Skip to main content Accessibility help
×
Hostname: page-component-76fb5796d-2lccl Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-04-30T06:36:27.235Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

References

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  05 November 2012

Robert G. Moser
Affiliation:
University of Texas, Austin
Ethan Scheiner
Affiliation:
University of California, Davis
Get access

Summary

Image of the first page of this content. For PDF version, please use the ‘Save PDF’ preceeding this image.'
Type
Chapter
Information
Electoral Systems and Political Context
How the Effects of Rules Vary Across New and Established Democracies
, pp. 259 - 272
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Print publication year: 2012

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Abramson, PaulAldrich, JohnBlais, AndréDiamond, MatthewDiskin, AbrahamIndridason, IndridiLee, DanielLevine, Renan 2010 Comparing Strategic Voting under FPTP and PRComparative Political Studies 43 61CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Aldrich, John 1995 Why Parties? The Origin and Transformation of Political Parties in AmericaChicago: University of Chicago PressCrossRefGoogle Scholar
Alesina, AlbertoDevleeschauwer, ArnaudEasterly, WilliamKurlat, SergioWacziarg, Romain 2003 FractionalizationJournal of Economic Growth 8 155CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Almquist, AnnOakes, Elizabeth 1993 Women in National Legislatures: A Cross-National Test of Macrostructural Gender TheoriesPopulation Research and Policy Review 12 71Google Scholar
Alvarez, R. MichaelBoehmke, Frederick J.Nagler, Jonathan 2006 Strategic Voting in British ElectionsElection Studies 25 1CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Alvarez, R. MichaelNagler, Jonathan 2000 A New Approach for Modeling Strategic Voting in Multiparty ElectionsBritish Journal of Political Science 30 131CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ames, BarryBaker, AndyRenno, Lucio R. 2009 Split-Ticket Voting as the Rule: Voters and Permanent Divided Government in BrazilElectoral Studies 28 8CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Amorim Neto, OctavioCox, Gary 1997 Electoral Institutions, Cleavage Structures, and the Number of PartiesAmerican Journal of Political Science 41 149CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Baker, AndyAmes, BarryRenno, Lucio R. 2006 Social Context and Campaign Volatility in New Democracies: Networks and Neighborhoods in Brazil's 2002 ElectionsAmerican Journal of Political Science 50 382CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Baker, AndyScheiner, Ethan 2004 Adaptive Parties: Party Strategic Capacity under Japanese SNTVElectoral Studies 23 251CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Barnes, SamuelGrace, FrankPollock, James K.Sperlich, Peter W. 1962 The German Party System and the 1961 Federal ElectionAmerican Political Science Review 56 899CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bawn, Kathleen 1993 The Logic of Institutional Preferences: German Electoral as a Social Choice OutcomeAmerican Journal of Political Science 37 965CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bawn, Kathleen 1999 Voter Responses to Electoral Complexity: Ticket Splitting, Rational Voters and Representation in the Federal Republic of GermanyBritish Journal of Political Science 29 487CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Beckwith, Karen 1986 American Women and Political ParticipationNew YorkMcGraw-HillGoogle Scholar
Belin, LauraOrttung, Robert 1997 The Russian Parliamentary Elections of 1995New YorkM. E. SharpeGoogle Scholar
Benoit, Kenneth 1999 Votes and Seats: The Hungarian Electoral Law and the 1994 Parliamentary ElectionsToka, G.The 1994 Election to the Hungarian National Assembly: Analyses, Documents and DataBerlinEdition SigmaGoogle Scholar
Benoit, Kenneth 2001 Evaluating Hungary's Mixed-Member Electoral SystemShugart, M.Wattenberg, M.Mixed-Member Electoral Systems: The Best of Both Worlds?OxfordOxford University PressGoogle Scholar
Bertoa, Fernando
Bielasiak, Jack 2002 The Institutionalization of Electoral and Party Systems in Postcommunist StatesComparative Politics 34 189CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Birch, Sarah 2005 Single-Member District Electoral Systems and Democratic TransitionElectoral Studies 24 281CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Birch, Sarah 2008 Electoral Institutions and Popular Confidence in Electoral Processes: A Cross-National AnalysisElectoral Studies 27 305CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Birnir, Johanna 2007 Ethnicity and Electoral PoliticsNew YorkCambridge University PressGoogle Scholar
Birnir, JohannaVan Cott, Donna 2007 Disunity in Diversity: Party System Fragmentation and the Dynamic Effect of Ethnic Heterogeneity on Latin American LegislaturesLatin American Research Review 42 99CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Boon, MartinCurtice, John 2003 http://www.electoralcommission.org.uk/templates/search/document.cfm/8023
Brancati, Dawn 2009 Peace by Design: Managing Intrastate Conflict through DecentralizationNew YorkOxford University PressGoogle Scholar
Bratton, Kathleen A.Ray, Leonard P. 2002 Descriptive Representation, Policy Outcomes, and Municipal Day-Care Coverage in NorwayAmerican Journal of Political Science 46 428CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cain, BruceFerejohn, JohnFiorina, Morris 1987 The Personal Vote: Constituency Service and Electoral IndependenceNew YorkCambridge University PressCrossRefGoogle Scholar
