Hostname: page-component-cb9f654ff-mnl9s Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2025-08-04T01:44:40.994Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Imprecise color constancy versus color realism

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  03 September 2003

Brian V. Funt
Brian V. Funt*
Affiliation:
School of Computing Science, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, British Columbia V5A 1S6, Canada funt@sfu.ca http://css.sfu.ca/members/funt.html
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

Byrne & Hilbert's thesis, that color be associated with reflectance-type, is questioned on the grounds that it is far from clear that the human visual system is able to determine a surface's reflectance-type with sufficient accuracy. In addition, a (friendly) suggestion is made as to how to amend the definition of reflectance-type in terms of CIE (Commission Internationale de l'Eclairage) coordinates under a canonical illuminant.

Information

Type
Article Commentary
Information
Behavioral and Brain Sciences , Volume 26 , Issue 1 , February 2003 , pp. 29 - 30
Copyright
Copyright © Cambridge University Press 2003

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

Article purchase

Temporarily unavailable

References

Adelson, E. H. (1993) Perceptual organization and the judgment of brightness. Science 262:2042–44. [DT]Google Scholar
ANSI (1973) American National Standard: Terminology, S3.20. American National Standards Institute. [RMW]Google Scholar
Arend, L. & Reeves, A. (1986) Simultaneous color constancy. Journal of the Optical Society of America, A: Optics and Image Science 3:1743–51. [aAB, FWC, AR]Google Scholar
Armstrong, D. M. (1961) Perception and the physical world. Routledge and Kegan Paul. [aAB](1968) A materialist theory of the mind. Humanities Press/Routledge and Kegan Paul. [aAB, FJ]Google Scholar
Armstrong, D. M. (1999) The mind-body problem: An opinionated introduction. Westview Press. [aAB]Google Scholar
Austin, J. L. (1946) Other minds. Aristotelian Society Supplement 20:148–87. [rAB]Google Scholar
Austin, J. L. (1962) Sense and sensibilia. Oxford University Press. [rAB]Google Scholar
Averill, E. W. (1992) The relational nature of color. Philosophical Review 101(3):551–88. [EWA, aAB]Google Scholar
Backhaus, W. & Menzel, R. (1992) Conclusions from color-vision of insects. Behavioral and Brain Sciences 15(1):28. [aAB]Google Scholar
Barnard, K., Martin, L., Coath, A. & Funt, B. (2002) A comparison of computational color constancy algorithms, Part 2: Experiments with images. IEEE Transactions on Image Processing 11(9):985–96. [BVF]Google Scholar
Bäuml, K.-H. (1999) Simultaneous color constancy: How surface color perception varies with the illuminant. Vision Research 39:1531–50. [FWC]Google Scholar
Bennett, A. G. & Rabbetts, R. B. (1998) Bennett and Rabbetts’ Clinical Visual Optics. Butterworth-Heinemann. [rAB]Google Scholar
Ben-Ze’ev, A. (1993) The perceptual system: A philosophical and psychological perspective. Peter Lang. [AB-Z]Google Scholar
Berkeley, G. (1710/1998) A treatise concerning the principles of human knowledge. Oxford University Press. [aAB]Google Scholar
Berlin, B. & Kay, P. (1969) Basic color terms: Their universality and evolution. University of California Press. [aAB]Google Scholar
Bimler, D. L., Kirkland, J. & Jameson, K. (forthcoming) Quantifying variations in personal color space: Are there sex differences in color vision? [ZJ]Google Scholar
Block, N. (1986) Advertisement for a semantics for psychology. In: Midwest studies in philosophy, vol. 10, ed. P. A. French, T. E. Uehling & H. K. Wettstein. University of Minnesota Press. [aAB]Google Scholar
Block, N. (1990) Inverted earth. In: Philosophical perspectives, vol. 4, ed. J. Tomberlin. Ridgeview. [aAB]Google Scholar
Block, N. (1995) On a confusion about a function of consciousness. Behavioral and Brain Sciences 18(2):227–87. [aAB]Google Scholar
Block, N. (1998) Is experiencing just representing? (On Michael Tye's “Ten Problems of Consciousness”). Philosophy and Phenomenological Research 58(3):663–70. [aAB]Google Scholar
Block, N. (1999) Sexism, racism, ageism and the nature of consciousness. Philosophical Topics 26(1&2):39–70. [aAB]Google Scholar
Block, N. (2000) Mental paint. In: Others on Burge: 10 essays with responses from Tyler Burge, ed. M. Hahn & B. Ramberg. MIT Press. [aAB]Google Scholar
Block, N. & Fodor, J. A. (1972) What psychological states are not. Philosophical Review 81:159–81. [aAB]Google Scholar
Bloj, M. G., Kersten, D. & Hurlbert, A. C. (1999) Perception of three-dimensional shape influences colour perception through mutual illumination. Nature 402(23/30):877–79. [JJC]Google Scholar
Boghossian, P. A. & Velleman, J. D. (1989) Colour as a secondary quality. Mind 98:81–103. [aAB](1991) Physicalist theories of color. Philosophical Review 100:67–106. [aAB]Google Scholar
Bowmaker, J. K. (1998) Evolution of colour vision in vertebrates. Eye 12(3B):541– 47. [aAB]Google Scholar
Bowmaker, J. K., Govardovskii, V. I., Shukolyukov, S. A., Zueva, L. V., Hunt, D. M., Sideleva, V. G. & Smirnova, O. G. (1994) Visual pigments and the photic environment – the cottoid fish of Lake Baikal. Vision Research 34(5):591–605. [aAB]Google Scholar
Bowmaker, J. K., Heath, L. A., Wilkie, S. E. & Hunt, D. M. (1997) Visual pigments and oil droplets from six classes of photoreceptor in the retinas of birds. Vision Research 37(16):2183–94. [aAB]Google Scholar
Boynton, R. M. (1979) Human color vision. Holt, Rinehart and Winston. [aAB]Google Scholar
Boynton, R. M. & Olson, C. X. (1990) Salience of chromatic basic color terms confirmed by three measures. Vision Research 30:1311–17. [aAB]Google Scholar
Bradley, P. & Tye, M. (2001) Of colors, kestrels, caterpillars, and leaves. Journal of Philosophy 98:469–87. [rAB, AP]Google Scholar
