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from Entries
Published online by Cambridge University Press: 05 March 2016
In the wake of the French Revolution, slaves on St. Domingue, France's sugar-rich Caribbean island, rose in 1791, burning plantations and killing 2,000 slaveowners. Their leader, Toussaint L’ Ouverture (1744–1803), forged an army that defeated all invading forces – French, British, Spanish – and abolished slavery in 1794.
Fear permeated societies across the region. France captured L’ Ouverture (1802) and he died in captivity. Jean-Jacques Dessalines (1758–1806) took command, masterminded final victory, and led the liberated colony. Renamed Haiti in 1804, it was the first black and second republic in the Western Hemisphere. Its revolution inspired slave rebellions in the United States and throughout the Atlantic World.
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