Carey, John M.Shugart, Matthew 1995 Incentives to Cultivate a Personal Vote: A Rank Ordering of Electoral FormulasElectoral Studies 14 417CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Carey, JohnHix, Simon 2011 The Electoral Sweet Spot: Low Magnitude Proportional Systems.”American Journal of Political Science 55 383CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Caul, Miki 1999 Women's Representation in Parliament: The Role of Political PartiesParty Politics 5 79CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Chandra, Kanchan 2004 Why Ethnic Parties SucceedCambridgeCambridge University PressCrossRefGoogle Scholar
Chandra, Kanchan 2009 Why Voters in Patronage Democracies Split their Tickets: Strategic Voting for Ethnic PartiesElectoral Studies 28 21CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cheibub, Jose 2007 Presidentialism, Parliamentarism and DemocracyCambridgeCambridge University PressGoogle Scholar
Chhibber, PradeepKollman, Ken 1998 Party Aggregation and the Number of Parties in India and the United StatesAmerican Political Science Review 92 329CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Chhibber, PradeepKollman, Ken 2004 The Formation of National Party Systems: Federalism and Party Competition in Canada, Great Britain, India, and the United StatesPrinceton, NJPrinceton University PressGoogle Scholar
Clark, WilliamGolder, Matt 2006 Rehabilitating Duverger's Theory: Testing the Mechanical and Strategic Modifying Effects of Electoral LawsComparative Political Studies 39 679CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Clark, TerryWittrock, Jill 2005 Presidentialism and the Effect of Electoral Law in Postcommunist SystemsComparative Political Studies 38 171CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Colton, TimothyMcFaul, Michael 2000 Reinventing Russia's Party of Power: Unity and the 1999 Duma ElectionPost-Soviet Affairs 16 201Google Scholar
Conradt, David P. 2001 The German PolityNew YorkAddison-Wesley LongmanGoogle Scholar
Cox, Gary W. 1988 Closeness and Turnout: A Methodological NoteJournal of Politics 50 768CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cox, Gary W. 1997 Making Votes Count: Strategic Coordination in the World's Electoral SystemsNew YorkCambridge University PressCrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cox, Gary W. 1999 Electoral Rules and Electoral CoordinationAnnual Review of Political Science 2 145CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cox, Gary W. 2001 Comment on ‘Japan's Multimember SNTV System and Strategic Voting: The “M+1” Rule and Beyond.’Japanese Journal of Political Science 2 237CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cox, KarenSchoppa, Len 2002 Interaction Effects in Mixed-Member Electoral Systems: Theory and Evidence From Germany, Japan, and ItalyComparative Political Studies 35 1027CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dahlerup, DrudeFreidenval, Lenita 2005 Quotas as a ‘Fast Track’ to Equal Representation for Women: Why Scandinavia in No Longer the ModelInternational Feminist Journal of Politics 7 26CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Darcy, R.Welch, SusanClark, Janet 1994 Women, Elections, and Representation, Second Edition, RevisedLincoln, NEUniversity of Nebraska PressGoogle Scholar
Davidson-Schmich, Louise K. 2006 The Implementation of Political Party Gender Quotas: Evidence from the German Laender, 1990-2000Party Politics 12 211CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Denemark, David 2001 Choosing MMP in New Zealand: Explaining the 1993 Electoral ReformShugart, M.Wattenberg, M.Mixed-Member Electoral Systems: The Best of Both Worlds?OxfordOxford University PressGoogle Scholar
Desposato, ScottScheiner, Ethan 2008 Governmental Centralization and Party Affiliation: Legislator Strategies in Brazil and JapanAmerican Political Science Review 102 509CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Diamond, Larry 1999 Developing Democracy: Toward ConsolidationBaltimoreJohns Hopkins University PressGoogle Scholar
Dickson, EricScheve, Kenneth 2010 Social Identity, Electoral Institutions, and the Number of CandidatesBritish Journal of Political Science 40 349CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Diwakar, Rekha 2007 Duverger's Law and the Size of Indian Party System: A District Level Analysis.”Party Politics 13 539CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Duch, Raymond M.Palmer, Harvey D. 2002 Strategic Voting in Post-Communist Democracy?British Journal of Political Science 32 63CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Duverger, Maurice 1954 Political Parties: Their Organization and Activity in the Modern StateLondonMethuenGoogle Scholar
Duverger, Maurice 1986 Duverger's Law: Forty Years LaterGrofman, B.Lijphart, A.Electoral Laws and their Political ConsequencesNew YorkAgathon PressGoogle Scholar
Eckstein, Harry 1975 Case Study and Theory in Political ScienceGreenstein, F. I.Polsby, N. W.Handbook of Political ScienceReading, MA:Addison-WesleyGoogle Scholar
Economic and Social Research Council (ESRC) 2003
Elster, Jon 1989 Nuts and Bolts for the Social SciencesNew YorkCambridge University PressCrossRefGoogle Scholar
Evans, GeoffreyWhitefield, Stephen 1993 Identifying the Bases of Party Competition in Eastern EuropeBritish Journal of Political Science 23 521CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Fearon, James 2003 Ethnic and Cultural Diversity by CountryJournal of Economic Growth 8 195CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ferrara, Federico 2004 Electoral Coordination and the Strategic Desertion of Strong Parties in Compensatory Mixed Systems with Negative Vote TransfersElectoral Studies 23 391CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ferrara, FedericoHerron, Erik S.Nishikawa, Misa 2005 Mixed Electoral Systems: Contamination and Its ConsequencesNew YorkPalgrave MacmillanCrossRefGoogle Scholar
Fieldhouse, E.A.Pattie, C. J.Johnston, R. J. 1996 Tactical Voting and Party Constituency Campaigning in the 1992 General Election in EnglandBritish Journal of Political Science 26 403CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Filippov, MikhailOrdeshook, PeterShvetsova, Olga 1999 Party Fragmentation and Presidential Elections in Post-Communist DemocraciesConstitutional Political Economy 10 1CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Fish, M. Steven 2005 Democracy Derailed in RussiaNew YorkCambridge University PressCrossRefGoogle Scholar