Brainard, D. H. (1998) Color constancy in the nearly natural image. II. Achromatic loci. Journal of the Optical Society of America 15:307–25. [LTM]Google Scholar
Brainard, D. H., Brunt, W. A. & Speigle, J. (1997) Color constancy in the nearly natural image. I. Asymmetric matches. Journal of the Optical Society of America 14(9):2091–2110. [BVF, LTM]Google Scholar
Brainard, D. H., Kraft, J. M. & Longere, P. (in press) Color constancy: Developing empirical tests of computational models. In: Colour perception: From light to object, ed. R. Mausfeld & D. Heyer. Oxford University Press. [rAB]Google Scholar
Brenner, E. & Cornelissen, F. W. (1991) Spatial interactions in color vision depend on distances between boundaries. Naturwissenschaften 78:70–73. [FWC]Google Scholar
Brenner, E. (2002) The influence of chromatic and achromatic variability on chromatic induction and perceived colour. Perception 31:225–32. [FWC]Google Scholar
Brenner, E., Cornelissen, F. & Nuboer, J. F. W. (1989) Some spatial aspects of simultaneous colour contrast. In: Seeing contour and colour, ed. J. J. Kulikowski, C. M. Dickinson & I. J. Murray. Pergamon Press. [FWC]Google Scholar
Brenner, E., Cornelissen, F. & Nuboer, J. F. W. (1990) Striking absence of long-lasting effects of early color deprivation on monkey vision. Developmental Psychobiology 23:441–48. [FWC]Google Scholar
Brenner, E., Schelvis, J. & Nuboer, J. F. (1985) Early colour deprivation in a monkey (Macaca fascicularis). Vision Research 25:1337–39. [FWC]Google Scholar
Brenner, E. & Smeets, J. B. J. (2001) We are better off without perfect perception. Behavioral and Brain Sciences 24:215. [FWC]Google Scholar
Bressan, P. (1995) A closer look at the dependence of neon colour spreading on wavelength and illuminance. Vision Research 35(3):375–79. [aAB]Google Scholar
Brill, M. H. (1989) Transformations between observer reference frames in general relativity. Physics Essays 2:8–12. [MHB]Google Scholar
Broackes, J. (1992) Nonreductionism, content, and evolutionary explanation. Behavioral and Brain Sciences 15:31–32. [aAB]Google Scholar
Bruno, N., Bernardis, P. & Schirillo, J. (1997) Lightness, equivalent backgrounds, and anchoring. Perception and Psychophysics 59:643–54. [MER]Google Scholar
Buchsbaum, G. & Gottschalk, A. (1983) Trichromacy, opponent colours coding and optimum colour information transmission in the retina. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London B 220:89–113. [AR]Google Scholar
Byrne, A. (1999) Subjectivity is no barrier. Behavioral and Brain Sciences 22(6):833. [aAB]Google Scholar
Byrne, A. (2001a) Colors and dispositions (unpublished manuscript). [aAB]Google Scholar
Byrne, A. (2001b) Intentionalism defended. Philosophical Review 110:49–90. [aAB]Google Scholar
Byrne, A. (2003a) Color and similarity. Philosophy and phenomenological research 66:641– 65. [arAB]Google Scholar
Byrne, A. (2003b) Consciousness and non-conceptual content. Philosophical Studies. (in press). [rAB]Google Scholar
Byrne, A. & Hilbert, D. R. (1997a) Colors and reflectances. In: Readings on color, vol. 1: The philosophy of color, ed. A. Byrne & D. R. Hilbert. MIT Press. [arAB, DD, ZJ]Google Scholar
Byrne, A. (1997b) Readings on color, vol 1: The philosophy of color. MIT Press. [aAB]Google Scholar
Byrne, A. (1997c) Unique hues. Behavioral and Brain Sciences 20:184–85. [AP]Google Scholar
Campbell, J. (1993) A simple view of colour. In: Reality, representation and projection, ed. J. Haldane & C. Wright. Oxford University Press. [aAB, LD]Google Scholar
Cataliotti, J. & Gilchrist, A. L. (1995) Local and global processes in lightness perception. Perception and Psychophysics 57:125–35. [MER]Google Scholar
Chalmers, D. (1995) The conscious mind: In search of a fundamental theory. Oxford University Press. [DYT]Google Scholar
Chichilnisky, E. J. & Wandell, B. (1995) Photoreceptor sensitivity changes explain color appearance shifts induced by large uniform backgrounds in dichoptic matching. Vision Research 35:239–54. [ZJ]Google Scholar
CIE (1970) International lighting vocabulary, Paris, Bureau central de la CIE. [aAB]Google Scholar
Clark, A. (1996) True theories, false colors. Philosophy of Science 63(Proceedings): S143–50. [aAB]Google Scholar
Clark, A. (2000) A theory of sentience. Oxford University Press. [rAB]Google Scholar
Cohen, J. (1964) Dependency of the spectral reflectance curves of the Munsell color chips. Psychonomic Science 1(12):369–70. [aAB, AR]Google Scholar
Cohen, J. (2000) Color properties and color perception: A functionalist account. Doctoral dissertation, Rutgers University. [aAB]Google Scholar
Cohen, J. (2001) Color: A functionalist proposal. (unpublished manuscript). http://aardvark.ucsd.edu/∼joncohen/functionalism.pdf [aAB]Google Scholar
Cohen, J. (2003) Color properties and color ascriptions: A relationalist manifesto (under review). http://aardvark.ucsd.edu/∼joncohen/color/relational.html [rAB, JC]Google Scholar
Cornelissen, F. W. & Brenner, E. (1991) On the role and nature of adaptation in chromatic induction. In: Channels in the visual nervous system: Neurophysiology, psychophysics and models, ed. B. Blum. Freund. [FWC]Google Scholar
Cornelissen, F. W. & Brenner, E. (1995) Simultaneous colour constancy revisited: An analysis of viewing strategies. Vision Research 35:2431–48. [FWC]Google Scholar
Crane, T. (1992) The contents of experience: Essays on perception. Cambridge University Press. [aAB]Google Scholar
Crick, F. & Koch, C. (1998) Consciousness and neuroscience. Cerebral Cortex 8:97–107. [DYT]Google Scholar
Cunliffe, R. J. (1924) A lexicon of the Homeric dialect. Blackie. [BJM]Google Scholar
Dacey, D. M. (2000) Parallel pathways for spectral coding in primate retina. Annual Review of Neuroscience 23:743–75. [aAB]Google Scholar
