No CrossRef data available.
Article contents
Competitive displacement among post-Paleozoic cyclostome and cheilostome bryozoans
Published online by Cambridge University Press: 08 February 2016
Abstract
Encrusting bryozoans provide one of the few systems in the fossil record in which ecological competition can be observed directly at local scales. The macroevolutionary history of diversity of cyclostome and cheilostome bryozoans is consistent with a coupled-logistic model of clade displacement predicated on species within clades interacting competitively. The model matches observed diversity history if the model is perturbed by a mass extinction with a position and magnitude analogous to the Cretaceous / Tertiary boundary event. Although it is difficult to measure all parameters in the model from fossil data, critical factors are intrinsic rates of extinction, which can be measured. Cyclostomes maintained a rather low rate of extinction the model solutions predict that they would lose diversity only slowly as competitively superior species of cheilostomes diversified into their environment. Thus, the microecological record of preserved competitive interactions between cyclostome and cheilostome bryozoans and the macroevolutionary record of global diversity are consistent in regard to competition as a significant influence on diversity histories of post-Paleozoic bryozoans.
- Type
- Articles
- Information
- Copyright
- Copyright © The Paleontological Society
References
Literature Cited
Alvarez, L. W., Alvarez, W., Asaro, F., and Michel, H. V. 1980. Extraterrestrial cause for the Cretaceous-Tertiary extinction. Science 208:1095–1108.Google Scholar
Bambach, R. K. 1983. Ecospace utilization and guilds in marine communities through the Phanerozoic. Pp. 719–746in Tevesz, M. J. S. and McCall, P. L., eds. Biotic interactions in Recent and fossil benthic communities. Plenum, New York.Google Scholar
Bambach, R. K. 1985. Classes and adaptive variety: the ecology of diversification in marine faunas through the Phanerozoic. Pp. 191–253in Valentine, J. W., ed. Phanerozoic diversity patterns: profiles in macroevolution. Princeton University Press, Princeton, N.J.Google Scholar
Bennett, K. D. 1990. Milankovitch cycles and their effects on species in ecological and evolutionary time. Paleobiology 16:11–21.Google Scholar
Bennett, K. D. 1997. Evolution and ecology: the pace of life. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.Google Scholar
Benton, M. J. 1987. Progress and competition in macroevolution. Biological Reviews 62:305–338.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Benton, M. J. 1991. Extinction, biotic replacements, and clade interactions. Pp. 89–102in Dudley, E. C., ed. The unity of evolutionary biology. Dioscorides, Portland, Ore.Google Scholar
Benton, M. J. 1996. On the nonprevalence of competitive replacement in the evolution of tetrapods. Pp. 185–210in Jablonski, D., Erwin, D. H., and Lipps, J., eds. Evolutionary paleobiology. University of Chicago Press, Chicago.Google Scholar
Boardman, R. S. 1984. Origin of the post-Triassic Stenolaemata (Bryozoa): a taxonomic oversight. Journal of Paleontology 43:205–233.Google Scholar
Boardman, R. S. 1998. Reflections on the morphology, anatomy, evolution, and classification of the Class Stenolaemata (Bryozoa). Smithsonian Contributions to Paleobiology 86:1–59.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bottjer, D. J., and Ausich, W. I. 1986. Phanerozoic development of tiering in soft substrata suspension-feeding communities. Paleobiology 12:400–420.Google Scholar
Courtillot, V., and Gaudemer, Y. 1996. Effects of mass extinctions on biodiversity. Nature 381:145–148.Google Scholar
Day, R. W., and Osman, R. W. 1981. Predation by Patiria miniata (Asteroidea) on bryozoans: prey diversity may depend on the mechanism of succession. Oecologia 51:351–389.Google Scholar
Foote, M. 1997. Estimating taxonomic durations and preservation probability. Paleobiology 23:278–300.Google Scholar
Foote, M., and Raup, D. M. 1996. Fossil preservation and the stratigraphic ranges of taxa. Paleobiology 22:121–140.Google Scholar