Fisher, Steven 1973 The Wasted Vote ThesisComparative Politics 5 293CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Fitzmaurice, J. 2003 Parliamentary Elections in Lithuania, October 2000Electoral Studies 22 161CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Franzese, Robert J 2007 Multicausality, Context-Conditionality, and EndogeneityBoix, C.Stokes, S. C.The Oxford Handbook of Comparative PoliticsNew YorkOxford University PressGoogle Scholar
Gaines, Brian 1999 Duverger's Law and the Meaning of Canadian ExceptionalismComparative Political Studies 32 835CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Glendinning, RichardScully, Roger 2003
Golder, Matt 2006 Presidential Coattails and Legislative FragmentationAmerican Journal of Political Science 50 34CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gorenburg, Dmitry P. 2003 Minority Ethnic Mobilization in the Russian FederationCambridgeCambridge University PressCrossRefGoogle Scholar
Grofman, BernardBowler, ShaunBlais, Andre 2009 Introduction: Evidence for Duverger's Law in Four CountriesGrofman, B.Blais, A.Bowler, S.Duverger's Law of Plurality Elections: The Logic of Party Competition in Canada, India, the United Kingdom, and the United StatesNew YorkSpringerGoogle Scholar
Gschwend, ThomasJohnston, RonPattie, Charles 2003 Split-Ticket Patterns in Mixed-Member Proportional Election Systems: Estimates and Analyses of Their Spatial Variation at the German Federal Election, 1998British Journal of Political Science 33 109CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hainmueller, JensKern, Holger Lutz 2008 Incumbency as a Source of Spillover Effects in Mixed Electoral Systems: Evidence from a Regression-Discontinuity DesignElectoral Studies 27 213CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hale, Henry 2004 The Origins of United Russia and the Putin Presidency: The Role of Contingency in Party-System DevelopmentDemokratizatsiya 12 169CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hale, Henry 2006 Why Not Parties in Russia? Democracy, Federalism, and the StateNew YorkCambridge University PressGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hamilton, Lawrence C. 1998 Statistics With Stata 5Pacific Grove, CADuxbury PressGoogle Scholar
Harris, Chauncy 1993 A Geographic Analysis of Non-Russian Minorities in Russia and its Ethnic HomelandsPost-Soviet Geography 34 543Google ScholarPubMed
Helmke, GretchenLevitsky, Steven 2006 Informal Institutions and Democracy: Lessons from Latin AmericaBaltimoreJohns Hopkins University PressGoogle Scholar
Herron, Erik S. 2002 Electoral Influences on Legislative Behavior in Mixed-Member Systems: Evidence from Ukraine's Verkhovna RadaLegislative Studies Quarterly 27 361CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Herron, Erik SNishikawa, Misa 2001 Contamination Effects and the Number of Parties in Mixed-Superposition Electoral SystemsElectoral Studies 20 63CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hicken, AllenStoll, Heather 2008 Electoral Rules and the Size of the Prize: How Political Institutions Shape Presidential Party SystemsJournal of Politics 70 1109CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hicken, AllenStoll, Heather 2011 Presidents and Parties: How Presidential Elections Shape Coordination in Legislative ElectionsComparative Political Studies 44 854CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Horowitz, Donald 1985 Ethnic Groups in ConflictBerkeleyUniversity of California PressGoogle Scholar
Horowitz, Donald 2003 Electoral Systems: A Primer for Decision MakersJournal of Democracy 14 115CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Horowitz, ShaleBrowne, Eric 2005 Sources of Post-Communist Party System ConsolidationParty Politics 11 689CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hough, Jerry 1998 Institutional Rules and Party FormationColton, T.Hough, J.Growing Pains: Russian Democracy and the Election of 1993Washington, DCThe Brookings InstitutionGoogle Scholar
Howard, Marc 2003 The Weakness of Civil Society in Post-Communist EuropeCambridgeCambridge University PressCrossRefGoogle Scholar
Inglehart, RonaldNorris, Pippa 2003 Rising Tide: Gender Equality and Cultural Change Around the WorldCambridgeCambridge University PressCrossRefGoogle Scholar
Iversen, TorbenSoskice, D. 2006 Electoral Institutions and the Politics of Coalitions: Why Some Democracies Redistribute More Than OthersAmerican Political Science Review 100 165CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Iversen, TorbenRosenbluth, Frances 2008 Work and Power: The Connection Between Female Labor Force Participation and Female Political RepresentationAnnual Review of Political Science 11 479CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Iversen, TorbenRosenbluth, Frances 2010 Women, Work, and Politics: The Political Economy of Gender EqualityNew Haven, CTYale University PressGoogle Scholar
Jackman, Robert W 1985 Cross-National Statistical Research and the Study of Comparative Politics.”American Journal of Political Science 29 161CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Jesse, Eckhard 1988 Split-Voting in the Federal Republic of Germany: An Analysis of the Federal Elections from 1953 to 1987Electoral Studies 7 109CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Johnston, Ron J.Charles, J. Pattie 1991 Tactical Voting in Great Britain in 1983 and 1987: An Alternative ApproachBritish Journal of Political Science 21 95CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Johnston, Ron J.Pattie, Charles J. 2002 Campaigning and Split-Ticket Voting in New Electoral Systems: The First MMP Elections in New Zealand, Scotland and WalesElectoral Studies 21 583CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Jones, Bradford S 2008 Multilevel ModelingBox-Steffensmeier, J.Brady, H.Collier, D.The Oxford Handbook of Political MethodologyOxfordOxford University PressGoogle Scholar