Das, S. R. & Sastri, V. D. P. (1965) Spectral distribution and color of tropical daylight. Journal of the Optical Society of America 55:319. [AR]Google Scholar
Decock, L. (2002) Trading ontology for ideology. The interplay of logic, set theory and semantics in Quine's philosophy. Kluwer. [LD]Google Scholar
Dedrick, D. (1996) Can color be reduced to anything? Philosophy of Science 63(Proceedings):S134–42. [aAB]Google Scholar
Dennett, D. C. (1991) Consciousness explained. Little, Brown. [aAB]Google Scholar
De Valois, R. L. & de Valois, K. K. (1993) A multi-stage color model. Vision Research 33:1053–65. [aAB]Google Scholar
Dewey, J. (1922) Human nature and conduct. Holt. [AB-Z]Google Scholar
Di, S., Neitz, J. & Jacobs, G. H. (1987) Early color deprivation and subsequent color vision in a dichromatic monkey. Vision Research 27:2009–13. [FWC]Google Scholar
Dorr, S. & Neumeyer, C. (1996) The goldfish – a colour-constant animal. Perception 25:243–50. [FWC]Google Scholar
Drake, S., ed. (1957) Discoveries and opinions of Galileo. Doubleday. [aAB]Google Scholar
Dretske, F. I. (1995) Naturalizing the mind. MIT Press. [aAB, AP, PS]Google Scholar
Dupré, J. (1993) The disorder of things. Harvard University Press. [LD]Google Scholar
D’Zmura, M. (1991) Color in visual search. Vision Research 31:951–66. [aAB]Google Scholar
D’Zmura, M. (1992) Color constancy: Surface color from changing illumination. Journal of the Optical Society of America. Optics and Image Science 9:490–93. [aAB]Google Scholar
Einstein, A. (1920) Relativity: The special and general theory, Chapter 28. Methuen. [MHB]Google Scholar
Ekroll, V., Faul, F., Niederée, R. & Richter, E. (2002) The natural center of chromaticity space is not always achromatic: A new look on color induction. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the USA 99:13352–56. [RM]Google Scholar
Erickson, M. L. (in press) Dissimilarity and the classification of female singing voices: A preliminary study. Journal of Voice. [SH]Google Scholar
Evans, G. (1980) Things without the mind – a commentary upon chapter two of Strawson's Individuals. In: Philosophical subjects, ed. Z. van Straaten. Oxford University Press. [aAB]Google Scholar
Evans, G. (1982) The varieties of reference. Oxford, Oxford University Press. [aAB]Google Scholar
Fairchild, M. D. (1998) Color appearance models. Addison-Wesley. [aAB]Google Scholar
Festinger, L., Allyn, M. R & White, C. W. (1971) The perception of color with achromatic stimulation. Vision Research 11:591–612. [aAB]Google Scholar
Finlayson, G. D. (1996) Color in perspective. IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence 18(10):1034–38. [aAB]Google Scholar
Finlayson, G., Hordley, S. & Hubel, P. (2001) Color image analysis color by correlation: A simple unifying framework for color constancy. IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence 23(11):1209–21. [BVF]Google Scholar
Fodor, J. A. (1975) The language of thought. Crowell. [aAB]Google Scholar
Fodor, J. A. (1987) Psychosemantics: The problem of meaning in the philosophy of mind. MIT Press. [aAB]Google Scholar
Fodor, J. A. (1990) A theory of content and other essays. MIT Press. [aAB]Google Scholar
Fodor, J. A. (1998) Concepts: Where cognitive science went wrong. Oxford University Press. [aAB]Google Scholar
Forsyth, D. A. (1990) A novel algorithm for color constancy. International Journal of Computer Vision 5(1):5–36. [BVF]Google Scholar
Foster, D. H. & Nascimento, S. M. C. (1994) Relational colour constancy from invariant cone-excitation ratios. Proceedings of the Royal Society, London, B 257:115–21. [FWC]Google Scholar
Foster, D. H., Nascimento, S. M. C., Craven, B. J., Linnell, K. J., Cornelissen, F. W. & Brenner, E. (1997) Four issues concerning colour constancy and relational colour constancy. Vision Research 37:1341–45. [FWC, AR]Google Scholar
Funt, B., Cardei, V. & Barnard, K. (1999) Method of estimating chromaticity of illumination using neural networks. U.S. Patent 5,907,629. [BVF]Google Scholar
Funt, B. V., Drew, M. S. & Ho, J. (1991) Color constancy from mutual reflection. International Journal of Computer Vision 6:5–24. [aAB]Google Scholar
Gage, J. (1993) Color and culture: Practice and meaning from antiquity to abstraction. Little, Brown. [BJM]Google Scholar
Gegenfurtner, K. R. & Sharpe, L. T., ed. (1999) Color vision: From genes to perception. Cambridge University Press. [aAB]Google Scholar
Gelb, A. (1929) Die “Farbenkonstanz” der Sehdinge [Color constancy of visual objects]. In: Handbuch der normalen und pathogischen Physiologie, vol. 12, ed. W. A. Von Bethe. Springer. [MER]Google Scholar
Gibson, J. J. (1966) The senses considered as perceptual systems. Houghton-Mifflin. [SH]Google Scholar
Gibson, J. J. (1979/1986) The ecological approach to visual perception. Houghton-Mifflin/ Erlbaum. (Erlbaum edition published 1986.) [aAB, AB-Z, SH]Google Scholar
Gilchrist, A. L., Kossyfidis, C., Bonato, F., Agostini, T., Cataliotti, J., Li, X., Spehar, B., Annan, V. & Economou, E. (1999) An anchoring theory of lightness perception. Psychological Review 106:795–834. [MER]Google Scholar
Gilchrist, A. L. & Ramachandran, V. S. (1992) Red rooms in white light look different than white rooms in red light. Investigative Ophthalmology and Visual Science 33:756. [JJC]Google Scholar
Goldman, A. H. (1976) Discrimination and perceptual knowledge. Journal of Philosophy 73:771–91. [rAB]Google Scholar
Goldstein, E. B. (1989) Sensation and perception. Wadsworth. [aAB]Google Scholar
Gregory, R. L. (1967) Origin of eyes and brains. Nature 213:369–72. [RN]Google Scholar
Hacker, P. M. S. (1987) Appearance and reality. Blackwell. [aAB]Google Scholar
Hall, R. J. (1996) The evolution of color vision without colors. Philosophy of Science 63(Proceedings):S125–33. [aAB]Google Scholar