Gilinsky, N. L., and Bambach, R. K. 1987. Asymmetrical patterns of origination and extinction in higher taxa. Paleobiology 13:427–445.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gordon, D. P. 1972. Biological relationships of an intertidal bryozoan population. Journal of Natural History 6:503–514.Google Scholar
Gould, S. J. 1985. The paradox of the first tier: an agenda for paleobiology. Paleobiology 11:2–12.Google Scholar
Gould, S. J. 1988. On replacing the idea of progress with an operational notion of directionality. Pp. 319–338in Nitecki, M. H., ed. Evolutionary progress. University of Chicago Press, Chicago.Google Scholar
Gould, S. J., Raup, D. M., Sepkoski, J. J. Jr., Schopf, T. J. M., and Simberloff, D. S. 1977. The shape of evolution: a comparison of real and random clades. Paleobiology 3:23–40.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hageman, S., Bock, P. E., Bone, Y., and McGowran, B. 1998. Bryozoan growth habits: classification and analysis. Journal of Paleontology 72:418–436.Google Scholar
Harland, W. B., Armstrong, R., Cox, A. V., Craig, L. E., Smith, A. G., and Smith, D. G., 1990. A geologic time scale 1989. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.Google Scholar
Horowitz, A. S., and Pachut, J. F. 1996. Diversity of Cenozoic Bryozoa: a preliminary report. Pp. 133–137in Gordon, D. P., Smith, A. M., and Grant-Mackie, J. A., eds. Bryozoans in space and time. NIWA, Wellington, New Zealand.Google Scholar
Jablonski, D. 1986. Background and mass extinction: the alternation of macroevolutionary regimes. Science 231:129–133.Google Scholar
Jablonski, D. 1987. Heritability at the species level: analysis of geographic ranges of Cretaceous mollusks. Science 238:360–363.Google Scholar
Jablonski, D. 1989. The biology of mass extinction: a palaeontological view. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London B 325:357–368.Google Scholar
Jablonski, D., and Bottjer, D. J. 1990. The origin and diversification of major groups: environmental patterns and macroevolutionary lags. In Taylor, P. D. and Larwood, G. P., eds. Major evolutionary radiations. Systematics Association Special Volume 42:17–57. Clarendon, Oxford.Google Scholar
Jackson, J. B. C. 1977. Competition on marine hard substrate: the adaptive significance of solitary and colonial strategies. American Naturalist 111:743–767.Google Scholar
Jackson, J. B. C. 1985. Distribution and ecology of clonal and aclonal benthic invertebrates. Pp. 297–355in Jackson, J. B. C., Buss, L., and Cook, R. E., eds. Population biology and evolution of colonial organisms. Yale University Press, New Haven, Conn.Google Scholar
Jackson, J. B. C., and Hughes, T. P. 1985. Adaptive strategies of coral-reef invertebrates. American Scientist 73:265–274.Google Scholar
Jackson, J. B. C., and McKinney, F. K. 1990. Ecological processes and progressive macroevolution of marine clonal benthos. Pp. 173–209in Ross, R. M. and Allmon, W. D., eds. Causes of evolution. University of Chicago Press, Chicago.Google Scholar
Keough, M. J., and Downes, B. J. 1982. Recruitment of marine invertebrates: the role of active larval choices and early mortality. Oecologia 54:348–352.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kitchell, J. A., and Carr, T. R. 1985. Nonequilibrium model of diversification: faunal turnover dynamics. Pp. 277–310in Valentine, J. W., ed. Phanerozoic diversity patterns: profiles in macroevolution. Princeton University Press, Princeton, N.J.Google Scholar
Lescinsky, H. A. 1993. Taphonomy and paleoecology of epibionts on the scallops Chlamys hasta (Sowerby 1843) and Chlamys rubida (Hinds 1845). Palaios 8:267–277.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lidgard, S. 1985. Zooid and colony growth in encrusting cheilostome bryozoans. Palaeontology 28:255–291.Google Scholar
Lidgard, S. 1986. Ontogeny in animal colonies: a persistent trend in the bryozoan fossil record. Science 232:230–232.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Lidgard, S., and Jackson, J. B. C. 1989. Growth in encrusting cheilostome bryozoans. 1. Evolutionary trends. Paleobiology 15:255–282.Google Scholar
