Social Dominance Theory: Explorations in the Psychology of Oppression

Jim Sidanius; Sarah Cotterill; Jennifer Sheehy-Skeffington; Nour Kteily; Héctor Carvacho

doi:10.1017/9781316161579.008

8 - Social Dominance Theory: Explorations in the Psychology of Oppression

from Part I - General Theoretical Perspectives

Published online by Cambridge University Press: 17 November 2016

Jim Sidanius ,

Sarah Cotterill ,

Jennifer Sheehy-Skeffington ,

Nour Kteily and

Héctor Carvacho

Edited by

Chris G. Sibley and

Fiona Kate Barlow

Show author details

Jim Sidanius: Affiliation:
Harvard University
Sarah Cotterill: Affiliation:
Harvard University
Jennifer Sheehy-Skeffington: Affiliation:
University of Oslo
Nour Kteily: Affiliation:
Northwestern University
Héctor Carvacho: Affiliation:
Harvard University
Chris G. Sibley: Affiliation:
University of Auckland
Fiona Kate Barlow: Affiliation:
University of Queensland

Book contents

Get access

Summary

Question: What is the difference between capitalism and communism?

Answer: Under capitalism you have the exploitation of man by man. Under communism it is just the reverse.

Russian saying

Despite impressive gains in the spread of quasi-democratic social practices and respect for human rights witnessed in the past hundred years (e.g., Pinker, 2011), intergroup discrimination, oppression, and violence continue to thrive within every modern social system. Whether one considers the marked discrimination against immigrants in the relatively egalitarian Sweden (Nordenstam & Ringström, 2013; Orange, 2013), the money-dominated elections of post-industrial states (Lessig, 2011), or the unambiguously oppressive dictatorships across the majority of the Arab world, systems of group-based social inequality and domination continue, despite our best efforts, to maintain their grip around the throats of democratic and egalitarian aspirations. While there are certainly vast differences in the degree of group-based social inequality across social systems, or across historical epochs within any given society, group-based social inequality appears to be a human universal present in all kinds of societies (see, e.g., Bowles, Smith, and Borgerhoff Mulder, 2010), even in hunter-gatherer communities (e.g., Ames, 2007; Arnold, 1993; Kennett, Winterhalder, Bartruff, & Erlandson, 2008).

Having made this basic observation of the near ubiquity of group-based social inequality, social dominance theory (SDT; Pratto, Sidanius, Stallworth, & Malle, 1994; Sidanius, 1993; Sidanius & Pratto, 1999) argues that many familiar types of group-based oppression (e.g., racism, sexism, nationalism, classism, religious intolerance, hostility toward the mentally ill) are essentially particular instantiations of a more general process through which dominant groups establish and maintain social, economic, and military supremacy over subordinate groups. Therefore, it is suggested that specific instantiations of oppression across social contexts cannot be comprehensively understood without serious consideration of the dynamic and multileveled forces producing and sustaining the phenomenon of group-based social hierarchy.

The Trimorphic Nature of Group-Based Social Hierarchy

SDT argues that there are essentially three related, yet qualitatively distinct types of group-based social hierarchy. The first type of hierarchical system is the “age system,” in which those considered to be “adults” have more social, economic, and political power than those considered “juveniles.” While the specific age separating one category in this system from another may vary between societies and within a given society over time, this dichotomy appears to be universal (James & James, 2008).

Type: Chapter
Information: The Cambridge Handbook of the Psychology of Prejudice , pp. 149 - 187

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/9781316161579.008 [Opens in a new window]

Publisher: Cambridge University Press

Print publication year: 2016

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Aiello, A., Pratto, F., & Pierro, A., (2013). Framing social dominance orientation and power in organizational context. Basic and Applied Social Psychology, 35, 487–495.Google Scholar

Alexander, M.G., Levin, S., & Henry, P. J. (2005). Image theory, social identity, and social dominance: Structural characteristics and individual motives underlying international images. Political Psychology, 26, 27–45.Google Scholar

Altemeyer, B. (1998). The other “authoritarian personality.” Advances in Social Psychology, 30, 47–92.Google Scholar

Ames, K. (2007). Slavery, household production and demography on the southern Northwest Coast. In Cameron, C. (Ed.), Invisible citizens and their consequences (pp. 138–158). Salt Lake City: University of Utah Press.

Anderson, C., & Berdahl, J. L. (2002). The experience of power: Examining the effects of power on approach and inhibition tendencies. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 83, 1362.Google Scholar

Anderson, C., & Galinsky, A. D. (2006). Power, optimism, and risk-taking. European Journal of Social Psychology, 36(4), 511–536.Google Scholar

Arnold, J. E. (1993). Labor and the rise of complex hunter-gathers. Journal of Archaeological Science, 12, 75–119.Google Scholar

Asbrock, F., Gutenbrunner, L., & Wagner, U. (2013). Unwilling, but not unaffected –Imagined contact effects for authoritarians and social dominators. European Journal of Social Psychology, 43, 404–412.Google Scholar

Asbrock, F., Sibley, C. G., & Duckitt, J. (2010). Right-wing authoritarianism and social dominance orientation and the dimensions of generalized prejudice: A longitudinal test. European Journal of Personality, 24, 324–340.Google Scholar

Bӓckstrӧm, M., & Bjӧrklund, F. (2007). Structural modeling of generalized prejudice. Journal of Individual Differences, 28, 10–17.Google Scholar

Bahns, A. J., & Crandall, C. S. (2013). The opposite of backlash: High-SDO people show enhanced tolerance when gay people pose little threat. European Journal of Social Psychology, 43, 286–291.Google Scholar

Bassett, J. F. (2010).The effects of mortality salience and social dominance orientation on attitudes toward illegal immigrants. Social Psychology, 41, 52–55.Google Scholar

Batalha, L., Reynolds, K. J., & Newbigin, C. A. (2011). All else being equal: Are men always higher in social dominance orientation than women? European Journal of Social Psychology, 41, 796–806.Google Scholar

Berdahl, J. L., & Martorana, P. (2006). Effects of power on emotion and expression during a controversial group discussion. European Journal of Social Psychology, 36, 497–509.Google Scholar

Bergh, N. Akrami, N., Sidanius, J., & Sibley, C. G. (in press). Is group membership necessary for understanding generalized prejudice? A re-evaluation of why prejudices are interrelated. Journal Personality and Social Psychology.

Bertrand, M., Mullainathan, S., & Shafir, E. (2006). Behavioral economics and marketing in aid of decision making among the poor. Journal of Public Policy and Marketing, 25, 8–23.Google Scholar

Bikman, N., & Sunar, D. (2013). Difficult dialogs: Majority group members’ willingness to talk about inequality with different minority groups. International Journal of Intercultural Relations, 37, 467–476.Google Scholar

Bobbio, A., Canova, L.,& Manganelli, A. M. (2010). Conservative ideology, economic conservatism, and causal attributions for poverty and wealth. DOI 10.1007/s12144-010-9086-6

Boehm, C. (1999). Hierarchy in the forest: The evolution of egalitarian behavior. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.