Hardin, C. L. (1984) A new look at color. American Philosophical Quarterly 21:125–34. [aAB]Google Scholar
Hardin, C. L. (1990) Why color? Proceedings of SPIE 1250:293–300. [rAB]Google Scholar
Hardin, C. L. (1993) Color for philosophers: Unweaving the rainbow, expanded edition. Hackett. [arAB, JC]Google Scholar
Hardin, C. L. & Maffi, L. (1997) Color categories in thought and language. Cambridge University Press. [aAB]Google Scholar
Harman, G. (1990) The intrinsic quality of experience. In: Philosophical perspectives, Vol. 4, ed. J. Tomberlin. Ridgeview. [aAB, RN]Google Scholar
Harnad, S. (1990) The symbol grounding problem. Physica D 42:335–46. [aAB]Google Scholar
Hatfield, G. (1992) Color perception and neural encoding: Does metameric matching entail a loss of information? Proceedings of the Philosophy of Science Association 1:492–504. [aAB]Google Scholar
Heelan, P. (1997) Why a hermeneutical philosophy of natural sciences? Man and World 30:271–98. [BS]Google Scholar
Helson, H. & Judd, D. B. (1936) An experimental and theoretical study of changes in surface colors under changing illuminations. Psychological Bulletin 33:740– 41. [LTM]Google Scholar
Heywood, C. A., Gaffan, D. & Cowey, A. (1995) Cerebral achromatopsia in monkeys. European Journal of Neuroscience 7:1064–73. [aAB]Google Scholar
Hilbert, D. R. (1987) Color and color perception: A study in anthropocentric realism. Center for the Study of Language and Information, Stanford University. [arAB, LD, ZJ]Google Scholar
Hilbert, D. R. (1992) What is color vision? Philosophical Studies 68:351–70. [aAB]Google Scholar
Hilbert, D. & Kalderon, M. (2000) Color and the inverted spectrum. In: Color perception: Philosophical, psychological, artistic and computational perspectives, ed. S. Davis. Oxford University Press. [AP]Google Scholar
Horwich, P. (1998) Meaning. Clarendon Press. [AP]Google Scholar
Hurlbert, A. (1998) Computational models of color constancy. In: Perceptual constancies, ed. V. Walsh & J. Kulikowski. Cambridge University Press. [SH, LTM]Google Scholar
Hurvich, L. M. (1981) Color vision. Sinauer Associates Inc. [aAB]Google Scholar
Hurvich, L. M. & Jameson, D. (1957) An opponent-process theory of color vision. Psychological Review 64:384–403. [aAB]Google Scholar
Hurvich, L. M., Jameson, D. & Cohen, J. (1968) The experimental determination of unique green in the spectrum. Perception and Psychophysics 4(2):65–68. [aAB, ZJ]Google Scholar
Husserl, E. (1970) The crisis of European sciences and transcendental phenomenology. An introduction to phenomenological philosophy, trans. D. Carr. Northwestern University Press. [BS]Google Scholar
Hyvarinen, J., Carlson, Y. & Hyvarinen, L. (1981) Early visual deprivation alters modality of neuronal responses in area 19 of monkey cortex. Neuroscience Letters 26:239–43. [RN]Google Scholar
Ingle, D. J. (1985) The goldfish as a retinex animal. Science 227:651–54. [FWC]Google Scholar
Izmailov, C. & Sokolov, E. N. (1991) Spherical model of color and brightness discrimination. Psychological Science 2:249–459. [ZJ]Google Scholar
Jackson, F. (1977) Perception: A representative theory. Cambridge University Press. [aAB]Google Scholar
Jackson, F. (1998) From metaphysics to ethics: A defence of conceptual analysis. Oxford University Press. [arAB]Google Scholar
Jackson, F. & Pargetter, R. (1987) An objectivist's guide to subjectivism about colour. Revue Internationale de Philosophie 41:127–41. [arAB]Google Scholar
Jackson, F. (1997) An objectivist's guide to subjectivism about color. In: Readings on color, vol. 1: The philosophy of color, ed. A. Byrne & D. R. Hilbert. MIT Press. [ZJ]Google Scholar
Jacobs, G. H. (1981) Comparative color vision. Academic Press. [aAB, DD]Google Scholar
Jacobs, G. H. (1990) Evolution of mechanisms for color vision. Proceedings of SPIE 1250:287– 92. [aAB]Google Scholar
Jacobs, G. H. (1993) The distribution and nature of colour vision among the mammals. Biological Reviews of the Cambridge Philosophical Society 68(3):413–71. [aAB]Google Scholar
Jameson, D. & Hurvich, L. M. (1961) Opponent chromatic induction: Experimental evaluation and theoretical account. Journal of the Optical Society of America 51:46–53. [FWC]Google Scholar
Jameson, D. & Hurvich, L. M. (1989) Essay concerning color constancy. Annual Review of Psychology 40:1–22. [aAB]Google Scholar
Johnston, M. (1992) How to speak of the colors. Philosophical Studies 68:221–63. [aAB, JK]Google Scholar
Johnston, S. F. (2001) A history of light and colour measurement. Science in the shadows. Institute of Physics. [BS]Google Scholar
Judd, D. B., MacAdam, D. L. & Wyszecki, G. (1964) Spectral distribution of typical daylight as a function of correlated color temperature. Journal of the Optical Society of America 54:1031–40. [SH]Google Scholar
Judd, D. B. & Wyszecki, G. (1975) Color in business, science and industry. Wiley. [aAB]Google Scholar
Kaiser, P. K. & Boynton, R. M. (1996) Human color vision. Optical Society of America. [aAB]Google Scholar
Kant, I. (1787/1965). Critique of pure reason. St. Martin’s. [AB-Z]Google Scholar
Karvellas, P. C., Pokorney, J., Smith, V. C. & Tanczos, T. (1979) Hue reversal in the Fechner-Benham color effect following white light adaptation. Vision Research 19(11):1277–79. [aAB]Google Scholar
Katz, D. (1935) The world of colour. Kegan Paul, Trench, and Trubner. [aAB, RM]Google Scholar
Kim, J. (1996) Philosophy of mind. Westview Press. [aAB]Google Scholar
Kraft, J. M. & Brainard, D. H. (1999) Mechanisms of color constancy under nearly natural viewing. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the USA 96(1):307–12. [arAB]Google Scholar
Kripke, S. A. (1980) Naming and necessity. Harvard University Press. [rAB, DD]Google Scholar
Kuehni, R. G. (1997) Color: An introduction to practice and principles. Wiley. [aAB](2001) Determination of unique hues using Munsell color chips. Color Research and Application 26:61–66. [RGK]Google Scholar