Jones, Mark 1996 Increasing Women's Representation Via Gender Quotas: The Argentine Ley de CuposWomen & Politics 16 75CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Jones, Mark 1997 Racial Heterogeneity and the Effective Number of Candidates in Majority Runoff Elections: Evidence from LouisianaElectoral Studies 16 349CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Jones, Mark 2004 Electoral Institutions, Social Cleavages, and Candidate Competition in Presidential ElectionsElectoral Studies 23 73CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Jones, Mark 2004 Quota Legislation and the Election of Women: Learning from the Costa Rican ExperienceThe Journal of Politics 66 1203CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Jones, Mark 2009 Gender Quotas, Electoral Laws, and the Election of Women: Evidence from the Latin American VanguardComparative Political Studies 42 56CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Karp, Jeffrey A. 2009 Candidate Effects and Spill-Over in Mixed Systems: Evidence From New ZealandElectoral Studies 28 41CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Karp, JeffreyVowles, JackBanducci, Susan A.Donovan, Todd 2002 Strategic Voting, Party Activity, and Candidate Effects: Testing Explanations for Split Voting in New Zealand's New Mixed SystemElectoral Studies 21 1CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kenworthy, Lane, Melissa Malami 1999 Gender Inequality in Political Representation: A Worldwide Comparative AnalysisSocial Forces 78 235CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kimball, David C 2005 A Decline in Ticket-Splitting and the Increasing Salience of Party LabelsWeisberg, H.Wilcox, C.Models of Voting in Presidential Elections: The 2000 ElectionStanford, CAStanford University PressGoogle Scholar
King, Gary 1997 A Solution to the Ecological Inference Problem: Reconstructing Individual Behavior from Aggregate DataPrinceton, NJPrinceton University PressGoogle Scholar
King, GaryKeohane, Robert O.Verba, Sidney 1994 Designing Social Inquiry: Scientific Inference in Qualitative ResearchPrinceton, NJPrinceton University PressGoogle Scholar
Kitschelt, Herbert 1992 The Formation of Party Systems in East Central EuropePolitics & Society 20 7CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kitschelt, Herbert 1995 Formation of Party Cleavages in Postcommunist DemocraciesParty Politics 1 447CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kitschelt, HerbertManfeldova, ZdenkaMarkowski, RadoslawToka, Gabor 1999 Post-Communist Party Systems: Competition, Representation, and Inter-Party CooperationNew YorkCambridge University PressCrossRefGoogle Scholar
Klingemann, Hans-DieterVolkens, AndreaBara, JudithBudge, IanMcDonald, Michael 2006 Mapping Policy Preferences II : Estimates for Parties, Electors, and Governments in Eastern Europe, European Union, and OECD, 1990-2003OxfordOxford University PressGoogle Scholar
Kostadinova, Tatianna 2007 Ethnic and Women's Representation under Mixed Electoral SystemsElectoral Studies 26 418CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Krook, Mona Lena 2010 Women's Representation in Parliament: A Qualitative-Comparative AnalysisPolitical Studies 58 886CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Krook, Mona Lena 2009 Quotas for Women in Politics: Gender and Candidate Selection Reform WorldwideNew YorkOxford University PressCrossRefGoogle Scholar
Krook, Mona LenaSquires, Judith 2006 Gender Quotas in British Politics: Multiple Approaches and Methods in Feminist ResearchBritish Politics 1CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Krupavicius, A. 1997 The Lithuanian Parliamentary Elections of 1996Electoral Studies 16 541CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kunovich, SheriPaxton, Pamela 2005 Pathways to Power: The Role of Political Parties in Women's National Political RepresentationAmerican Journal of Sociology 111 505CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Laakso, MarkkuTaagepera, Rein 1979 Effective’ Number of Parties: A Measure with Application to West EuropeComparative Political Studies 12 3CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lardeyret, Guy 1991 The Problem with PRJournal of Democracy 2 30CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lijphart, Arend 1971 Comparative Politics and Comparative MethodAmerican Political Science Review 65 682CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lijphart, Arend 1984 Democracies: Patterns of Majoritarian and Consensus Government in Twenty-One CountriesNew Haven, CTYale University PressCrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lijphart, Arend 1991 Constitutional Design for Divided SocietiesJournal of Democracy 2 72CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lijphart, Arend 1994 Electoral Systems and Party Systems: A Study of Twenty-Seven Democracies, 1945–1990OxfordOxford University PressCrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lijphart, Arend 2004 Constitutional Choices for New DemocraciesJournal of Democracy 15 96CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lindberg, Staffan I. 2004 Women's Empowerment and Democratization: The Effects of Electoral Systems, Participation, and Experience in AfricaStudies in Comparative International Development 39 28CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lipset, SeymourRokkan, Stein 1967 Cleavage Structures, Party Systems, and Voter AlignmentsLipset, S.Rokkan, S.Party Systems and Voter Alignments: Cross-National PerspectivesNew YorkThe Free PressGoogle Scholar
