The UK has led the development of specialist perinatal mental health services since the latter half of the last century. However, new innovations in service design and delivery continue to present challenges for commissioners and providers. This chapter reviews the evolution of specialist care across the UK and in Ireland and identifies how services may need to respond to changing demand.

In theory, major differences separated clergy from laity by the twelfth century, especially regarding violence: clergy were subject only to church courts for violent crimes; they enjoyed special papal protection from violent assault; they were to renounce violent behaviour and even sexual relations; and were subject to a different system of law and clemency from laity regarding homicide. In practice, these differences were fading by the fifteenth century. Increasingly, fewer men charged with crimes before lay courts pleaded clergy and sought transfer before church courts for fear of long detention in episcopal gaols awaiting a church trial. English application of papal protection from anti-clerical violence increasingly stressed reconciliation between clerical victims and lay assailants rather than social division. Clergy became subject to lay violence not for being different from laity but too similar to them, especially in pursuing sex and violence and other deviance from ideal priestly standards. Finally, common law on homicide, especially self-defence, increasingly resembled canon law, which explains why clergy accepted lay justice and clemency when facing homicide charges.

Postpartum psychosis is a condition of great clinical and public health importance. Severe episodes of mental illness in the perinatal period can result in significant distress, may disrupt the developing relationship between mother and child, and have long-term implications for the well-being of the woman, her baby, family and wider society.

In this chapter we will discuss what we know about this condition and its relationship to bipolar disorder, how it might best be defined, what we still need to find out, and consider how it should be managed.

If f is monotonic, then we can estimate S by using the Prime Number Theorem and integration by parts. If f is multiplicative, then we can gain information concerning S by studying the properties of the associated Dirichlet series Σ f(n)n–S.

Chapter 5 (Sex and the Bad Faith Argument): In this chapter, I focus on the shifting relationship that ancient authors imagined between sex and the worship of other gods. Within the Hebrew Bible, I argue, sex precedes such “transgressive” worship and leads to it causally, whereas in the literature of the late Second Temple and tannaitic periods pagan worship precedes sex and is performed only as a means to achieve sex.

In their book, The Triumph of Injustice: How the Rich Dodge Taxes and How to Make Them Pay, economists Emmanuel Saez and Gabriel Zucman lamented the retreat of the United States’ tax system from its heyday between the 1930s and 1970s when it was, in their words, “perhaps the most progressive in world history.”1 As seen in Figure I.1, the top rate shot up from 25 percent after World War I to more than 60 percent in the early 1930s and settled at the astronomically high rate of 91 percent for over a decade between 1951 and 1963. That turned out to be the high point for the top marginal rate. Over the next several decades the rate dropped to 70 percent, then 50 percent, and finally a low of 28 percent in the late 1980s. Although it has crept up since then, the top rate has never approached anything close to what it was at mid-century, remaining below 40 percent for the last four decades.

Mariano Otero (1817–1850) was born in Guadalajara, Mexico. A lawyer by training, Otero made early choices in favor of liberalism, advocating a return to the federalism embodied in the Constitution of 1824, although with some alterations, which included the separation of the clergy from politics. He was also concerned about the political instability of the post-independence period. He participated in the liberal revolt of 1846, was part of the Constituent Assembly of 1847, and was one of the members of Congress who opposed the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo on the grounds that the conflict was an illegitimate war of conquest. He became Minister of Foreign Relations in the government of José Joaquín de Herrera in 1848. His premature death was due to the cholera epidemic of 1850. In this selection, which he wrote during the Mexican–American War, he tried to explain the causes that led to defeat, tracing them back to the colonial and independence periods, but eloquently rejecting any justifications based on race.

Personality disorder (PD) is a complex condition, which has been the subject of both debate and research. However, maternal PD has only been the focus of research in the last two decades. In this chapter I discuss that research in the context of what is known generally about PD, as a disorder with a predictable presentation of signs and symptoms; an aetiology, and indications for effective treatment. There has been more research on maternal PD in the last 15 years, which shows that mothers with PD may struggle to care for their children, especially in the postnatal period, and their mental health may also deteriorate during pregnancy. In this chapter I describe the issues described above and discuss how clinicians approach the management of mothers with PD. I place special emphasis on the impact of maternal PD on mother-child relationships and attachment, and the implications for child health.

Selected passages from “Nuestros indios” (1904) by Manuel Gonzalez Prada (1844–1918).

During the first three years of life our brain develops exponentially, and synaptic connections are formed faster than at any other period of our lives. The organisation of its processes is directly affected by early life experiences. It is therefore vitally important that families, healthcare providers and early intervention professionals understand early brain infant development so that they can fully support infants on to achieving their full potential. This chapter provides an insight into the typical development of core occupations and sensory systems by age, in the first year of life, highlighting the essential role that parents, carers and health professionals have at each stage. Sections on sensory deprivation and carers’ mental health issues are included.

This chapter begins with elementary results concerning Euclidean division and the Euclidean algorithm. We show that the algorithm’s complexity, measured in division steps, has logarithmic growth.

Gently introducing the reader to analytic methods in number theory, we present a proof of the divergence of the Euler series that sums the reciprocals of prime numbers. This not only provides an elegant analytic proof of the infinitude of primes but also offers insight into their distribution.

We then turn to classical arithmetic functions and derive recursive formulas for the partition function, culminating in a complete proof of Euler’s pentagonal number theorem.

This chapter also includes the first of three proofs in this book of Gauss’s theorema fundamentale, the law of quadratic reciprocity, which reveals a remarkable symmetry in the solvability of quadratic congruences modulo two distinct odd primes.

These theoretical foundations underpin practical applications, including the Miller–Rabin primality test – a probabilistic method for identifying prime numbers – and RSA encryption, a cornerstone of modern cryptography that relies on the computational difficulty of factoring large integers.

Female physicians in Japan face significant career barriers due to societal expectations surrounding childcare and family responsibilities. Traditional gender roles, exacerbated by long working hours and limited childcare options, hinder their ability to challenge stereotypes. In this chapter, we initially elucidate the challenges Japan encounters, as derived from literature reviews, and subsequently delve into specific instances.

The four authors in this chapter are from different stages of their medical careers in Japan. Dr. Watari has a Masters degree in Healthcare Quality and Safety from Harvard Medical School (USA) and has worked clinically in Japan, Thailand, and the USA. He has been actively researching gender bias in Japan’s medical field, aiming to promote gender equality among physicians. Dr Kono is a senior resident in surgery at Tokai University Hospital, and has published an article on gender inequality in Japanese academic medicine. Dr Yasuhisa is a junior resident at Shonan Kamakura hospital, with a background in pharmacy and engineering. Ms Mizuno is a medical student at Shimane University, with a background in French and linguistics. The case they present is a conglomerate of several interviews they have recorded during work on sexual harassment and discrimination in Japan.

This chapter introduces mental space theory and the theory of mental space blending. It then introduces the concept of real space and conceptual blends with real space that result from conceptually blending entities in real space with entities within another mental space. In these blends, physical things represent something other than what they are. Examples include the diagram of a soccer field, where lines on a piece of paper represent the soccer field, and the placement of tableware in which a coffee cup depicts a house. From there, the chapter illustrates depictions created by signers in which the extended thumb and fingers of buoys (handshapes with lexically determined forms and meanings) physically embody the depicted entities. Signers not only refer to these embodied depictions by directing indicating signs toward them; they also gaze at them, touch them, gesture toward them, and even manipulate them. These examples demonstrate that both signers and speakers utilize depictions as a normal part of everyday discourse.