Carbon dioxide accounts for about 90 per cent of greenhouse emissions in Japan, and about 90 per cent of these carbon dioxide emissions stem from energy-related sources. The historical growth in these emissions is due largely to the growth in energy demand rather than the pattern of use of fossil fuels. This chapter examines policy developments in Japan on global warming, focusing on the politics of conflict and the producer-oriented policy response. After providing an overview on the emergence of global warming on the Japanese political agenda, the chapter discusses the policy of target-setting in carbon dioxide control, differences in opinion between the Environment Agency and the Ministry of International Trade and Industry, progress after the Earth Summit, the Japanese strategy to tackle global warming, Japan's energy efficiency policy, policy frameworks for the promotion of new energy, voluntary action of Japanese industry in the conservation of global environment, and environment taxes.

This chapter starts with a discussion of the different definitions of trust (bridging versus bonding trust, generalised versus particularised trust, moralistic versus strategic trust, vertical trust). This is followed by a presentation of theories from two different discourses: the literature on social capital and that on civic education. What are the sources of generalised trust? The chapter discusses major explanations of the origins of generalised trust, as these relate to organisations, family, the economy and institutions. It also reviews the literature on civic education and discusses factors in the school environment that may influence students' values, such as the formal curriculum, the school and classroom climate, and teachers' experience, educational background or personal values.

This chapter draws attention to Mike Leigh's feature film, Secrets and Lies that proved to be his most popular film, winning the Palme d'Or and the International Critics' Prize at Cannes and receiving five Oscar nominations. This chapter draws attention to the fact that this film received a wider UK release than any of his previous work and made huge profit at the box office. The film had also marked a turning point in that it moved Thin Man Films into the European co-production market, funding from the French company CiBY 2000 affording Leigh around twice the budget he had had for his earlier films. Secrets and Lies deals with big issues—among them are love, death, marriage, race, adoption, estrangement and the inability to conceive children.

Oral narratives can and should be interpreted in the same way as artistic texts. In the same way as printed literature, oral narratives can embody sophisticated negotiations of contemporary social and cultural issues. This elevates the stories to a position where their contents shift from ‘vestigial’ understandings of an apparently simpler world to sophisticated negotiations of cultural identity. A central function of Traveller storytelling is to provide an arena where cultural identity and continuity are represented, conditioned and sustained. To demonstrate how this function manifests, Part II begins by examining a series of ‘identity strategy’ stories from two strong tradition-bearers who we met in Part I – Stanley Robertson and Duncan Williamson. What these stories represent are meaningful negotiations of Traveller identity through nuanced explorations of superficial appearances. What we find in these stories is the theme of an enigmatic inner Traveller identity, an identity that is juxtaposed with a specious outward identity.

As a recurring theme in Travellers’ stories, Braid propounds that the inclusion of this contrast functions to ‘strengthen the bonds between Travellers […] and to maintain autonomy and identity in the face of pressure to assimilate into settled culture’ (2002: 46). The core duality within these stories is that of Traveller and non-Traveller, and the function within each story is to articulate this very distinction. These stories juxtapose dualities from a distinctly Traveller perspective, where we encounter themes of justice and injustice being negotiated through protagonists with seemingly contradictory identities. We also find the concept of immutable familial bonds being used to expose the oppositional forces inherent to social existence.

This chapter begins with the discussion about Mike Leigh's parents and explains how he inculcated a desire to direct films. As a child, Leigh was a keen cinemagoer, experiencing a traditional diet of British and Hollywood features, newsreels, cartoons, serials and slapstick shorts. Leigh describes himself as unmotivated at secondary school and a natural rebel. He participated in a number of plays at Salford Grammar School and at the same time he was writing, directing and performing in revues for Habonim, the Zionist socialist youth movement, which provided him with most of his social life. He was also developing his skills as a cartoonist; an interesting talent in the light of his later reputation as a caricaturist. Eventually, looking at the advertisements in Plays and Players turned his thoughts to drama school.