Madrid, Raul 2005 Indigenous Voters and Party System FragmentationElectoral Studies 25 689CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Madrid, Raul 2005 Ethnic Cleavages and Electoral Volatility in Latin AmericaComparative Politics 38 1CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Madrid, Raul 2008 The Rise of Ethnopopulism in Latin AmericaWorld Politics 60 475CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Maeda, Ko 2008 Re-Examining the Contamination Effect of Japan's Mixed Electoral System Using the Treatment-Effects ModelElectoral Studies 27 723CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mainwaring, Scott 1999 Rethinking Party Systems in the Third Wave of Democratization: The Case of BrazilStanford, CAStanford University PressGoogle Scholar
Mainwaring, ScottScully, Timothy 1995 Introduction: Party Systems in Latin AmericaMainwaring, S.Scully, T.Building Democratic Institutions: Party Systems in Latin AmericaStanford, CAStanford University PressGoogle Scholar
Mainwaring, ScottShugart, Matthew 1997 Juan Linz, Presidentialism, and Democracy: A Critical AppraisalComparative Politics 29 449CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mainwaring, ScottTorcal, Mariano 2006 Party System Institutionalization and Party System Theory after the Third Wave of DemocratisationKatz, R.Crotty, W.Handbook of Political PartiesLondonSage PublicationsGoogle Scholar
Mainwaring, ScottZoco, Edurne 2007 Historical Sequences and the Stabilization of Interparty Competition: Electoral Volatility in Old and New DemocraciesParty Politics 13 155CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mansbridge, Jane 1999 Should Blacks Represent Blacks and Women Represent Women? A Contingent ‘Yes’The Journal of Politics 61 628CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Massicotte, LouisBlais, Andre 1999 Mixed Electoral Systems: A Conceptual and Empirical SurveyElectoral Studies 18 341CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Matland, Richard 1993 Institutional Variables Affecting Female Representation in National Legislatures: The Case of NorwayJournal of Politics 55 737CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Matland, Richard 1998 Women's Legislative Representation in National Legislatures: A Comparison of Democracies in Developed and Developing CountriesLegislative Studies Quarterly 28 109CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Matland, RichardMontgomery, Kathleen 2003 Women's Access to Political Power in Post-Communist EuropeOxfordOxford University PressCrossRefGoogle Scholar
Matland, RichardStudlar, Dudley 1996 The Contagion of Women Candidates in Single Member and Multi-Member DistrictsJournal of Politics 58 707CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Matland, RichardTaylor, M. 1997 Electoral System Effect on Women's Representation: Theoretical Arguments and Evidence from Costa RicaComparative Political Studies 30 186CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mayorga, Rene Antonio 1997 Bolivia's Silent RevolutionJournal of Democracy 8 142CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mayorga, René Antonio 2001 Electoral Reform in Bolivia: Origins of the Mixed Member Proportional SystemShugart, M.Wattenberg, M.Mixed Member Electoral Systems: The Best of Both Worlds?New YorkOxford University PressGoogle Scholar
McFaul, Michael 1996 Russia Between Elections: What the December 1995 Results Really MeanWashington, DCCarnegie Endowment for International PeaceGoogle Scholar
McFaul, Michael 2001 Explaining Party Formation and Nonformation in Russia: Actors, Institutions, and ChanceComparative Political Studies 34 1159CrossRefGoogle Scholar
McKean, Margaret A.Scheiner, Ethan 2000 Japan's New Electoral System: La plus ca changeElectoral Studies 19 447CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Meier, Petra 2004 The Mutual Contagion Effect of Legal and Party Quotas: A Belgian PerspectiveParty Politics 10 583CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mickiewicz, Ellen 1997 Changing Channels: Television and the Struggle for Power in RussiaOxfordOxford University PressGoogle Scholar
Mickiewicz, Ellen 2008 Television, Power, and the Public in RussiaCambridgeCambridge University PressCrossRefGoogle Scholar
Milazzo, CaitlinScheiner, Ethan 2011 When Do You Follow the (National) Leader? Party Switching by Subnational Legislators in JapanElectoral Studies 30 148CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mizusaki, SetsufumiMori, Hiroki 1998 Tokuhyo Deta kara mita Heiritsusei no Mekanizumu” [Examining the mechanism of parallel mixed system from voting dataSenkyo Kenkyu [Japanese Journal of Electoral Studies] 13 50Google Scholar
Moser, Robert G. 1995 The Impact of the Electoral System on Post-Communist Party Development: the Case of the 1993 Russian Parliamentary ElectionsElectoral Studies 14 377CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Moser, Robert G. 1997 The Impact of Parliamentary Electoral Systems in RussiaPost-Soviet Affairs 13 284Google Scholar
Moser, Robert G. 1999 Electoral Systems and the Number of Parties in Post-Communist StatesWorld Politics 51 359CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Moser, Robert G. 1999 Independents and Party Formation: Elite Partisanship as an Intervening Variable in Russian PoliticsComparative Politics 31 147CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Moser, Robert G. 2001 Unexpected Outcomes: Electoral Systems, Political Parties, and Representation in RussiaPittsburghUniversity of Pittsburgh PressGoogle Scholar
Moser, Robert G. 2001 The Effects of Electoral Systems on Women's Representation in Post-Communist StatesElectoral Studies 20 353CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Moser, Robert G. 2001
Moser, Robert G. 2008 Electoral Systems and the Representation of Ethnic Minorities: Evidence from RussiaComparative Politics 40 273CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Moser, Robert G.Scheiner, Ethan 2000