Bowles, S., Smith, E. A., & Borgerhoff Mulder, M. (2010). The emergence and persistence of inequality in premodern societies: Introduction to the special section. Current Anthropology, 51, 7–17.Google Scholar

Branscombe, N. R., Schmitt, M. T., & Harvey, R. D. (1999). Perceiving pervasive discrimination among Black Americans: Implications for group identification and well-being. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 77, 135–149.Google Scholar

Caricati, L. (2007). The relationship between social dominance orientation and gender: The mediating role of social values. Sex Roles, 57, 159–171.Google Scholar

Cauley, J. A., Donfield, S. M., LaPorte, R. E., & Warhaftig, N. E. (1991). Physical activity by socioeconomic status in two population based cohorts. Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise, 23, 343–352.Google Scholar

Charles-Toussaint, G. C., & Crowson, M. H. (2010). Prejudice against international students: The role of threat perceptions and authoritarian dispositions in U.S. students. The Journal of Psychology, 144, 413–428.Google Scholar

Chen, M., & Bargh, J. A. (1997). Nonconscious behavioral confirmation processes: The self-fulfilling consequences of automatic stereotype activation. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 33(5), 541–560.Google Scholar

Cheon, B. K., Im, D.-M., Harada, T., Kim, Ji-S., Mathur, V. A., Scimeca, … Chiao, J. Y. (2011). Cultural influences on neural basis of intergroup empathy. NeuroImage, 57, 642–650.Google Scholar

Chiao, J. Y., Mathur, V. A., Harada, Y., & Lipke, T. (2009). Neural basis of preference for human social hierarchy versus egalitarianism. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 1167, 174–181.Google Scholar

Choma, B. L., Hanoch, Y., Gummerum, M., & Hodson, G. (2013). Relations between risk perceptions and socio-political ideology are domain- and ideology-dependent. Personality and Individual Differences, 54, 29–34.Google Scholar

Christ, O., Sibley, C. G., & Wagner, U. (2012). Multilevel modeling in personality and social psychology. In Deaux, K. & Snyder, M. (Eds.), The Oxford handbook of poersonality and social psychology (pp. 239–260). Oxford: Oxford University Press.

Christopher, A. N., Zabel, K. L., Jones, J. R., & Marek, P. (2008). Protestant ethic ideology: Its multifaceted relationships with just world beliefs, social dominance orientation, and right-wing authoritarianism. Personality and Individual Differences, 45, 473–477.Google Scholar

Clotfelter, C. T., Cook, P. J., Edell, J. A., & Moore, M. (1999). State lotteries at the turn of the century: Report to the national gambling impact study commission. Retrieved October 26, 2014, from http://govinfo.library.unt.edu/ngisc/reports/lotfinal.pdf.

Cohen, A., Vigoda, E., & Samorly, A. (2001). Analysis of the mediating effect of personal-psychological variables on the relationship between socioeconomic status and political participation: A structural equations framework. Political Psychology, 22(4), 727–757.Google Scholar

Cohrs, J. C., & Stelzl, M. (2010). How ideological attitudes predict host society members’ attitudes toward immigrants: Exploring cross-national differences. Journal of Social Issues, 66, 673–694.Google Scholar

Costello, K. & Hodson, G. (2009). Exploring the roots of dehumanization: The role of animal–human similarity in promoting immigrant humanization. Group Processes & Intergroup Relations, 13, 3–22.Google Scholar

Costello, K., & Hodson, G. (2011). Social dominance-based threat reactions to immigrants in need of assistance. European Journal of Social Psychology, 41, 220–231.Google Scholar

Costello, K., & Hodson, G. (2014). Explaining dehumanization among children: The interspecies model of prejudice. British Journal of Social Psychology, 53, 175–197.Google Scholar

Cotterill, S., Sidanius, J., Bhardwaj, A., & Kumar, V. (2014). Social dominance orientation and social attitudes in India: The mediation role of karma. Journal of Social and Political Psychology, 2, 98–116.Google Scholar

Cotterill, S., Sidanius, J., Kteily, N., Ho, A., Bhardwaj, A., & Kumar, V. (2015). Ideological Undermobilization: The missing link between low-status ingroup identity and ideology. Journal of Social and Political Psychology, 2, 98–116.Google Scholar

Cozzolino, P. J., & Snyder, M. (2008). Good times, bad times: How personal disadvantage moderates the relationship between social efforts to win. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 34, 1420–1433.Google Scholar

Crawford, J. T. (2012). The ideologically objectionable premise model: Predicting biased political judgments on the left and right. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 48, 138–151.Google Scholar

Cross, J. R., Cross, T. L., & Finch, H. (2010). Maximizing student potential versus building community: An exploration of right-wing authoritarianism, social dominance orientation and preferred practice among supporters of gifted education. Roeper Review, 32, 235–248.Google Scholar

Crowson, M. H. (2009). Nationalism, internationalism, and perceived UN irrelevance: Mediators of relationships between authoritarianism and support for military aggression as part of the war on terror. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 39, 1137–1162.Google Scholar

Crowson, M.H.,& Brandes, J. A. (2010). Predicting community opposition to inclusion in schools: The role of social dominance, contact, intergroup anxiety, and economic conservatism. The Journal of Psychology, 144, 121–144.Google Scholar

Crowson, M. H., & Brandes, J. A. (2014). Predicting pre-service teachers’ opposition to inclusion of students with disabilities: A path analytic study. Social Psychology of Education, 17, 161–178.Google Scholar

Crowson, M. H., Brandes, J. A., & Hurst, R. J. (2013). Who opposes rights for persons with physical and intellectual disabilities? Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 43, E307–E318.Google Scholar

Crowson, M. H., & Gries, P. H. (2010). Do right-wing authoritarianism and social dominance orientation predict anti-China attitudes? Psicología Política, 40, 7–29.Google Scholar

Currie, J. (2004). The take up of social benefits. Working Paper No. 10488, National Bureau of Economic Research, Cambridge, MA.

Dambrun, M. (2007). Understanding the relationship between racial and support for the death penalty: The racist punitive bias hypothesis. Social Justice Research, 20, 228–249.Google Scholar

Danso, H. A., Sedlovskaya, A., Suanda, S. H. (2007). Perceptions of immigrants: Modifying the attitudes of individuals higher in social dominance orientation. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 33 doi: 10.1177/0146167207301015Google Scholar

Dambrun, M., Kamiejski, R., Haddadi, N., & Duarte, S. (2009). Why does social dominance orientation decrease with university exposure to the social sciences? The impact of institutional socialization and the mediating role of “geneticism.” European Journal of Social Psychology, 39, 88–100.Google Scholar

De Cremer, D., Cornelis, I., & Van Hiel, A. (2008). To whom does voice in groups matter? Effects of voice on affect and procedural fairness judgments as a function of social dominance orientation. Journal of Social Psychology, 148, 61–76.Google Scholar

De Zavala, A. G., Cichocka, A., & Iskra-Golec, I. (2013). Collective narcissism moderates the effect of in-group image threat on intergroup hostility. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 104, 1019–1039.Google Scholar

Dhont, K., & Hodson, G. (2014). Why do right-wing adherents engage in more animal exploitation and meat consumption? Personality and Individual Differences, 64, 12–17.Google Scholar