Lidgard, S., McKinney, F. K. and Taylor, P. D. 1993. Competition, clade replacement, and a history of cyclostome and cheilostome bryozoan diversity. Paleobiology 19:352–371.Google Scholar
López Gappa, J. J. 1989. Overgrowth competition in an assemblage of encrusting bryozoans settled on artificial substrata. Marine Ecology Progress Series 51:121–130.Google Scholar
McKinney, F. K. 1992. Competitive interactions between related clades: evolutionary implications of overgrowth interactions between encrusting cyclostome and cheilostome bryozoans. Marine Biology 114:645–652.Google Scholar
McKinney, F. K. 1993. A faster-paced world? Contrasts in biovolume and life-process rates in cyclostome (Class Stenolaemata) and cheilostome (Class Gymnolaemata) bryozoans. Paleobiology 19:335–351.Google Scholar
McKinney, F. K. 1995a. One hundred million years of competitive interactions between bryozoan clades: asymmetrical but not escalating. Biological Journal of the Linnean Society 56:465–481.Google Scholar
McKinney, F. K. 1995b. Taphonomic effects and preserved overgrowth relationships among encrusting marine organisms. Palaios 10:279–282.Google Scholar
McKinney, F. K., and Jackson, J. B. C. 1989. Bryozoan evolution. Unwin and Hyman, Boston.Google Scholar
McKinney, F. K., Lidgard, S., Sepkoski, J. J. Jr., and Taylor, P. D. 1998. Decoupled temporal patterns of evolution and ecology in two post-Paleozoic clades. Science 281:807–809.Google Scholar
Miller, A. I. 1998. Biotic transitions in global marine diversity. Science 281:1157–1160.Google Scholar
Miller, A. I., and Mao, S. 1995. Association of orogenic activity with the Ordovician radiation of marine life. Geology 23:305–308.Google Scholar
Miller, A. I., and Sepkoski, J. J. Jr. 1988. Modeling bivalve diversification: the effect of interaction on a macroevolutionary system. Paleobiology 14:364–369.Google Scholar
Okamura, B. 1984. The effects of ambient flow velocity, colony size, and upstream colonies on the feeding success of Bryozoa. I. Bugula stolonifera Ryland, an arborescent species. Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology 83:179–193.Google Scholar
Okamura, B. 1985. The effects of ambient flow, velocity, colony size, and upstream colonies on the feeding success of Bryozoa. II. Conopeum reticulum (Linnaeus), an encrusting species. Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology 89:69–80.Google Scholar
Okamura, B. 1988. The influence of neighbors on the feeding of an epifaunal bryozoan. Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology 120:105–123.Google Scholar
Okamura, B. 1992. Microhabitat variation and patterns of colony growth and feeding in a marine bryozoan. Ecology 73:1502–1513.Google Scholar
Osman, R. W. 1977. The establishment and development of a marine epifaunal community. Ecological Monographs 47:37–63.Google Scholar
Patzkowsky, M. E. 1995. A hierarchical branching model of evolutionary radiations. Paleobiology 21:440–460.Google Scholar
Prothero, D. R., and Berggren, W. A. 1992. Eocene-Oligocene climatic and biotic evolution. Princeton University Press, Princeton, N.J.Google Scholar
Przeworski, M., and Wall, J. D. 1998. An evaluation of a hierarchical branching process as a model for species diversification. Paleobiology 24:498–511.Google Scholar
Raup, D. M. 1979. Size of the Permo-Triassic bottleneck and its evolutionary implications. Science 206:217–218.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Raup, D. M., and Gould, S. J. 1974. Stochastic simulation and evolution of morphology—towards a nomothetic paleontology. Systematic Zoology 23:305–322.Google Scholar
Raup, D. M., and Sepkoski, J. J. Jr. 1982. Mass extinctions in the marine fossil record. Science 215:1501–1503.Google Scholar
Raup, D. M., Gould, S. J., Schopf, T. J. M., and Simberloff, D. S. 1973. Stochastic models of phylogeny and the evolution of diversity. Journal of Geology 81:525–542.Google Scholar
Rhodes, M. C., and Thayer, C. W. 1991. Mass extinctions: ecological selectivity and primary production. Geology 19:887–880.Google Scholar