Lamb, T. (1999) Photopigments and the biophysics of transduction in cone photoreceptors. In: Color vision: From genes to perception, ed. K. R. Gegenfurtner & L. T. Sharpe. Cambridge University Press. [aAB]Google Scholar
Land, E. H. & McCann, J. J. (1971) Lightness and retinex theory. Journal of the Optical Society of America 61(1):1–11. [FWC, BVF]Google Scholar
Landesman, C. (1989) Color and consciousness: An essay in metaphysics. Temple University Press. [aAB]Google Scholar
Langer, M. S. (1999) A model of how interreflections can affect color appearance. Technical Report No. 70, Max-Planck Institute for Biological Cybernetics, Germany. [JJC]Google Scholar
Langsam, H. (2000) Why colours do look like dispositions. Philosophical Quarterly 50:68–75. [aAB]Google Scholar
LeGuin, U. K. (1982) Schroedinger's cat. In: The compass rose. Harper-Collins. [MHB]Google Scholar
Lennie, P. & D’Zmura, M. (1988) Mechanisms of color vision. CRC Critical Reviews in Neurobiology 3:333–400. [aAB, FWC]Google Scholar
Levine, J. (1992) Objectivism-subjectivism: A false dilemma? Behavioral and Brain Sciences 15:42–43. [aAB]Google Scholar
Lewis, D. K. (1997) Naming the colors. Australasian Journal of Philosophy 75:325–42. [aAB, BM]Google Scholar
Li, X. & Gilchrist, A. L. (1999) Relative area and relative luminance combine to anchor surface lightness values. Perception and Psychophysics 61:771–85. [MER]Google Scholar
Liddell, H. G. & Scott, R. (1889) An intermediate Greek-English lexicon. Oxford University Press. [BJM]Google Scholar
Liddell, H. G., Scott, R. & Jones, H. S. (1968) A Greek-English lexicon, 9th edition. Oxford University Press. [BJM]Google Scholar
Lindberg, D. C. (1976) Theories of vision from Al Kindi to Kepler. University of Chicago Press. [MHB]Google Scholar
Lindner, H. (2003) Beyond consciousness to cosmos – Beyond relativity and quantum theory to cosmic theory. Physics Essays (in press). [MHB]Google Scholar
Locke, J. (1689/1975) An essay concerning human understanding. Oxford University Press. [aAB]Google Scholar
Loewer, B. (1997) A guide to naturalizing semantics. In: A companion to the philosophy of language, ed. B. Hale & C. Wright. Blackwell. [AP]Google Scholar
Logvinenko, A. D. (1999) Lightness induction revisited. Perception 28:803–16. [DT]Google Scholar
Lotto, R. B. & Purves, D. (1999) The effects of color on brightness. Nature Neuroscience 2:1010–14. [SH]Google Scholar
Lucassen, M. P. & Walraven, J. (1996) Color constancy under natural and artificial illumination. Vision Research 36:2699–2711. [FWC]Google Scholar
Lycan, W. G. (1987) Consciousness. MIT Press. [aAB]Google Scholar
Lycan, W. G. (1996) Consciousness and experience. MIT Press. [aAB]Google Scholar
Lythgoe, J. N. (1979) The ecology of vision. Oxford University Press. [aAB]Google Scholar
MacAdam, D. L. (1985) Color measurement. Springer-Verlag. [aAB]Google Scholar
Mackie, J. L. (1976) Problems from Locke. Clarendon Press. [aAB]Google Scholar
MacLaury, R. E. (1997) Color and cognition in mesoamerica: Constructing categories as vantages. University of Texas Press. [aAB]Google Scholar
Maloney, L. T. (1986) Evaluation of linear models of surface spectral reflectance with small numbers of parameters. Journal of the Optical Society of America. Optics and Image Science 3:1673–83. [aAB]Google Scholar
Maloney, L. T. (1999) Physics-based models of surface color perception. In: Color vision: From genes to perception, ed. K. R. Gegenfurter & L. T. Sharpe. Cambridge University Press. [SH, ZJ, LTM]Google Scholar
Maloney, L. T. (2002) Illuminant estimation as cue combination. Journal of Vision 2:493–504. [LTM]Google Scholar
Maloney, L. T. (2003) Surface color perception in constrained environments. In: Colour vision: From light to object, ed. R. Mausfeld & D. Heyer. Oxford University Press (in press). [LTM]Google Scholar
Maloney, L. T. & Wandell, B. A. (1986) Color constancy: A method for recovering surface spectral reflectance. Journal of the Optical Society of America :Optics and Image Science 3:29–33. [aAB]Google Scholar
Matthen, M. (1988) Biological functions and perceptual content. Journal of Philosophy 85:5–27. [aAB]Google Scholar
Matthen, M. (1992) Colorvision: Content versus experience. Behavioral and Brain Sciences 15:46–47. [aAB]Google Scholar
Matthen, M. (1999) The disunity of color. Philosophical Review 108(1):47–84. [EWA, arAB, DD, LD]Google Scholar
Matthen, M. (2001) Our knowledge of colour. In: Naturalism, evolution, and intentionality, ed. J. Macintosh. Canadian Journal of Philosophy 27:215–46. (http://www.philosophy.ubc.ca/faculty/matthen/Our%20Knowledge%20of%20Colour%20final.htm) [rAB, JC](in press) Seeing, doing, and knowing. Oxford University Press. [rAB]Google Scholar
Maund, J. B. (1995) Colours: Their nature and representation. Cambridge University Press. [aAB]Google Scholar
Mausfeld, R. (2003) The dual coding of colour: “Surface colour” and “illumination colour” as constituents of the representational format of perceptual primitives. In: Colour: Mind and the physical world, ed. R. Mausfeld & D. Heyer. Oxford University Press. [RM]Google Scholar
Maxwell-Stuart, P. G. (1981) Studies in Greek colour terminology, 2 vols. Brill. [BJM]Google Scholar
McCourt, M. E. (1982) A spatial frequency dependent grating-induction effect. Vision Research 22:119–32. [DT]Google Scholar
McDowell, J. H. (1985) Values and secondary qualities. In: Morality and objectivity, ed. T. Honderich. Routledge & Kegan Paul. [aAB]Google Scholar
McDowell, J. H. (1994) Mind and world. Harvard University Press. [aAB]Google Scholar
McFarland, D. (1987) The Oxford companion to animal behavior. Oxford University Press. [BJM]Google Scholar