Moser, Robert G.Scheiner, Ethan 2004 Mixed Electoral Systems and Electoral System Effects: Controlled Comparison and Cross-National AnalysisElectoral Studies 23 575CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Moser, Robert G.Scheiner, Ethan 2005 Strategic Ticket Splitting and the Personal Vote in Mixed-Member Electoral SystemsLegislative Studies Quarterly 30 259CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Moser, Robert G.Scheiner, Ethan 2009 Strategic Voting in Established and New Democracies: Ticket Splitting in Mixed-Member Electoral SystemsElectoral Studies 28 51CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Moser, Robert G.Scheiner, EthanMilazzo, Caitlin
Mozaffar, ShaheenScarritt, JamesGalaich, Glen 2003 Electoral Institutions, Ethnopolitical Cleavages, and Party Systems in Africa's Emerging DemocraciesAmerican Political Science Review 97 379CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Myagkov, MikhailOrdeshook, PeterShakin, Dmitri 2009 The Forensics of Electoral Fraud: Russia and UkraineNew YorkCambridge University PressCrossRefGoogle Scholar
Nagahisa, Toshio 1995 The Electoral Reform That Can Mobilize Japan for Security CooperationPacific Focus 10 73CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Niemi, RichardFranklin, M.Whitten, G. 1992 Constituency Characteristics, Individual Characteristics, and Tactical Voting in the 1987 British General ElectionsBritish Journal of Political Science 22 131CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Norris, Pippa 1985 Women's Legislative Participation in Western EuropeWest European Politics 8 90CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Norris, Pippa. 1987 Politics and Sexual EqualityBoulder, COLynne Rienner PublishersGoogle Scholar
Norris, Pippa 1993 Conclusions: Comparing Legislative RecruitmentLovenduski, J.Norris, P.Gender and Party PoliticsLondonSageGoogle Scholar
Norris, Pippa 2004 Electoral Engineering: Voting Rules and Political BehaviorNew YorkCambridge University PressCrossRefGoogle Scholar
Oates, Sarah 2005 Where's the Party?: Television and Political Image in RussiaVoltmer, K.Mass Media and New DemocraciesLondonRoutledgeGoogle Scholar
Oates, Sarah 2006 Television, Democracy and Elections in RussiaLondonRoutledgeGoogle Scholar
Ordeshook, PeterShvetsova, Olga 1994 Ethnic Heterogeneity, District Magnitude, and the Number of PartiesAmerican Journal of Political Science 38 100CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Paxton, PamelaKunovich, Sheri 2003 Women's Political Representation: The Importance of IdeologySocial Forces 82 87CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Persson, Torsten 2002 Do Political Institutions Shape Economic Policy?Econometrica 70 883CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Persson, TorstenTabellini, G.Trebbi, F. 2003 Electoral Rules and CorruptionJournal of the European Economic Association 1 958CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Phillips, Anne 1995 The Politics of PresenceOxfordClarendon PressGoogle Scholar
Przeworski, AdamAlvarez, MichaelChiebub, JoseLimongi, Fernando 2000 Democracy and Development: Political Institutions and Well-Being in the WorldNew YorkCambridge University PressCrossRefGoogle Scholar
Powell, Jr., G. Bingham 1982 Contemporary Democracies: Participation, Stability, and ViolenceCambridge, MAHarvard University PressGoogle Scholar
Putnam, Robert 1993 Making Democracy WorkPrinceton, NJPrinceton University PressGoogle Scholar
Rae, Douglas 1967 The Political Consequences of Electoral LawsNew Haven, CTYale University PressGoogle Scholar
Reed, Steven R. 1990 Structure and Behavior: Extending Duverger's Law to the Japanese CaseBritish Journal of Political Science 20 335CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Reed, Steven R. 1999 Strategic Voting in the 1996 Japanese General ElectionComparative Political Studies 32 257CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Reilly, Ben 2002 Electoral Systems for Divided Societies.”Journal of Democracy 13 156CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Reynolds, Andrew 1999 Women in the Legislatures and Executives of the WorldWorld Politics 51 547CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Reynolds, Andrew 2011 Designing Democracy in a Dangerous WorldOxfordOxford University PressGoogle Scholar
Reynolds, AndrewCarey, John 2012 Getting Elections WrongJournal of Democracy 23 164CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Reynolds, AndrewReilly, BenEllis, Andrew 2005 Electoral System Design: The New International IDEA HandbookStockholm:International Institute for Democracy and Electoral AssistanceGoogle Scholar
Riker, William 1982 The Two-Party System and Duverger's Law: An Essay on the History of Political ScienceAmerican Political Science Review 76 753CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Riker, William 1986 Duverger's Law RevisitedLijphart, A.Grofman, B.Electoral Laws and their Political ConsequencesNew YorkAgathon PressGoogle Scholar
Roberts, Geoffrey K. 1988 The ‘Second-Vote’ Campaign Strategy of the West German Free Democratic PartyEuropean Journal of Political Research 16 317CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rosenbluth, FrancesSalmond, RobThies, Michael F. 2006 Welfare Works: Explaining Female Legislative RepresentationPolitics & Gender 2 165Google Scholar
Rosenbluth, FrancesSchaap, Ross 2003 The Domestic Politics of Banking Regulation,”International Organization 57 307CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rosenbluth, FrancesThies, Michael 2001 The Electoral Foundations of Japan's Banking RegulationPolicy Studies Journal 29 23CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rosenbluth, FrancesThies, Michael F. 2002 The Political Economy of Japanese Pollution RegulationThe American Asian Review 20 1Google Scholar