Rosenzweig, M. L., and McCord, R. D. 1991. Incumbent replacement: evidence for long-term evolutionary progress. Paleobiology 17:202–213.Google Scholar
Ryland, J. S. 1976. Physiology and ecology of marine bryozoans. Advances in Marine Biology 14:285–443.Google Scholar
Sepkoski, J. J. Jr. 1979. A kinetic model of Phanerozoic taxonomic diversity. II. Early Phanerozoic families and multiple equilibria. Paleobiology 5:222–251.Google Scholar
Sepkoski, J. J. Jr. 1984. A kinetic model of Phanerozoic taxonomic diversity. III. Post-Paleozoic families and mass extinctions. Paleobiology 10:246–267.Google Scholar
Sepkoski, J. J. Jr. 1988. Alpha, beta, or gamma: where does all the diversity go? Paleobiology 14:221–234.Google Scholar
Sepkoski, J. J. Jr. 1991. Population biology models in macroevolution. In Gilinsky, N. L. and Signor, P. W., eds. Analytical paleontology. Short Courses in Paleontology 4:136–156. Paleontological Society, Knoxville, Tenn.Google Scholar
Sepkoski, J. J. Jr. 1992. Phylogenetic and ecologic patterns in the Phanerozoic history of marine biodiversity. Pp. 77–100in Eldredge, N., ed. Systematics, ecology, and the biodiversity crisis. Columbia University Press, New York.Google Scholar
Sepkoski, J. J. Jr. 1996a. Competition in macroevolution: the double wedge revisited. Pp. 211–255in Jablonski, D., Erwin, D. H., and Lipps, J. H., eds. Evolutionary paleobiology. University of Chicago Press, Chicago.Google Scholar
Sepkoski, J. J. Jr. 1996b. Patterns of Phanerozoic extinctions: a perspective from global data bases. Pp. 35–52in Walliser, O. H., ed. Global events and event stratigraphy. Springer, Berlin.Google Scholar
Sepkoski, J. J. Jr. 1997. Biodiversity: past, present, and future. Journal of Paleontology 71:533–539.Google Scholar
Sepkoski, J. J. Jr. 1998. Rates of speciation in the fossil record. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society London B 353:315–326.Google Scholar
Sepkoski, J. J. Jr., and Kendrick, D. C., 1993. Numerical experiments with model monophyletic and paraphyletic taxa. Paleobiology 19:168–184.Google Scholar
Smith, A. M., and Nelson, C. S. 1994. Calcification rates of rapidly colonising bryozoans in Hauraki Gulf, northern New Zealand. New Zealand Journal of Marine and Freshwater Research 28:227–234.Google Scholar
Stanley, S. M. 1979. Macroevolution: pattern and process. W. H. Freeman, San Francisco.Google Scholar
Stanley, S. M., Signor, P. W., Lidgard, S., and Karr, A. F. 1981. Natural clades differ from “random” clades: simulations and analysis. Paleobiology 7:115–127.Google Scholar
Taylor, P. D. 1988. Major radiation of cheilostome bryozoans: triggered by the evolution of a new larval type? Historical Biology 1:45–64.Google Scholar
Taylor, P. D. 1993. Bryozoa. Pp. 465–489in Benton, M. J., ed. The fossil record 2. Chapman and Hall, London.Google Scholar
Thackeray, J. F. 1990. Rates of extinction in marine invertebrates: further comparison between background and mass extinctions. Paleobiology 16:22–24.Google Scholar
Todd, C. D., and Havenhand, J. N. 1989. Nudibranch–bryozoan associations: the quantification of ingestion and some observations on partial predation among Doridoidea. Journal of Molluscan Studies 55:245–259.Google Scholar
Vermeij, G. J. 1977. The Mesozoic marine revolution: evidence from snails, predators and grazers. Paleobiology 3:245–258.Google Scholar
Vermeij, G. J. 1987. Evolution and escalation. Princeton University Press, Princeton, N.J.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Vermeij, G. J. 1994. The evolutionary interaction among species: selection, escalation, and coevolution. Annual Reviews of Ecology and Systematics 25:219–236.Google Scholar
Viskova, L. A., and Morozova, I. P. 1988. Toward a systematic revision of the higher taxa of the Phylum Bryozoa. Paleontologicheskii Zhurnal 1988(1):10–21. [In Russian.]Google Scholar
Viskova, L. A., and Morozova, I. P. 1993. Evolutionary changes of marine bryozoans and critical situations in the Phanerozoic. Paleontologicheskii Zhurnal 1993(3):49–55. [In Russian.]Google Scholar