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Human Taxonomies: Carl Linnaeus, Swedish Travel in Asia and the Classification of Man

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  01 August 2019

Christina Skott
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Abstract

This article looks at ways in which Swedish travel to Asia informed the classification of man in the work of Carl Linnaeus. In the tenth edition of his Systema Naturae (1758), Linnaeus made substantial changes to his earlier taxonomy of humans. Through two case studies, it is argued that these changes to a great extent were prompted by fresh Swedish eyewitness reports from China and Southeast Asia. The informants for the Homo asiaticus, a variety of Homo sapiens, and a proposed new species of humans, Homo nocturnus (or troglodytes), were all associated with the Swedish East India Company. The botanical contribution by men trained in the Linnaean method travelling on the company's ships has long been acknowledged. In contrast to the systematic collecting of botanical material, Swedish descriptions of Asia's human inhabitants were often inconclusive, reflecting the circumstances of the trade encounter. Linnaeus also relied on older observations made by countrymen, and his human taxonomies also highlight the role of travel literature in eighteenth-century anthropology.

Keywords

Carl LinnaeusSwedish East India CompanyHomo asiaticusHomo troglodytesSystema Naturae

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Type
Articles
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Itinerario , Volume 43 , Special Issue 2: Colonial Entanglements: Crossroads, Contact Zones and Flows in Scandinavian Global History , August 2019 , pp. 218 - 242
Copyright
Copyright © 2019 Research Institute for History, Leiden University 

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Footnotes

*

Christina Skott is a Fellow Commoner, Director of Studies in History, and College Lecturer at Magdalene College, Cambridge, and an Affiliated Lecturer at the Faculty of History, University of Cambridge. Her publications have examined various aspects of European knowledge of Southeast Asia in the long early modern era, in particular the ways in which interaction with the region shaped European science and anthropology in the eighteenth century. Her present research interests include nineteenth-century economic botany, ecology, and colonial agriculture in the Malay Peninsula.

References

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