McFarland, W. N. & Munz, F. W. (1975) The evolution of photopic visual pigments in fishes (Part 3 of 3). Vision Research 15:1071–80. [aAB]Google Scholar
McGinn, C. (1983) The subjective view: Secondary qualities and indexical thoughts. Oxford University Press. [aAB]Google Scholar
McGinn, C. (1996) Another look at color. Journal of Philosophy 93:537–53. [aAB, AP]Google Scholar
McLaughlin, B. P. (2000) Colors and color spaces. In: Epistemology: Proceedings of the Twentieth World Congress of Philosophy, ed. R. Cobb-Stevens. Philosophy Documetation Center. pp. 83–89. [rAB, ZJ]Google Scholar
McLaughlin, B. P. (2002) Color, consciousness, and color consciousness. In: New essays on consciousness, ed. Q. Smith. Oxford University Press. [ZJ]Google Scholar
McLaughlin, B. P. (2003) The place of color in nature. In: Colour Perception: From light to object, ed. R. Mausfield & D. Heyer. Oxford University Press (in press). [arAB, ZJ]Google Scholar
McLeod, D. I. A. & Boynton, R. M. (1979) Chromaticity diagram showing cone excitations by stimuli of equal luminance. Journal of the Optical Society of America 69:1183–86. [ZJ]Google Scholar
Menzel, R. (1979) Spectral sensitivity and color vision in invertebrates. In: Handbook of sensory physiology, Vol. VII/6A ed. H. Autrum. Springer-Verlag. [aAB]Google Scholar
Menzel, R. & Shmida, A. (1993) The ecology of flower colours and the natural colour vision of insect pollinators: The Israeli flora as a study case. Biological Reviews of the Cambridge Philosophical Society 68:81–120. [aAB]Google Scholar
Merbs, S. L. & Nathans, J. (1992) Absorption spectra of human cone pigments. Nature 356:433–35. [aAB]Google Scholar
Merleau-Ponty, M. (1945) Phénoménologie de la perception. Gallimard. [EM]Google Scholar
Millikan, R. G. (1984) Language, thought, and other biological categories: New foundations for realism. MIT Press. [aAB]Google Scholar
Mollon, J. D. (1989) “Tho’ she kneel’d in the place where they grew …”: The uses and origins of primate colour vision. Journal of Experimental Biology 146:21– 38. [aAB]Google Scholar
Mollon, J. D. (2000) “Cherries among the leaves”: The evolutionary origins of color vision. In: Color perception: Philosophical, psychological, artistic, and computational perspectives, ed. S. Davis. Oxford University Press. [aAB]Google Scholar
Moore, G. E. (1953) Some main problems of philosophy. Allen and Unwin. [aAB]Google Scholar
Mullen, K. T. & Kingdom, F. A. A. (1996) Losses in peripheral colour sensitivity predicted from hit and miss post-receptoral cone connections. Vision Research 36(13):1995–2000. [aAB]Google Scholar
Myin, E. (2001) Color and the duplication assumption. Synthese 129:61–77. [rAB, JJC, EM]Google Scholar
Myin, E. & O’Regan, J. K. (2002) Perceptual consciousness, access to modality and skill theories. Journal of Consciousness Studies 9(1):27–45. [EM]Google Scholar
Nakayama, K., Shimojo, S. & Ramachandran, V. S. (1990) Transparency: Relation to depth, subjective contours, luminance, and neon color spreading. Perception 19:497–513. [aAB]Google Scholar
Nassau, K. (1983) The physics and chemistry of color. Wiley. [aAB, LD]Google Scholar
Nathans, J., Merbs, S. L., Sung, C.-H., Weitz, C. J. & Wang, Y. (1992) Molecular genetics of human visual pigments. Annual Review of Genetics 26:403–24. [aAB]Google Scholar
Nathans, J., Piantanida, T. P., Eddy, R. L., Shows, T. B. & Hogness, D. S. (1986a) Molecular genetics of inherited variation in human color vision. Science 232(4747):203–10. [aAB]Google Scholar
Nathans, J., Thomas, D. & Hogness, D. S. (1986b) Molecular genetics of human color vision: The genes encoding blue, green, and red pigments. Science 232(4747):193–202. [aAB]Google Scholar
Nauta, W. J. H. & Feirtag, M. (1979) The organization of the brain. Scientific American 241(3):78–105. [RN]Google Scholar
Neitz, M. & Neitz, J. (1998) Molecular genetics and the biological basis of color vision. In: Color vision: Perspectives from different disciplines, ed. W. Backhaus, R. Kliegl & J. S. Werner. Walter de Gruyter. [aAB]Google Scholar
Newton, Sir Isaac. (1730/1952) Opticks, 4th edition. Dover. [RMW]Google Scholar
Nida-Rümelin, M. (1996) Pseudonormal vision. An actual case of qualia inversion? Philosophical Studies 82:145–57. [aAB]Google Scholar
Nijhawan, R. (1997) Visual decomposition of color through motion extrapolation. Nature 386: 66–69. [RN]Google Scholar
Nijhawan, R., Khurana, B., Kamitani, Y., Watanabe, K. & Shimojo, S. (1998) Eye-movement based extrapolation leads to decomposition of color. Investigative Ophthalmology and Visual Science 39:1045. [RN]Google Scholar
O’Callaghan, C. (2002) Sounds. Department of Philosophy, Princeton University (unpublished doctoral dissertation). [rAB]Google Scholar
O’Regan, J. K. & Noë, A. (2001a) A sensorimotor account of vision and visual consciousness. Behavioral and Brain Sciences 24(5):883–917:939–1011. [rAB, JJC, EM]Google Scholar
O’Regan, J. K. & Noë, A. (2001b) What it is like to see: A sensorimotor theory of perceptual experience. Synthese 129:79–103. [rAB]Google Scholar
Palmer, S. E. (1999a) Color, consciousness, and the isomorphism constraint. Behavioral and Brain Sciences 22(6):923–43. [aAB]Google Scholar
Palmer, S. E. (1999b) Vision science: Photons to phenomenology. MIT Press. [aAB]Google Scholar
Pautz, A. (2002a) Intentionalism and neurobiology: An empirical problem. Unpublished manuscript. [AP]Google Scholar
Pautz, A. (2002b) Byrne on the unitary-binary structure of the colors. Unpublished manuscript. [AP]Google Scholar
Peacocke, C. (1983) Sense and content. Clarendon Press. [aAB]Google Scholar
Peacocke, C. (1992) A study of concepts. MIT Press. [aAB]Google Scholar
Pepperberg, I. M. (2002) Cognitive and communicative abilities of grey parrots. In: The cognitive animal: Empirical and theoretical perspectives on animal cognition, ed. M. Bekoff, C. Allen & G. M. Burghardt. MIT Press. [BJM]Google Scholar