Dhont, K., Van Hiel, A., & Hewstone, M. (2014). Changing the ideological roots of prejudice: Longitudinal effects of ethnic intergroup contact on social dominance orientation. Group Processes & Intergroup Relations, 17(1), 27–44.Google Scholar

Dickens, T. E., & Sergeant, M. J. T. (2008). Social dominance and sexual orientation. Journal of Evolutionary Psychology, 6, 57–71.Google Scholar

Duckitt, J. (2001). A dual-process cognitive-motivational theory of ideology and prejudice. Advances in Experimental Social Psychology, 33, 41–113.Google Scholar

Duckitt, J., & Sibley, C. G. (2010). Right-wing authoritarianism and social dominance orientation differentially moderate intergroup effects on prejudice. European Journal of Personality, 24, 583–601.Google Scholar

Duriez, B. (2011). Adolescent ethnic prejudice: Understanding the effects of parental extrinsic versus intrinsic goal promotion. The Journal of Social Psychology, 151, 441–454.Google Scholar

Eagly, A. (1987). Sex differences in social behavior: A social role interpretation. Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.

Esses, V. M., & Hodson, G. (2006). The role of lay perceptions of ethnic prejudice in the maintenance and perpetuation of ethnic bias. Journal of Social Issues, 62, 453–468.Google Scholar

Esses, V. M., Veenvliet, S., Hodson, G., & Mihic, L. (2008). Justice, morality, and the dehumanization of refugees. Social Justice Research, 21. doi 10.1007/s11211-007-0058-4Google Scholar

Esses, V. M., Wagner, U., Wolf, C., Preiser, M., & Wilbur, C. J. (2006). Perceptions of national identity and attitudes toward immigrants and immigration in Canada and Germany. International Journal of Intercultural Relations, 30, 653–669.Google Scholar

Feather, N. T., & McKee, I. R. (2008). Values and prejudice: Predictors of attitudes towards Australian Aborigines. Australian Journal of Psychology, 60, 80–90.Google Scholar

Federico, C. M., Hunt, C. V., & Ergun, D., (2009). Hunr, and ideology: Translating “competitive jungles” and “dangerous worlds” into ideological reality. Social Justice Research, 22, 259–279.Google Scholar

Federico, C. M., Weber, C. R., Ergun, D., & Hunt, C. (2013). Mapping the connections between politics and morality: The multiple sociopolitical orientations involved in moral intuition. Political Psychology, 34, 589–610.Google Scholar

Ferreira, M. C., Fischer, R., Barreijros, P., Pilati, R., & Milfont, T. L. (2012). Unraveling the mystery of Brazilian Jeitinho: A cultural exploration of social norms. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 33, 331–344.Google Scholar

Feygina, I. (2013). Social justice and the human–environment relationship: Common systemic, ideological, and psychological roots and processes. Social Justice Research, 26, 363–381.Google Scholar

Fischer, R., Hanke, K., & Sibley, C. G. (2012). Cultural and institutional determinants of social dominance orientation: A cross-cultural meta-analysis of 27 countries. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 33, 437–467.Google Scholar

Foels, R., & Reid, L. D. (2010). Gender differences in social dominance orientation: The role of cognitive complexity. Sex Roles, 62, 684–692.Google Scholar

Galinsky, A. D., Gruenfeld, D. H., & Magee, J. C. (2003). From power to action. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 85, 453.Google Scholar

Gatto, J., & Dambrun, M. (2012). Authoritarianism, social dominance, and prejudice among junior police officers: The role of the normative context. Social Psychology, 43, 61–66.Google Scholar

Gerber, M. M., & Jackson, J. (2013). Retribution as revenge and retribution as just deserts. Social Justice Research, 26, 61–80.Google Scholar

Gilles, I., Bangerter, A., Clemence, A., Green, E. G. T., Krings, F., Mouton, A. … Wagner-Egger, P. (2013). Collective symbolic coping with disease threat and othering: A case of avian influenza. British Journal of Social Psychology, 52, 83–102.Google Scholar

Goldberg, S. (1994). Why men rule: A theory of male dominance. Chicago, IL: Open Court.

Green, E.G.T., & Auer, F. (2013). How social dominance orientation affects union participation: The role of union identification and perceived union instrumentality. Journal of Community & Applied Social Psychology, 23, 143–156.Google Scholar

Green, E. G. T., Krings, F., Staerklé, C., Bangerter, A., Wagner-Egger, P., & Bornand, T. (2010). Keeping the vermin out: Perceived disease threat and ideological orientations as predictors of exclusionary immigration attitudes. Journal of Community & Applied Social Psychology, 20, 299–316.Google Scholar

Green, E. G. T., Thomsen, L., Sidanius, J., Staerklé, C., & Potanina, P. (2009). Reactions to crime as a hierarchy regulating strategy: The moderating role of social dominance orientation. Social Justice Research, 22, 416–436.Google Scholar

Guimond, S. (2000). Group socialization and prejudice: The social transmission of intergroup attitudes and beliefs. European Journal of Social Psychology, 30, 335–354.Google Scholar

Guimond, S., Chatard, A., Martinot, D. M, Crisp, R., & Redersdorff, S. (2006). Social comparison, self-stereotyping, and gender differences in self-construals. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 90, 221–242.Google Scholar

Guimond, S., Crisp, R. J., De Oliveira, P., Kameijski, R., Keily, N., Kuepper, B. … Zick, A. (2013). Diversity policy, social dominance, and intergroup relations: Predicting prejudice in changing social and political contexts. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 104, 941–958.Google Scholar

Guimond, S., Dambrun, M., Michinov, N., & Duarte, S. (2003). Does social dominance generate prejudice? Integrating individual and contextual determinants of intergroup cognitions. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 84, 697–721.Google Scholar

Guimond, S., De Oliveira, P., Kamiesjki, R., & Sidanius, J. (2010). The trouble with assimilation: Social dominance and the emergence of hostility against immigrants. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 34, 642–650.Google Scholar

Gutiérrez, A. S., & Unzueta, M. M. (2013). Are admissions decisions based on family ties fairer than those that consider race? Social dominance orientation and attitudes toward legacy vs. affirmative action policies. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology 49, 554–558.Google Scholar

Harding, J. F., & Sibley, C. G. (2011). Social dominance and the disassociation between explicit and implicit representations of equality. Journal of Community & Applied Social Psychology, 21, 407–418.Google Scholar

Haley, H., & Sidanius, J. (2005). Person–organization congruence and the maintenance of group-based social hierarchy: A social dominance perspective. Group Processes & Intergroup Relations, 8(2), 187–203. doi: 10.1177/1368430205051067Google Scholar

Hall, C. C. (2012). Behavioral decision research, social class and implications for public policy. In Markus, H. R. & Fiske, S. T. (Eds.), Facing social class: How societal rank influences interaction (pp. 175–194). New York: Russell Sage Foundation.