This chapter examines the development of the official policy towards the idea of voluntary contribution within the health service in Great Britain. It discusses the perception of the hospital contributory schemes from the perspective of those responsible for translating general plans for an extension of health care into practical proposals. It investigates at what point the elimination of the contributory schemes from the structure of the National Health Service (NHS) became inevitable. This chapter suggests that the final shape of the NHS was not the outcome of an unproblematic consensus but a product of negotiation between the interested parties.

This chapter examines the interaction of the four narratives when faced with the medium-term foreign policy issue of reconciling Irish security and defence policy with the post-Cold War development of Europe's security architecture. It suggests that the four identity narratives are clearly competing for their respective claims about the nature of Irish security and defence policy and its institutional expression in Europe's contemporary security architecture. This chapter also discusses the nature of policy deriving from this discursive contest and describes how the positions of the narratives ebb and flow over time.

This chapter deals with the interrelationships between forms of American English and Caribbean English and creoles, both past and present. Close demographic connections between the North American mainland and what was to become the Anglophone Caribbean have existed since the earliest days of colonial settlement. Later, American linguistic influence spread in the region through institutional links, occasional visits or migration by Caribbean nationals for work or education, and tourism as well as television. During the present age of globalisation, American English has extended its range and impact considerably, both worldwide and in the Caribbean. At the same time, individual Caribbean creoles such as Jamaican have also influenced the development of English in North America, by way of diaspora communities, the global success of reggae, dancehall and Rastafarianism, and the use of ‘Cyber-Jamaican’ on the web.

This chapter examines the conditions for radical politics today against the background of a rapacious globalising capitalism and an increasingly aggressive and authoritarian state sovereignty. Taking postmodernity as its theoretical background, and globalisation as its political background, it explores the ‘anti-globalisation’ movement. It argues that the movement highlights new forms of political practice and articulation, as well as a new relationship to political identity. Moreover, in taking global anti-capitalism as its political and ethical horizon, it shows how this movement can be seen as an expression of a new form of political universality, one that can be understood through a poststructuralist ‘paradigm’. The chapter contends that poststructuralism, rather than Marxism and liberal pluralism, would be the most appropriate ‘prism’ through which to view the movement. The chapter also explores the link between the new radical politics and anarchism.

Close examination and contextualisation of Travellers’ stories are potent allies when seeking meanings within the stories. Both personal and collective cultural identity strategies are at work; the stories of the strong tradition-bearers we have examined already display themes that other members of the Travelling communities can identify with – strong tradition-bearers can ventriloquise the sentiments and worldviews of broader communities of Travellers. We have focused our inquiries on the inner lives of the Travellers, and how these inner identities manifest themselves within the stories that they share. This is a theme that we return to in subsequent chapters. The present chapter scrutinises a macabre external factor that has had a demonstrable impact on Traveller storytelling. The Travellers’ oral history and storytelling traditions are replete with references to the so-called ‘Burkers’. The term ‘Burker’ is a reference to William Burke and his murderous activities as a provider of cadavers to Edinburgh's medical colleges in the early nineteenth century. A brief overview of the salient points of Burke's activities, to contextualise the term ‘Burker’, is where we begin. This overview clarifies how the term itself is understood within the Travellers’ traditions and is contrasted with more mainstream representations of Burke and his associates. We see how a combination of factors affected the way that Burkean anxiety penetrated the consciousness of the Travellers and settled population alike. The aim here is to gain a clearer understanding of the impact that such heinous crimes had on Scotland's collective imagination, then to take a close look at how the Burkers manifest in the Travellers’ tradition to the present day, presenting a new way of thinking about what they mean.

This chapter outlines the central political and bureaucratic framework from which Irish foreign policy is constructed to analyses the significance of its evolution. It examines how the foreign policy process has evolved within an executive context, discusses the rise of the Department of Foreign Affairs as a key actor, and outlines the constitutional framework for foreign policy. This chapter highlights the limited role of the cabinet in foreign policy-making and considers the perspectives of executive actors in Ireland's foreign policy drama in the context of the proposed four identity narratives.