem and at about the same time as the vascular cambium. The site of its initiation is highly variable but often is an outer layer of cortical parenchyma one or two layers beneath the epidermis (Fig. 13.1b).