Hart, J., Hung, J. A., Glick, P., & Dinero, R. E. (2012). He loves her, he loves her not: Attachment style as a personality antecedent to men's ambivalent sexism. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 38, 1495–1505.Google Scholar

Hedström, P., & Ylikoski, P. (2010). Causal mechanisms in the social sciences. Annual Review of Sociology, 36(1), 49–67. doi: 10.1146/annurev.soc.012809.102632Google Scholar

Henry, P. J. (2009). Low-status compensation: A theory for understanding the role of status in cultures of honor. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 97(3), 451.Google Scholar

Henry, P. J., Sidanius, J., Levin, S., & Pratto, F. (2005). Social dominance orientation, authoritarianism, and support for intergroup violence between the Middle East and America. Political Psychology, 26, 569–583.Google Scholar

Hindricks, P., Verkuyten, M., & Coenders, M. (2014). Dimensions of social dominance orientation: The roles of legitimizing myths and national identification. European Journal of Personality, 28, 538–549. doi: 10.1002/per.1955Google Scholar

Ho, A. K., Sidanius, J., Cuddy, A., & Banaji, M. (2013). Status boundary enforcement and the categorization of Black-White biracials. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 49, 940–943.Google Scholar

Ho, A. K., Sidanius, J., Levin, D., & Banaji, M. (2011). Evidence for hypodescent and racial hierarchy in the perception of biracial individuals. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 100, 492–506.Google Scholar

Ho, A. K., Sidanius, J., Pratto, F., Levin, S., Thomsen, L., Kteily, N., & Sheehy-Skeffington, J. (2012). Social dominance orientation: Revisiting the structure and function of a variable predicting social and political attitudes. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 38, 583–606.Google Scholar

Hodson, G., & Costello, K. (2007). Interpersonal disgust, ideological orientations, and dehumanization as predictors of intergroup attitudes. Psychological Science, 18, 691–698.Google Scholar

Hodson, G., & Esses, V. M. (2005). Lay perceptions of ethnic prejudice: Causes, solutions, and individual differences. European Journal of Social Psychology, 35, 329–344.Google Scholar

Hodson, G., MacInnis, C. C., & Rush, J. (2010). Prejudice-relevant correlates of humor temperaments and humor styles. Personality and Individual Differences, 49, 546–549.Google Scholar

Hodson, G., Rush, J., & MacInnis, C. C. (2010). A joke is just a joke (except when it isn't): Cavalier humor beliefs facilitate the expression of group dominance motives. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 99, 660–682.Google Scholar

Huang, L., & Liu, J. (2005). Personality and social structural implications of the situational priming of social dominance orientation. Personality and Individual Differences, 38(2), 267–276.Google Scholar

Huddy, L. (2004). Contrasting theoretical approaches to intergroup relations. Political Psychology, 25, 947–967.Google Scholar

Islam, G., & Zyphur, M. J. (2005). Power, voice, and hierarchy: Exploring the antecedents of speaking up in groups. Group Dynamics: Theory, Research, and Practice, 9, 93–103.Google Scholar

Jackson, L. E., & Gaertner, L. (2010). Mechanisms of moral disengagement and their differential use by right-wing authoritarianism and social dominance orientation in support of war. Aggressive Behavior, 36, 238–250.Google Scholar

Jackson, L. M., Bitacola, L. M., Janes, L. M., & Esses, V. M. (2013). Intergroup ideology and environmental inequality. Analyses of Social Issues and Public Policy, 13, 327–346.Google Scholar

James, A., & James, A. (2008). Key concepts in childhood studies. London: Sage Publications.

Jeffries, C. H., Horney, M. J., Sutton, R. M., Douglas, K. M., & Bain, P. G. (2012). The David and Goliath principle: Cultural, ideological, and attitudinal underpinnings of the normative protection of low status groups from criticism. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 20, 1053–1065.Google Scholar

Jetten, J., & Iyer, A. (2010). Different meanings of the social dominance orientation concept: Predicting political attitudes over time. British Journal of Social Psychology, 49, 385–404.Google Scholar

Jost, J. T. (2011). System justification theory as compliment, complement, and corrective to theories of social identification and social dominance. In Dunning, D. (Ed.), Social motivation (pp. 223–263). New York: Psychology Press.

Jost, J. T., & Banaji, M. R. (1994). The role of stereotyping in system-justification and the production of false consciousness. British Journal of Social Psychology, 33, 1–27.Google Scholar

Jost, J., Banaji, M., & Nosek, B. (2004). A decade of system justification theory: Accumulated evidence of conscious and unconscious bolstering of the status quo. Political Psychology, 25(6), 881–919.Google Scholar

Jost, J. T., & Burgess, D. (2000). Attitudinal ambivalence and the conflict between group and system justification motives in low status groups. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 26, 293–305.Google Scholar

Jost, J. T., & Major, B. (2001). The psychology of legitimacy: Emerging perspectives on ideology, justice, and intergroup relations. Cambridge University Press.

Jost, J. T., & Thompson, E. P. (2000). Group-based dominance and opposition to equality as independent predictors of self-esteem, ethnocentrism, and social policy attitudes among African Americans and European Americans. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 36(3), 209–232. doi: 10.1006/jesp.1999.1403Google Scholar

Kahn, K., Ho, A. K., Sidanius, J., & Pratto, F. (2009). The space between us and them: Perceptions of status differences. Group Processes & Intergroup Relations, 12, 591–604.Google Scholar

Kelly, A. S., Dubbs, S. L., & Barlow, F. K. (2015). Social dominance orientation predicts heterosexual men's adverse reactions to romantic rejection. Archives of Sexual Behavior, 44, 903–919.Google Scholar

Keltner, D., Gruenfeld, D. H., & Anderson, C. (2003). Power, approach, and inhibition. Psychological Review, 110(2), 265.Google Scholar

Kemmelmeir, M. (2005). The effects of race and social dominance orientation in simulated juror decision making. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 35, 1030–1045.Google Scholar

Kennett, D. J., Winterhalder, B., Bartruff, J., & Erlandson, J. (2008). An ecological model for the emergence of institutionalized social hierarchies in California's North Channel Islands. In Shennan, Stephen (Ed.), Evolutionary analysis of cultural behavior (pp. 297–324). Berkeley: University of California Press.

Kenny, D. A. (1975). Cross-lagged panel correlation: A test for spuriousness. Psychological Bulletin, 82, 887–903.Google Scholar

Krauss, S. (2006). Does ideology transcend culture? A preliminary examination in Romania. Journal of Personality, 74. doi: 10.1111/j.1467-6494.2006.00408.xGoogle Scholar

Kreindler, S. (2005). A dual group processes model of individual differences in prejudice. Personality and Social Psychology Review, 9(2), 90–107.Google Scholar

Kteily, N., Bruneau, E., Waytz, A., & Cotterill, S. (2015). The “Ascent of Man”: Theoretical and empirical evidence for blatant dehumanization. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology.