Pettit, P. (in press) Looks as powers. Philosophical Issues. [EM]Google Scholar
Piantanida, T. P. (1974) A replacement model of X-linked recessive colour vision defects. Annals of Human Genetics London 37:393–404. [aAB]Google Scholar
Pinna, B., Brelstaff, G. & Spillmann, L. (2001) Surface color from boundaries: A new “watercolor” illusion. Vision Research 41:2669–76. [DT]Google Scholar
Pitcher, G. (1971) A theory of perception. Princeton University Press. [aAB]Google Scholar
Price, H. H. (1950) Perception. Methuen. [aAB]Google Scholar
Pryor, J. (2001) Highlights of recent epistemology. British Journal for the Philosophy of Science 52:95–124. [aAB]Google Scholar
Quine, W. V. O. (1953) On what there is. In: From a logical point of view. Harvard University Press. [LD]Google Scholar
Quine, W. V. O. (1953) Logic and the reification of universals. In: From a logical point of view. Harvard University Press. [rAB]Google Scholar
Quine, W. V. O. (1969) Ontological relativity and other essays. Columbia University Press. [rAB]Google Scholar
Regan, B. C., Julliot, C., Simmen, B., Vienot, F., Charles-Dominique, P. & Mollon, J. D. (2001) Fruits, foliage and the evolution of primate colour vision. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society London Biological Sciences. 356:229–83. [FWC]Google Scholar
Reid, T. (1970) An inquiry into the human mind, ed. T. Duggan. University of Chicago Press. [BM]Google Scholar
Rey, G. (1997) Contemporary philosophy of mind: A contentiously classical approach. Blackwell. [aAB]Google Scholar
Rizzolatti, G., Scandolara, C., Matelli, M. & Gentilucci, M. (1981) Afferent properties of periarcuate neurons in macaque monkeys: II. Visual responses. Behavioral and Brain Research 2:147–63. [RN]Google Scholar
Robinson, H. (1994) Perception. Routledge. [BM]Google Scholar
Ross, P. W. (1999) Color science and spectrum inversion: A reply to Nida-Rümelin. Consciousness and Cognition 8:566–70. [aAB]Google Scholar
Rudd, M. E. (2001) Lightness computation by a neural filling-in mechanism. Proceedings of the Society of Photo-Optical Instrumentation Engineers 4299:400–413. [MER]Google Scholar
Rudd, M. E. & Arrington, K. F. (2001) Darkness filling-in: A neural model of darkness induction. Vision Research 41:3649–62. [MER]Google Scholar
Russell, B. (1912) The problems of philosophy. Oxford University Press/Hackett. [aAB, JK]Google Scholar
Sarnat, H. B. & Netsky, M. G. (1981) Evolution of the nervous system, 2nd edition. Oxford University Press. [RN]Google Scholar
Saunders, B. A. C. (2001) Grammar(s) of perception. In: Hermeneutic philosophy of science, Van Gogh's eyes and God, ed. B. Babich (Boston Studies in the Philosophy of Science). Kluwer. [BS]Google Scholar
Saunders, B. A. & van Brakel, J. (1997) Are there nontrivial constraints on colour categorization? Behavioral and Brain Sciences 20(2):167–79. [aAB]Google Scholar
Schiller, P. H. (1996) On the specificity of neurons and visual areas. Behavioural Brain Research 76:21–35. [aAB]Google Scholar
Schirillo, J. A. & Shevell, S. K. (1996) Brightness contrast from inhomogeneous surrounds. Vision Research 36:1783–96. [MER]Google Scholar
Schnapf, J. L. & Schneeweis, D. M. (1999) Electrophysiology of cone photoreceptors in the primate retina. In: Color vision: From genes to perception, ed. K. R. Gegenfurtner & L. T. Sharpe. Cambridge University Press. [aAB]Google Scholar
Sekuler, R. & Blake, R. (1985) Perception. A. A. Knopf. [aAB]Google Scholar
Sellars, W. (1956) Empiricism and the philosophy of mind. In: Minnesota studies in the philosophy of science, vol. 1, ed. H. Feigl & M. Scriven. University of Minnesota Press. [aAB]Google Scholar
Seung, H. S. & Lee, D. D. (2000) The manifold ways of perception. Science 290:2268. [JJC]Google Scholar
Shepard, R. N. (1982) Structural representation of musical pitch. In: The psychology of music, ed. D. Deutsch. Academic Press. [SH]Google Scholar
Shepard, R. N. (1992) The perceptual organization of colors: An adaptation to regularities of the terrestrial world? In: The adapted mind: Evolutionary psychology and the generation of culture, ed. J. H. Barkow, L. Cosmides & J. Tooby. Oxford University Press. [rAB, LTM]Google Scholar
Shimojo, S. & Shams, L. (2001) Sensory modalities are not separate modalities: Plasticity and interactions. Current Opinion in Neurobiology 11:505–509. [RN]Google Scholar
Shoemaker, S. (1982) The inverted spectrum. Journal of Philosophy 79:357–81. [aAB]Google Scholar
Sivik, L. (1997) Color systems for cognitive research. In: Color categories in thought and language, ed. C. L. Hardin & L. Maffi. Cambridge University Press. [aAB]Google Scholar
Skokowski, P. (2002) I, zombie. Consciousness and Cognition 11:1–9. [PS]Google Scholar
Smart, J. J. C. (1959) Sensations and brain processes. Philosophical Review 68:141–56. [arAB, FJ]Google Scholar
Smart, J. J. C. (1975) On some criticisms of a physicalist theory of colors. In: Philosophical aspects of the mind-body problem, ed. C.-Y. Cheng. University Press of Hawaii. [aAB]Google Scholar
Smith, A. D. (1990) Of primary and secondary qualities. Philosophical Review 99:221–54. [aAB](2002) The problem of perception. Harvard University Press. [rAB]Google Scholar
Soames, S. (2002) Beyond rigidity: The unfinished semantic agenda of Naming and necessity. Oxford University Press. [rAB]Google Scholar
Stampe, D. (1977) Towards a causal theory of linguistic representation. In: Midwest studies in philosophy, vol 2, ed. P. A. French, T. E. Uehling & H. K. Wettstein. University of Minnesota Press. [aAB]Google Scholar
Sternheim, C. E. & Boynton, R. M. (1966) Uniqueness of perceived hues investigated with a continuous judgmental technique. Journal of Experimental Psychology 72(5):770–76. [aAB]Google Scholar