Rule, Wilma 1987 Electoral Systems, Contextual Factors, and Women's Opportunity for Election to Parliament in Twenty-Three DemocraciesWestern Political Quarterly 40 477CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rule, Wilma 1994 Parliaments of, by, and for the People: Except for Women?Rule, W.Zimmerman, J.Electoral Systems in Comparative Perspective: Their Impact on Women and MinoritiesWestport, CTGreenwood PressGoogle Scholar
Salmond, Rob 2006 Proportional Representation and Female Parliamentarians.”Legislative Studies Quarterly 31 175CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Samuels, David J.Shugart, Matthew S. 2010 Presidents, Parties, and Prime Ministers: How the Separation of Powers Affects Party Organization and BehaviorNew YorkCambridge University PressCrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sartori, Giovanni 1968 Political Development and Political EngineeringMontgomery, J.Hirschman, A.Public PolicyNew YorkCambridge University PressGoogle Scholar
Sartori, Giovanni 1976 Parties and Party Systems: A Framework for AnalysisNew YorkCambridge University PressGoogle Scholar
Sartori, Giovanni 1986 The Influence of Electoral Systems: Faulty Laws or Faulty Method?Grofman, B.Lijphart, A.Electoral Laws and their Political ConsequencesNew YorkAgathon PressGoogle Scholar
Sartori, Giovanni 1994 Comparative Constitutional EngineeringNew YorkNew York University PressGoogle Scholar
Scarrow, Susan E. 2001 Germany: The Mixed-Member System as a Political CompromiseShugart, M.Wattenberg, M.Mixed-Member Electoral Systems: The Best of Both Worlds?OxfordOxford University PressGoogle Scholar
Schedler, Andreas 1998 What is Democratic Consolidation?Journal of Democracy 9 91CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Scheiner, Ethan 2005 Pipelines of Pork: A Model of Local Opposition Party FailureComparative Political Studies 38 799CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Scheiner, Ethan 2006 Democracy Without Competition in Japan: Opposition Failure in a One-Party Dominant StateNew YorkCambridge University PressGoogle Scholar
Scheiner, Ethan 2007 Clientelism in Japan: The Importance and Limits of Institutional ExplanationsKitschelt, H.Wilkinson, S.Patrons, Clients, and Policies: Patterns of Democratic Accountability and Political CompetitionNew YorkCambridge University PressGoogle Scholar
Scheiner, Ethan 2008 Does Electoral System Reform Work? Electoral System Lessons from Reforms of the 1990sAnnual Review of Political Science 11 161CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Scheiner, EthanTronconi, Filippo 2011 Unanticipated Consequences of Electoral Reform in Italy and JapanGiannetti, D.Grofman, B.A Natural Experiment on Electoral Law Reform: Evaluating the Long Run Consequences of 1990s Electoral Reform in Italy and JapanNew YorkSpringerGoogle Scholar
Schmidt, Gregory D.Saunders, Kyle L. 2004 Effective Quotas, Relative Party Magnitude, and the Success of Female Candidates: Peruvian Municipal Elections in Comparative PerspectiveComparative Political Studies 37 704CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Shugart, Matthew 2005 Comparative Electoral Systems Research: The Maturation of a Field and New Challenges AheadGallagher, M.Mitchell, P. S.Politics of Electoral SystemsNew YorkOxford University PressGoogle Scholar
Shugart, Matthew S.Carey, John 1992 Presidents and AssembliesCambridgeCambridge University PressCrossRefGoogle Scholar
Shugart, Matthew S.Wattenberg, Martin P. 2001 Conclusion: Are Mixed-Member Systems the Best of Both Worlds?Shugart, M.Wattenberg, M.Mixed Member Electoral Systems: The Best of Both Worlds?New YorkOxford University PressGoogle Scholar
Shugart, Matthew S.Wattenberg, Martin P. 2001 Introduction: The Electoral Reform of the Twenty-First Century?Shugart, M.Wattenberg, M.Mixed Member Electoral Systems: The Best of Both Worlds?New YorkOxford University PressGoogle Scholar
Shugart, Matthew S.Wattenberg, Martin P. 2001 Mixed Member Electoral Systems: The Best of Both Worlds?New YorkOxford University PressGoogle Scholar
Schwindt-Bayer, Leslie A. 2005 The Incumbency Advantage and Women's Election to Legislative OfficeElectoral Studies 24 227CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Smith, Eric R. A. N.Fox, Richard L. 2001 The Electoral Fortunes of Women Candidates for CongressPolitical Research Quarterly 54 205CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Singer, Matthew
Singer, MatthewStephenson, Laura 2009 The Political Context and Duverger's Theory: Evidence at the District LevelElectoral Studies 28 480CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Spafford, Duff 1972 Electoral Systems and Voters’ Behavior: Comments and a Further TestComparative Politics 5 129CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sperling, Valerie 1999 Organizing Women in Contemporary RussiaCambridgeCambridge University PressCrossRefGoogle Scholar
Stoll, Heather
Stoll, Heather 2004
Stoll, Heather 2008 Social Cleavages and the Number of Parties: How the Measures You Choose Affect the Answers You GetComparative Political Studies 41 1439CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Taagepera, Rein 2007 Predicting Party Sizes: The Logic of Simple Electoral SystemsOxfordOxford University PressCrossRefGoogle Scholar
Taagepera, ReinShugart, Matthew S. 1989 Seats and Votes: The Effects and Determinants of Electoral SystemsNew Haven, CTYale University PressGoogle Scholar
Tavits, MargitAnnus, Taavi 2006 Learning to Make Votes Count: The Role of Democratic ExperienceElectoral Studies 25 72CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Valdini, Melody 2005
Valdini, Melody 2006 Electoral Institutions and Information Shortcuts: The Effect of Decisive Intraparty Competition on the Behavior of Voters and Party ElitesSan DiegoGoogle Scholar
Wahman, Michael
World Values Survey 2009 www.worldvaluessurvey.org
Yoon, Mi Yung 2004 Explaining Women's Legislative Representation in Sub-Saharan AfricaLegislative Studies Quarterly 29 447CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Save book to Kindle