Kteily, N., Cotterill, S., & Sidanius, J., Sheehy-Skeffington, J., & Bergh, R. (2014). “Not one of us”: Predictions and consequences of denying ingroup characteristics to ambiguous targets. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 40, 1231–1247.Google Scholar

Kteily, N., Ho, A. K., & Sidanius, J. (2012). Hierarchy in the mind: The predictive power of social dominance orientation across social contexts and domains. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 48(2), 543–549.Google Scholar

Kteily, N. S., Sidanius, J., & Levin, S. (2011). Social dominance orientation: Cause or “mere effect”? Evidence for SDO as a causal predictor of prejudice and discrimination against ethnic and racial outgroups. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 47(1), 208–214.Google Scholar

Kugler, M. B., Cooper, J., & Nosek, B. A. (2010). Group-based dominance and opposition to equality correspond to different psychological motives. Social Justice Research, 23, 117–155.Google Scholar

Kugler, M., Jost, J. T., & Noorbaloochi, S. (2014). Another look at moral foundations theory: Do authoritarianism and social dominance explain liberal-conservative differences in “moral” intuitions. Social Justice Research, 27, 413–431.Google Scholar

Küpper, B., & Zick, A. (2011). Inverse gender gap in Germany: Social dominance orientation among men and women. International Journal of Psychology, 46, 33–45.Google Scholar

Laham, S. M., Tam, T., Lalljee, M., Hewstone, M., & Voci, A. (2010). Respect for persons in the intergroup context: Self–other overlap and intergroup emotions as mediators of the impact of respect on action tendencies. Group Processes and Intergroup Relations, 13, 301–317.Google Scholar

Lalonde, R. N., Giguere, B., Fontaine, M., & Smith, A. (2007). Social dominance orientation and ideological asymmetry in relation to interracial dating and transracial adoption in Canada. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 38, 559–572.Google Scholar

Lee, I., Pratto, F., & Johnson, B. T. (2011). Intergroup consensus/disagreement in support of group-based hierarchy: An examination of socio-structural and psycho-cultural factors. Psychological Bulletin, 137(6), 1029.Google Scholar

Lehmiller, J., & Schmitt, M. (2007). Group domination and inequality in context: Evidence for the unstable meanings of social dominance and authoritarianism. European Journal of Social Psychology, 37(4), 704–724.Google Scholar

Leone, L., & Chirumbolo, A. (2008). Conservatism as motivated avoidance of affect: Need for affect scales to predict conservatism measures. Journal of Research in Personality, 42, 755–762.Google Scholar

Leone, L., Desimoni, M., & Chirumbolo, A. (2014). Interest and expertise moderate the relationship between rightwing attitudes, ideological self-placement and voting. European Journal of Personality, 28(1), 2–13.Google Scholar

Lessig, L. (2011). Republic, lost: How money corrupts Congress – and a plan to stop it. New York: Hachette Book Group.

Levene, R., & Dickens, T. E. (2008). Sex-related invariance across cultures in an online role-playing game. Journal of Evolutionary Psychology, 6, 141–148.Google Scholar

Levin, S., Sidanius, J., Rabinowitz, J. L., & Federico, C. (1998). Ethnic identity, legitimizing ideologies and social status: A matter of ideological asymmetry. Political Psychology, 19, 373–404.Google Scholar

Leong, C-H. (2008). A multilevel research framework for the analyses of attitudes toward immigrants. International Journal of Intercultural Relations, 32, 115–129.Google Scholar

Levin, S., Henry, P.J., Pratto, F., & Sidanius, J. (2009). Social dominance and social identity in Lebanon: Implications for support of violence against the West. In Victoroff, Jeff & Kruglanski, Arie W., (Eds.), Psychology of terrorism: Classic and contemporary insights. Key readings in social psychology (pp. 253–267). New York: Psychology Press.

Levin, S., Matthews, M., Guimond, S., Sidanius, J. Pratto., F., Nteily, N. … Dover, T. (2012). Assimilation, multiculturalism, and colorblindness: Mediated and moderated relationships between social dominance orientation and prejudice. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology 48, 207–212.Google Scholar

Levin, S., Pratto, F., Matthews, M., Sidanius, J., & Kteily, N. (2013). A dual process approach to understanding prejudice toward Americans in Lebanon: An extension to intergroup threat perceptions and emotions. Group Processes and Intergroup Relations, 16, 139–158.Google Scholar

Levy, S. R., West, T. L., Ramirez, L., & Karanfantis, D. M. (2006). The Protestant work ethic: A lay theory with dual intergroup implications. Group Processes & Intergroup Relations, 9, 95–115.Google Scholar

Livi, S., Leone, L., Falgares, G., & Lombardo, F. (2014). Values, ideological attitudes and patriotism. Personality and Individual Differences, 64, 141–146.Google Scholar

Lock, K., Pomerleau, J., Causer, L., Altmann, D. R., & McKee, M. (2005). The global burden of disease attributable to low consumption of fruit and vegetables: Implications for the global strategy on diet. Bulletin of the World Health Organization, 85, 100–108.Google Scholar

Malkin, G., & Ben Ari, R. (2013). Prejudice and “Vladimir's choice” among Israeli Arabs and Jews: Symmetrical vs. asymmetrical trends. Group Processes & Intergroup Relations, 16, 814–825.Google Scholar

Mani, A., Mullainathan, S., Shafir, E., & Zhao, J. (2013). Poverty impedes cognitive function. Science, 341(6149), 976–980.Google Scholar

Martin, D., Seppala, E., Heineberg, Y., Rossomando, T., Doty, J., Zimbardo, P. … Zhou, Y. Y. (2014). Multiple facets of compassion: The impact of social dominance orientation and economic systems justification. Journal of Business Ethics. doi: 10.1007/s10551-014-2157-0

Mata, J., Ghavami, N. & Wittig, M. A. (2010). Understanding gender differences in early adolescents’ sexual prejudice. Journal of Early Adolescence, 30, 50–75.Google Scholar

MacInnis, C. C., Busseria, M. A., Choma, B. L., & Hodson, G. (2013). The happy cyclist: Examining the association between generalized authoritarianism and subjective well-being. Personality and Individual Differences, 55, 780–793.Google Scholar

McDonald, M. M., Navarrete, C. D., & Sidanius, J. (2011). Developing a theory of gendered prejudice: An evolutionary and social dominance perspective. In Kramer, R., Leonardelli, G., & Livingston, R. (Eds.), Social cognition, social identity, and intergroup relations: A festschrift in honor of Marilynn Brewer (pp. 189–220). New York: Psychology Press.

McFarland, S. (2010). Authoritarianism, social dominance, and other roots of generalized prejudice. Political Psychology, 31. doi: 10.1111/j.1467-9221.2010.00765.xGoogle Scholar

McFarland, S. G., & Adelson, S. (1996, July). An omnibus study of personality, values, and prejudice. Paper presented at the annual meeting of the International Society for Political Psychology, Vancouver, British Columbia.