Stiles, W. S. (1937) The luminous efficiency of monochromatic rays entering the eye pupil at different points and a new color effect. Proceedings of the Royal Society B 123:90–118. [aAB]Google Scholar
Stroud, B. (2000) The quest for reality: Subjectivism and the metaphysics of colour. Oxford University Press. [aAB]Google Scholar
Teller, D. Y. (1984) Linking propositions. Vision Research 24:1233–46. [DYT]Google Scholar
Thompson, E. (1995a) Colour vision. Routledge. [aAB, DD]Google Scholar
Thompson, E. (1995b) Colour vision, evolution, and perceptual content. Synthese 104:1–32. [aAB]Google Scholar
Thompson, E., Palacios, A. & Varela, F. J. (1992) Ways of coloring: Comparative color vision as a case study for cognitive science. Behavioral and Brain Sciences 15:1–74. [aAB]Google Scholar
Todorovic´, D. (in press) Comparative overview of perception of proximal and distal attributes. In: Perception and the physical world, ed. D. Heyer & R. Mausfeld. Wiley. [DT]Google Scholar
Troost, J. M. & de Weert, C. M. (1991) Naming versus matching in color constancy. Perception and Psychophysics 50:591–602. [FWC]Google Scholar
Turvey, M. T. (1992) Affordances and prospective control: An outline of the ontology. Ecological Psychology 4:173–87. [SH]Google Scholar
Turvey, M. T., Whitmyer, V. & Shockley, K. (2001) Explaining metamers: Right degrees of freedom, not subjectivism. Consciousness and Cognition 10:105– 16. [SH]Google Scholar
Tye, M. (1995) Ten problems of consciousness: A representational theory of the phenomenal mind. MIT Press. [aAB, PS]Google Scholar
Tye, M. (2000) Consciousness, color, and content. MIT Press/Bradford. [arAB, ZJ, AP, DT]Google Scholar
Van Fraassen, B. C. (2001) Constructive empiricism now. Philosophical Studies 106:151–70. [rAB, BS]Google Scholar
Van Tuijl, H. F. & de Weert, C. M. (1979) Sensory conditions for the occurrence of the neon spreading illusion. Perception 8(2):211–15. [aAB]Google Scholar
Varela, F. J., Thompson, E. & Rosch, E. (1991) The embodied mind: Cognitive science and human experience. MIT Press. [aAB]Google Scholar
Vennard, W. (1967) Singing, the mechanism and the technique. Fisher. [SH]Google Scholar
Von Kries, J. (1905) Die Gesichtsempfindungen. In: Handbuch der physiologie des menschen, vol. 3: Physiologie der sinne, ed. W. Nagel. Vieweg, Braunschweig. [FWC]Google Scholar
Vrhel, M. J., Gershon, R. & Iwan, L. S. (1994) Measurement and analysis of object reflectance spectra. Color Research and Applications 17:328–38. [AR]Google Scholar
Wade, N. J. (1998) A natural history of vision. MIT Press. [LTM]Google Scholar
Wallach, A. (1976) On perception. Quadrangle. [DT]Google Scholar
Walraven, J. (1973) Spatial characteristics of chromatic induction; The segregation of lateral effects from straylight artefacts. Vision Research 11:1739–53. [FWC]Google Scholar
Walraven, J., Benzschawel, T. L. & Rogowitz, B. E. (1987) Color-constancy interpretation of chromatic induction. Die Farbe 34:269–73. [FWC]Google Scholar
Wandell, B. A. (1995) Foundations of vision. Sinauer. [SH, DYT]Google Scholar
Warren, R. M. (1981) Measurement of sensory intensity. Behavioral and Brain Sciences 4:175–89:213–23. [RMW]Google Scholar
Warren, W. H., Jr. (1984) Perceiving affordances: Visual guidance of stair climbing. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance 10:683–703. [SH]Google Scholar
Watkins, C. (2000) The American Heritage Dictionary of Indo-European roots, 2nd edition. Houghton Mifflin. [BJM]Google Scholar
Watkins, C. Webster's Third New International Dictionary (1993) Merriam-Webster. [MHB]Google Scholar
Werner, A., Menzel, R. & Wehrhahn, C. (1988) Color constancy in the honeybee. The Journal of Neuroscience 8:156–59. [aAB, FWC]Google Scholar
Werner, J. S. & Wooten, B. R. (1979) Opponent chromatic mechanisms: Relation to photopigments and hue naming. Journal of the Optical Society of America 69:422–34. [aAB, AP]Google Scholar
Whitmyer, V. G. (1999) Ecological color. Philosophical Psychology 12(2):197–214. [aAB]Google Scholar
Whittle, P. (2002) Contrast colors: A powerful and disturbing phenomenon. In: Theories, technologies, instrumentalities of color, ed. B. Saunders & J. van Brakel. University Press of America. [LD, DT](in press) Contrast colours. In: Color vision: From light to object, ed. R. Mausfeld & D. Heyer. Oxford University Press. [rAB]Google Scholar
Winderickx, J., Lindsey, D. T., Sanocki, E., Teller, D. Y., Motulsky, A. G. & Deeb, S. S. (1992) Polymorphism in red photopigment underlies variation in colour matching. Nature 356(6368):431–33. [aAB]Google Scholar
Wittgenstein, L. (1953) Philosophical investigations, trans. G. Anscombe. Blackwell. [EM]Google Scholar
Worthey, J. A. (1985) Limitations of color constancy. Journal of the Optical Society of America 2(7):1014–26. [BVF, AR]Google Scholar
Wuerger, S. M., Maloney, L. T. & Krauskopf, J. (1995) Proximity judgments in color space: Tests of a Euclidean geometry. Vision Research 35:827–35. [ZJ]Google Scholar
Wyszecki, G. & Stiles, W. S. (1982) Color science: Concepts and methods, quantitative data and formulae. Wiley. [aAB, ZJ]Google Scholar
Yablo, S. (1995) Singling out properties. In: Philosophical perspectives, vol. 9, ed. J. Tomberlin. Ridgeview. [aAB]Google Scholar
Yang, J. N. & Maloney, L. T. (2001) Illuminant cues in surface color perception: Tests of three candidate cues. Vision Research 41(20):2581–2600. [aAB, LTM]Google Scholar
Yokoyama, S. (1999) Molecular bases of color vision in vertebrates. Genes and Genetic Systems 74(5):189–99. [aAB]Google Scholar
Zeki, S. (1983) Colour coding in the cerebral cortex: The reaction of cells in monkey visual cortex to wavelengths and colours. Neuroscience 9:741–65. [aAB]Google Scholar
Zeki, S. (1990) Colour vision and functional specialisation in the visual cortex. Discussions in Neuroscience 6:8–64. [aAB]Google Scholar