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ATTITUDES TO THE DISPLACEMENT OF CULTURAL PROPERTY IN THE WARS OF THE FRENCH REVOLUTION AND NAPOLEON*

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  01 February 2013

DAVID GILKS
DAVID GILKS*
Affiliation:
Queen Mary, University of London
*
Queen Mary, University of London, Mile End Road, London. E1 4NAd.gilks@qmul.ac.uk
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Abstract

The French state expropriated an enormous quantity of cultural property from across Europe during the Wars of the Revolution and Napoleon, but much was returned in 1815 after the fall of the Empire. This article examines contemporary attitudes to the displacement of works of art, antiquities, scientific specimens, and rare books. The seizures were controversial: since they occurred at a time when plundering the vanquished was already considered questionable behaviour, they attracted opposition and needed to be justified. The article identifies the resulting repertoire of attitudes, arguing that this repertoire evolved with changing circumstances and was more varied than hitherto maintained. By situating this repertoire in a larger historical context, the article also reassesses the extent to which attitudes were derivative and innovative. It contends that the disputation as a whole did not amount to a decisive rupture in the treatment of foreign cultural property during wartime, but that it was nevertheless remarkable in two respects: concepts from hitherto unrelated subjects were applied to considerations about cultural property; and the perceived conditions under which cultural property could be legitimately transferred were revised.

Type
Research Article
Information
The Historical Journal , Volume 56 , Issue 1 , March 2013 , pp. 113 - 143
Copyright
Copyright © Cambridge University Press 2013

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Footnotes

*

The author is a Leverhulme Early Career Fellow. He is grateful to Christ Church, Oxford, where much of the research presented was undertaken as a Junior Research Fellow. He would like to thank Julian Hoppit, the journal's anonymous referees, and the many mentors, colleagues, and friends who commented on earlier drafts. Jeevan Deol's fastidious criticism improved and delayed the article in equal measure.

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129 S. Balayé, ‘Le développement des collections’, in Varry, ed., Histoire des bibliothèques françaises, iii, p. 313. Blumer, M.-L., ‘Catalogue des peintures transportée d'Italie en France de 1796 à 1814’, Bulletin de la société de l'histoire de l'art français (1936), pp. 244–438Google Scholar : only 249/506 paintings confiscated from Italy were returned.

130 Savoy, Patrimoine annexé, i, pp. 150, 161; Grammacini, ‘Rubens’ Petrus martyrium in Exil’, pp. 88–9.

131 Treue, Art plunder, p. 189.

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136 Times, issue 9178, 25 Mar. 1814, p. 3, issue 9715, 27 Dec. 1815, p. 2.

137 Savoy, ‘Le naufrage de toute une époque’, pp. 262–4, 266; idem, Patrimoine annexé, i, p. 246.

138 Times, issue 9657, 20 Oct. 1815, p. 3.

139 Denon, Correspondance, ii, doc. 3518, pp. 1190–1, doc. 3546, 29 Sept. 1815, p. 1202; D. Poulot, ‘De la légitimité du musée Napoléon’, in Gallo, ed., Les vies de Dominique-Vivant Denon, ii, pp. 535–9.

140 Kelly, A full and circumstantial account, p. 216.

141 Savoy, Patrimoine annexé, i, p. 259; Lebreton, ‘Notice’, p. 475.

142 du Heaume, M., Observations d'un français sur l'enlèvement des chefs-d’œuvre du Muséum de Paris (Paris, 1815), pp. 28–9Google Scholar.

143 Times, issue 9597, 11 Aug. 1815, p. 2.

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146 Pécout, ‘Denon’, p. 509.

147 Correspondence, despatches, and other papers of Viscount Castelreagh, iii (London, 1853), p. 462; cited in Consalvi, E., Mémoires du Cardinal Consalvi, i (Paris, 1864), pp. 85–9Google Scholar; Ridely, R., The pope's archaeologist: the life and times of Carlo Fea (Rome, 2000)Google Scholar, p. 184.

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149 Stendhal, Histoire de la peinture en Italie (Paris, [1817] 1996), p. 488.

150 See p. 131 above. A. C. Quatremère de Quincy, ‘Letters written from London to Canova in Rome on the Elgin marbles or the sculptures of the temple of Minerva in Athens’, in idem, Letters to Miranda and Canova, p. 126.

151 Cited in Haskell, F. and Penny, N., Taste and the antique: the lure of classical sculpture, 1500–1900 (New Haven, CT, 1998)Google Scholar, p. 239.

152 Merryman, J., ‘Note on the marquis de Somerueles’, International Journal of Cultural Property, 5 (1996), pp. 321–9Google Scholar; Rossi Pinelli, ‘Carlo Fea e il Chirografo des 1802’.

153 Cicero, The Verrine orations, bk 4, § 47.

154 Rédacteur, 13 July 1796, 211, pp. 3–4.