McFarland, S., & Mathews, M. (2005). Who cares about human rights? Political Psychology, 26, 365–385.Google Scholar

McKay, P. F., & Avery, D. R. (2006). What has race got to do with it? Unraveling the role of racioethnicity in job seekers’ reactions to site visits. Personnel Psychology, 59, 395–429.Google Scholar

Milfont, T. L., Richter, I., Sibley, C. G., Wilson, M. S., & Fischer, R. (2013). Environmental consequences of the desire to be dominate and be superior. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 39, 1127–1138.Google Scholar

Miller, D. A., Smith, E. R. & Mackie, D. M. (2004). Effects of intergroup contact and political predispositions on prejudice: Role of intergroup emotions. Group and Intergroup Processes, 7, 221–237.Google Scholar

Milojev, P., Osborne, D., Greaves, L. M., Bulbulia, J., Wilson, M., Davies, C. L. … Sibley, C. G. (2014). Right-wing authoritarianism and social dominance orientation predict different moral signatures. Social Justice Research, 27, 149–174.Google Scholar

Mitchell, M. & Sidanius, J. (1993). Group status and asymmetry in the relationship between ideology and death penalty support: A social dominance perspective. National Journal of Sociology, 7, 67–93.Google Scholar

Mitchell, M., & Sidanius, J. (1995). Social hierarchy and executions in the United States: A social dominance perspective. The death penalty: A social dominance perspective. Political Psychology, 16, 591–619.Google Scholar

Mosso, C., Briante, G., Aiello, A., & Russo, S. (2013). The role of legitimizing ideologies as predictors of ambivalent sexism in young people: Evidence from Italy and the USA. Social Justice Research, 26, 1–17.Google Scholar

Navarrete, C. D., Fessler, D. M., Fleischman, D. S., & Geyer, J. (2009). Race bias tracks conception risk across the menstrual cycle. Psychological Science, 20, 661–665.Google Scholar

Navarrete, C. D., McDonald, M. M., Molina, L. E., & Sidanius, J. (2010). Prejudice at the nexus of race and gender: An outgroup male target hypothesis. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 98(6), 933.Google Scholar

Newheiser, A., Tausch, N., Dovidio, J. F., & Hewstone, M. (2009). Entitativity and prejudice: Examining their relationship and the moderating effect of attitude certainty. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 45, 920–926.Google Scholar

Newman, B. J., Hartman, T. K., & Taber, C. S. (2014). Social dominance and the cultural politics of immigration. Political Psychology, 35. doi: 10.1111/pops.12047Google Scholar

Nickerson, A. M., & Louis, W. R. (2008). Nationality versus humanity? Personality, identity, and norms in relation to attitudes toward asylum seekers. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 38, 796–817.Google Scholar

Nicol, A. A. M. (2009). Social dominance orientation, right-wing authoritarianism, and their relation with leadership styles. Personality and Individual Differences, 47, 657–661.Google Scholar

Nicol, A. A. M., Roundint, K., & MacIntyre, . (2011). The impact of social dominance orientation and right-wing authoritarianism on the relation between person–organization fit with commitment, satisfaction, and turnover intentions. Personality and Individual Differences, 51, 893–898.Google Scholar

Nordenstam, S., & Ringström, A. (2013). Police database of Roma stirs outrage in Sweden. Reuters. www.reuters.com/article/2013/09/23/us-sweden-roma-idUSBRE98M0EM20130923

O'Brien, K. S., Hunter, J. A., & Banks, M. (2007). Implicit anti-fat bias in physical educators: Physical attributes, ideology and socialization. International Journal of Obesity, 31, 308–314.Google Scholar

Ogbu, J. U. (Ed.). (2008). Minority status, oppositional culture, & schooling. New York: Routledge.

Oldmeadow, J., & Fiske, S. T. (2007). System-justifying ideologies moderate status = competence stereotypes: Roles for belief in a just world and social dominance orientation. European Journal of Social Psychology, 37, 1135–1148.Google Scholar

Onraet, E., & Van Hiel, A. (2013). When threat to society becomes a threat to oneself: Implications for right-wing attitudes and ethnic prejudice. International Journal of Psychology, 48, 25–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00207594.2012.701747 Google Scholar

Orange, R. (2013). Swedish riots spark surprise and anger. The Guardian. www.theguardian.com/world/2013/may/25/sweden-europe-news

Parkins, I. S., Fishbein, H. D., & Ritchey, P. N. (2006). The influence of personality on workplace bullying and discrimination. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 36, 2554–2577.Google Scholar

Pascoe, E. A., & Smart, L. R. (2009). Perceived discrimination and health: A meta-analytic review. Psychological Bulletin, 135, 531–554.Google Scholar

Passini, S., & Villano, P. (2013). Judging moral issues in a multicultural society. Swiss Journal of Psychology, 72, 235–239.Google Scholar

Perkins, J. E., & Bourgeois, M. J. (2006). Perceptions of police use of deadly force. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 36, 161–177.Google Scholar

Pichler, S., Varma, A., & Bruce, T. (2010). Heterosexism in employment decisions: The role of job misfit. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 40, 2527–2555.Google Scholar

Ping Shao, C., Resnick, J., & Hargis, M. B. (2011). Helping and harming others in the workplace: The roles of personal values and abusive supervision. Human Relations, 64, 1051–1078.Google Scholar

Pinker, S. (2011). The better angels of our nature: Why violence has declined. New York: Viking Press.

Poteat, V. P., & Mereish, E. H. (2012). Ideology, prejudice, and attitudes toward sexual minority social policies and organizations. Political Psychology, 33. doi: 10.1111/j.1467-9221.2012.00871.xGoogle Scholar

Poteat, V. P., & Spaniermen, L. B. (2010). Do the ideological beliefs of peers predict the prejudiced attitudes of other individuals in the group? Group Processes and Intergroup Relations, 13, 495–514.Google Scholar

Pratto, F., Lee, I., Tan, J., & Pitpitan, E. (2011). Power basis theory: A psycho-ecological approach to power. In Dunning, D. (Ed.), Social motivation (pp. 191–222). New York: Psychology Press.

Pratto, F., Sidanius, J., Bou Zeineddine, F., Kteily, N., & Levin, S. (2014). When domestic politics and international relations intermesh: Subordinated publics’ factional support within layered power structures. Foreign Policy Analysis, 10(2), 127–148.Google Scholar

Pratto, F., Sidanius, J., & Levin, S., (2006). Social dominance theory and the dynamics of intergroup relations: Taking stock and looking forward. European Review of Social Psychology, 17, 271–320.Google Scholar

Pratto, F., Sidanius, J., Stallworth, L. M., & Malle, B. F. (1994). Social dominance orientation: A personality variable predicting social and political attitudes. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 67, 741–763.Google Scholar

Pratto, F., Stewart, A. L., & Bou Zeineddine, F. (2013). When inequality fails: Power, group dominance, and societal change. Journal of Social and Political Psychology, 1(1), 132–160. doi:10.5964/jspp.v1i1.97Google Scholar

Pula, K., McPherson, S., & Parks, C. D. (2012). Invariance of a two-factor model of social dominance orientation across gender. Personality and Individual Differences, 52, 385–389.Google Scholar

Ramirez, L., Levy, S. R., & Velilla, E., & Hughes, J. M. (2010). Considering the roles of culture and social status: The Protestant work ethic and egalitarianism. Revista Latinoamericana de Psicología, 42, 381–390.Google Scholar

Ratcliff, N. J., Bernstein, M. J., Cundiff, J. L., & Vescio, T. K. (2012). Seeing wrath from the top (through stratified lenses): Perceivers high in social dominance orientation show superior anger identification for high-status individuals. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 48, 1373–1376.Google Scholar