To save this book to your Kindle, first ensure coreplatform@cambridge.org is added to your Approved Personal Document E-mail List under your Personal Document Settings on the Manage Your Content and Devices page of your Amazon account. Then enter the ‘name’ part of your Kindle email address below. Find out more about saving to your Kindle.

Note you can select to save to either the @free.kindle.com or @kindle.com variations. ‘@free.kindle.com’ emails are free but can only be saved to your device when it is connected to wi-fi. ‘@kindle.com’ emails can be delivered even when you are not connected to wi-fi, but note that service fees apply.

Find out more about the Kindle Personal Document Service.

  • References
  • Robert G. Moser, University of Texas, Austin, Ethan Scheiner, University of California, Davis
  • Book: Electoral Systems and Political Context
  • Online publication: 05 November 2012
  • Chapter DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9781139178945.012
Available formats
×

Save book to Dropbox

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Dropbox.

  • References
  • Robert G. Moser, University of Texas, Austin, Ethan Scheiner, University of California, Davis
  • Book: Electoral Systems and Political Context
  • Online publication: 05 November 2012
  • Chapter DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9781139178945.012
Available formats
×

Save book to Google Drive

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Google Drive.

  • References
  • Robert G. Moser, University of Texas, Austin, Ethan Scheiner, University of California, Davis
  • Book: Electoral Systems and Political Context
  • Online publication: 05 November 2012
  • Chapter DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9781139178945.012
Available formats
×