Reese, G., Proch, J., & Cohrs, J. C. (2014). Individual differences in responses to global inequality. Analyses of Social Issues and Public Policy, 14, 217–238.Google Scholar

Reicher, S. (2004). The context of social identity: Dominance, resistance, and change. Political Psychology, 25, 921–945.Google Scholar

Reynolds, K., & Turner, J. (2006). Individuality and the prejudiced personality. European Review of Social Psychology, 17, 233–270.Google Scholar

Rios, K., Finkelstein, S.R., & Landa, J. (2014). Is there a “fair” in fair-trade? Social dominance orientation influences perceptions of and preferences for fair-trade products. Journal of Business Ethics. doi: 10.1007/s10551-014-2221-9

Roccato, M. (2008). Right-wing authoritarianism, social dominance orientation, and attachment: An Italian study. Swiss Journal of Psychology, 67, 219–229.Google Scholar

Rosenblatt, V. (2012). Hierarchies, power inequalities, and organizational corruption. Journal of Business Ethics, 111, 237–251.Google Scholar

Rosenthal, L., & Levy, S. R. (2010). Understanding women's risk for HIV infection using social dominance theory and the four bases of gendered power. Psychology of Women Quarterly, 34, 21–35.Google Scholar

Rosette, A. S., Carton, A. M., Sperry, L. B., & Hewlin, P. F. (2013). Why do racial slurs remain prevalent in the workplace? Integrating theory on intergroup behavior. Organization Science, 24, 1402–1421.Google Scholar

Schmid, K., Hewstone, M., Küpper, B., Zick, A., & Wagner, U. (2012). Secondary transfer effects of intergroup contact: A cross-national comparison in Europe. Social Psychology Quarterly, 75, 28–51.Google Scholar

Schmitt, M. T., Branscombe, N., & Kappen, D. (2003). Attitudes toward group-based inequality: Social dominance or social identity? British Journal of Social Psychology, 42(2), 161–186.Google Scholar

Schmitt, M. T., & Wirth, J. H. (2009). Evidence that gender differences in social dominance orientation result from gendered self-stereotyping and group-interested responses to patriarchy. Psychology of Women Quarterly, 33, 429–436.Google Scholar

Seelman, K. L., & Walls, N. E. (2010). Person-organization incongruence as a predictor of right-wing authoritarianism, social dominance orientation, and heterosexism. Journal of Social Work Education, 46, 103–121.Google Scholar

Shah, A. K., Mullainathan, S., & Shafir, E. (2012). Some consequences of having too little. Science, 338, 682–685.Google Scholar

Sheehy-Skeffington, J., & Sidanius, J. (2014a). Distracted looking up: Priming low socioeconomic status impairs executive functions. Paper presented at the 17th General Meeting of the European Association of Social Psychology, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.

Sheehy-Skeffington, J., & Sidanius, J. (2014b). Out of my hands: Low socioeconomic status diminishes perceptions of personal control and self-efficacy. Manuscript under review.

Sibley, C. G. (2013). Social dominance and representations of the national prototype: The exclusionary emphasis hypothesis of national character. International Journal of Intercultural Relations, 37, 212–224.Google Scholar

Sibley, C. G., & Duckitt, J. (2010). The ideological legitimation of the status quo: Longitudinal tests of a social dominance model. Political Psychology, 31. doi: 10.1111/j.1467-9221.2009.00747.xGoogle Scholar

Sibley, C. G., & Liu, J. H. (2010). Social dominance orientation: Testing a global individual difference perspective. Political Psychology, 31(2), 175–207.Google Scholar

Sibley, C. G., & Wilson, M. (2007). Political attitudes and the ideology of equality: Differentiating support for liberal and conservative political parties in New Zealand. New Zealand Journal of Psychology, 36, 72–84.Google Scholar

Sibley, C. G., Wilson, M., & Duckitt, J. (2007). Antecedents of men's hostile and benevolent sexism: The dual roles of social dominance orientation and right-wing authoritarianism. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 33(2), 160–172.Google Scholar

Sibley, C. G., Wilson, M. S., & Robertson, A. (2007). Differentiating the motivations and justifications underlying individual differences in Pakeha opposition to bicultural policy: Replication and extension of a predictive model. New Zealand Journal of Psychology, 36, 25–33.Google Scholar

Sidanius, J. (1993). The psychology of group conflict and the dynamics of oppression: A social dominance perspective. In Iyengar, S. & McGuire, W. (Eds.), Explorations in Political Psychology (pp. 183–219). Durham, NC: Duke University Press.

Sidanius, J., Haley, H., Molina, L., & Pratto, F. (2007). Vladimir's choice and the distribution of social resources: A group dominance perspective. Group Processes and Intergroup Relations, 10, 259–268.Google Scholar

Sidanius, J., Kteily, N., Sheehy-Skeffington, J., Ho, A., Sibley, C., & Duriez, B. (2013). “You're inferior and not worth our concern.” Journal of Personality, 81, 313–323.Google Scholar

Sidanius, J., Levin, S., Federico, C., & Pratto, F. (2001). Legitimizing ideologies: The social dominance approach. In Jost, J. & Major, B. (Eds.), The psychology of legitimacy: emerging perspectives on ideology, justice, and intergroup relations (pp. 307–331). Cambridge University Press.

Sidanius, J., Liu, J., Shaw, J., & Pratto, F. (1994). Social dominance orientation, hierarchy-attenuators and hierarchy-enhancers: Social dominance theory and the criminal system. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 24, 338–366.Google Scholar

Sidanius, J., Mitchell, M., Haley, H., & Navarrete, C. D. (2006). Support for harsh criminal sanctions and criminal justice beliefs: A social dominance perspective. Social Justice Research, 19, 433–449.Google Scholar

Sidanius, J., & Pratto, F. (1999). Social dominance: An intergroup theory of social hierarchy and oppression. New York: Cambridge University Press.

Sidanius, J., & Pratto, F. (2012). Social dominance theory. In Van Lange, P. A. M., Kruglanski, A. W., & Higgins, E. T. (Eds.), Handbook of theories of social psychology (Vol. 2, pp. 418–438). London: Sage. doi:10.1348/014466603322127193

Sidanius, J., Pratto, F., & Bobo, L. (1994). Social dominance orientation and the political psychology of gender: A case of invariance? Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 67, 998–101.Google Scholar

Sidanius, J., Pratto, F., & Mitchell, M. (1994). Ingroup identification, social dominance orientation, and differential intergroup social allocation. Journal of Social Psychology, 134, 151–167.Google Scholar

Sidanius, J., Pratto, F., & Rabinowitz, J. (1994). Gender, ethnic status, and ideological asymmetry: A social dominance interpretation. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 25, 194–216.Google Scholar

Sidanius, J., Sinclair, S., & Pratto, F. (2006). Social dominance orientation, gender and increasing college exposure. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 36, 1640–1653.Google Scholar

Sidanius, J., Van Laar, C., Levin, S., & Sinclair, S. (2003). Social hierarchy maintenance and assortment into social roles: A social dominance perspective. Group Processes and Intergroup Relations, 6, 333–352.Google Scholar

Simmons, A. L., & Parks-Yancy, R. (2012). Were they joking? Depends on social dominance orientation. Journal of Behavioral and Applied Management, 13(3), 213.Google Scholar

Snellman, A., & Ekehammar, B. (2005). Ethnic hierarchies, ethnic prejudice, and social dominance orientation. Journal of Community & Applied Social Psychology, 15, 83–94.Google Scholar

Snellman, A., Ekehammar, B., & Akrami, N. (2009). The role of identification in social dominance orientation: Mediating or moderating the effect of sex? Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 39, 999–1012.Google Scholar

Snyder, M., & Swann, W. B. Jr. (1978). Behavioral confirmation in social interaction: From social perception to social reality. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 14(2), 148–162.Google Scholar

Son Hing, L. S., Bobocel, D. R., Zanna, M. P., & McBridge, M. V. (2007). Authoritarian dynamics and unethical decision making: High social dominance orientation leaders and high right-wing authoritarianism followers. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 92, 67–81.Google Scholar

Staerklé, C., Sidanius, J., Green, E., & Molina, L. (2010). Ethnic minority-majority asymmetry in national attitudes around the world: A multilevel analysis. Political Psychology, 31, 491–519.Google Scholar

Steele, C. M., & Aronson, J. (1995). Stereotype threat and the intellectual test performance of African Americans. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 69(5), 797.Google Scholar

Steinberg, L., Dornbusch, S., & Brown, B. B. (1992). Ethnic differences in adolescent achievement: An ecological perspective. American Psychologist, 47(6), 723–729.Google Scholar

Tam, K-P., Leung, K-Y, & Chiu, C-Y. (2008). On being a mindful authoritarian: Is need for cognition always associated with less punitiveness? Political Psychology, 29, 77–91.Google Scholar

Tausch, N., & Hewstone, M. (2010). Social dominance orientation attenuates stereotype change in the face of disconfirming information. Social Psychology, 41,169–176.Google Scholar

Teahan, J. E. (1975). A longitudinal study of attitude shifts among Black and White police officers. Journal of Social Issues, 31, 47–56.Google Scholar

Thomsen, L., Green, E. G., Ho, A. K., Levin, S., van Laar, C., Sinclair, S., & Sidanius, J. (2010). Wolves in sheep's clothing: SDO asymmetrically predicts perceived ethnic victimization among White and Latino students across three years. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 36(2), 225–238.Google Scholar

Thomsen, L., Green, E. G., & Sidanius, J. (2008). We will hunt them down: How social dominance orientation and right-wing authoritarianism fuel ethnic persecution of immigrants in fundamentally different ways. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 44, 1455–1464.Google Scholar

Trivers, R.L. (1972). Parental investment and sexual selection. In Campbell, B. (Ed.), Sexual selection and the descent of man (pp.136–179). Chicago: Aldine-Atherton.

Turner, J., & Reynolds, K. (2003). Why social dominance theory has been falsified. British Journal of Social Psychology, 42(2), 199–206.Google Scholar

Umphress, E. E., Simmons, A. L., Boswell, W. R., & Triana, M. D. (2008). Managing discrimination in selection: The influence of directives from an authority and social dominance orientation. Journal of Applied Psychology, 93, 982–993.Google Scholar

Umphress, E. E., Smith-Crowe, K., Brief, A. P., Dietz, J., & Watkins, M. B. (2007). When birds of a feather flock together and when they do not: Status composition, social dominance orientation, and organizational attractiveness. Journal of Applied Psychology, 92, 396–409.Google Scholar

Unzueta, M. M, Knowles, E. D., & Ho, G. C. (2012). Diversity is what you want it to be: How social-dominance motives affect construals of diversity. Psychological Science, 23, 303–309.Google Scholar

Van Hiel, A., & Kossowska, M. (2006). Having few positive emotions, or too many negative feelings? Emotions as moderating variables of authoritarianism effects on racism. Personality and Individual Differences, 40, 919–930.Google Scholar

Van Hiel, A., & Kossowska, M. (2007). Contemporary attitudes and their ideological representation in Flanders (Belgium), Poland, and the Ukraine. International Journal of Psychology, 42, 16–26.Google Scholar

Van Vugt, M., De Cremer, D., & Janssen, D. P. (2007). Gender differences in cooperation and competition: The male-warrior hypothesis. Psychological Science, 18, 19–23.Google Scholar

Van Vugt, M., & Tybur, J. T. (in press). The evolutionary psychology of status. In Buss, D. (Ed.), Handbook of evolutionary psychology. Hoboken, NJ: Wiley.

Van Zomeren, M., Postmes, T., & Spears, R. (2008). Toward an integrative social identity model of collective action: A quantitative research synthesis of three socio-psychological perspectives. Psychological Bulletin, 134(4), 504.Google Scholar

Verba, S., Schlozman, K. L., & Brady, H. E. (1995). Voice and equality: Civic voluntarism in American politics (Vol. 4). Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.

Vezzali, L.,& Giovannini, D. (2011). Cross-group friendships, social dominance orientation and secondary transfer effect. Testing, Psychometrics, Methodology in Applied Psychology, 18, 181–194.Google Scholar

von Collani, G., Grumm, M., & Streicher, K. (2010). An investigation of the determinants of stigmatization and prejudice toward people living with HIV/AIDS. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 40, 1747–1766.Google Scholar

Wilson, M. S. (2010). Assessing the “gender gap” in New Zealand politics: The mediating effects of social dominance orientation in student and general population. New Zealand Journal of Psychology, 39, 38–44.Google Scholar

Wilson, M. S., & Sibley, C. (2013). Social dominance orientation and right-wing authoritarianism: Additive and interactive effects on political conservatism. Political Psychology, 34, 277–284.Google Scholar

Wilson, M. S., & White, J. T. (2010). Assessing the “gender gap” in New Zealand politics: The mediating effects of social dominance orientation in student and general populations. New Zealand Journal of Psychology, 39, 38–44.Google Scholar

Worthington, R. L., Navarro, R. L., Loewy, M., & Hart, J. (2008). Color-blind racial attitudes, social dominance orientation, racial-ethnic group membership and college students’ perceptions of campus climate. Journal of Diversity in Higher Education, 1, 8–19.Google Scholar

Yeagley, E., Morling, B., & Nelson, M. (2007). Nonverbal zero-acquaintance accuracy of self-esteem, social dominance orientation, and satisfaction with life. Journal of Research in Personality, 41(5), 1099–1106.Google Scholar

Zakrisson, I. (2008). Gender differences in social dominance orientation: Gender invariance may be situation invariance. Sex Roles, 59, 254–263.Google Scholar

Zikmund-Fisher, B. J., & Parker, A. M. (1999). Demand for rent-to-own contracts: A behavioral economic explanation. Journal of Economic Behavior & Organization, 38(2), 199–216.Google Scholar

Book contents

8 - Social Dominance Theory: Explorations in the Psychology of Oppression

Summary

Access options

References

Save book to Kindle

Save book to Dropbox

Save book to Google Drive