This chapter refers to Roger Ascham's famous aphorism that Italians are wicked, but the Italianate Englishman is the devil incarnate. It begins with two obviously Italianate Englishmen, Inigo Jones and Ben Jonson. To a generation of Britons, Prince Charles himself was the devil incarnate, John Milton compared him with the diabolical Richard III, and Milton's Satan, with his ardent patronage of Mammon, shared Charles's aesthetic tastes. The visual arts provide Jonson with a touchstone for the taste that he craves as much as the diabolical Iniquo. Jones's sketch book from the Arundel trip survives a fascinating record of an English artist teaching himself to be Italianate. Jones's Italian classicism included a great deal of hybridization, the Italian grafted onto the English, sometimes perforce, as in the new west façade he erected on old St Paul's cathedral.

This chapter argues that Algernon Charles Swinburne's early critical writings promote a theory of aesthetic cosmopolitanism that emerges from a sustained polemical dialogue with Matthew Arnold. Swinburne's essay comes at a crucial time in Arnold's career as critic, between the publication of Essays in Criticism and Culture and Anarchy, and, in spite of its title, actually devotes considerable attention to the criticism. Like Carlyle's fictive review essay, Swinburne's pieces employ playfulness and satire to reflect on the difficulty of translation and cultural mediation. Switching to French, Swinburne enters a different mentality and a land of greater expressive freedom. Seen from this perspective, the Arnold essay contains an experiment in bilingualism in which Swinburne stages a conversation between his English voice and his disguised French voice, which here appears bracketed and displaced into anonymity.

This chapter examines the fluctuating fortunes of the later Stuart churches in Scotland and Ireland. The precarious character of the 'national church' in the Stuart kingdoms was quickly exposed after James VII and II's accession in February 1685. The chapter outlines the legislative framework that determined ecclesiastical policy, and illustrates the extent to which the period was alternately characterised by periods of intense sectarianism and brutal suppression of nonconformists, alongside rival impulses towards comprehension and toleration. The chapter focuses on the relationship between statesmen and prelates in pulpits than on dissenters and narratives of persecution and unjustified tyranny. It shows recurrent interactions between the established churches and nonconformists from 1660 onwards, whether antagonistic or conciliatory, served to sharpen each denomination's self-understanding, enabling rival traditions to articulate their religious differences with greater precision by 1714.

The Ganymede story is directly predicated on the death of Eurydice, and it says something about mankind in general, not about Orpheus alone. Despite his own distinctive sexual tastes after the death of Eurydice, Orpheus's grief, expressed through his songs, encompasses all of human eroticism, whether chaste, promiscuous, polymorphous, heterosexual, homosexual, bestial, incestuous, gentle, or savage. The earliest version of the Ganymede emblem in the first edition of the Emblemata, 1531 shows the youth as a putto riding on an eagle. The ambivalent iconography of the myth for the Renaissance has been admirably and courageously, discussed by James Saslow in a genuinely pioneering book, Ganymede in the Renaissance. For the Renaissance, the stories in the cosmic group most often depicted by artists are those of Orpheus himself, the love of Venus and Adonis, and the story of Ganymede.

The investigation of foundling characteristics and backgrounds highlighted the fact that many infants were abandoned, in response to poor economic conditions and family hardship. This suggests that their health and sustainability may have been poor even before they were left at the hospital. The Foundling Hospital attracted increasing criticism over time for supposedly raising the foundling children above their proper social standing. In its policies on external wet nursing, the hospital achieved a significant measure of success. In fact, the reaction of some nurses to the return of their foster children to the hospital suggests that very strong emotional bonds were sometimes forged with them. The existence of a national poor law system does, seem to have had a significant impact on the form and nature of infant abandonment in England.

The chapter explores how political culture thwarted Eisenhower's desire to incorporate more development aid into security assistance, even in the face of a perceived economic offensive by Khrushchev's Soviet Union targeting decolonizing countries. The chapter examines the decision making process through which the administration managed to persuade Congress as to the need for development assistance to decolonizing areas. Also examined are inputs to this process from C. Douglas Dillon, William Draper, and modernization theorists in academia.

Edmund Gibson's ventriloquising of the archbishop's sentiments is a fair reflection of many senior clerics' zeal to improve the efficiency of the Church of England as an institution in the later Stuart period. Examining conflicting perceptions of decline and vigour requires us to recognise that the clergy undertook several roles in this period. They were God's priests first and foremost, and supposed to act as pastors to the people, but they were also significant political actors. The marquis of Halifax, and other lay critics of outspoken clergy, regularly urged preachers to stick to expounding scripture and to avoid engaging with current affairs. Preaching was clearly taken very seriously indeed by a huge number of later Stuart clergy who continued and developed, rather than fell away from, the activity of their late Elizabethan and early Stuart forbears.

In the last quarter of the twentieth century and into the early twenty-first century, a number of scholars, mostly folklorists, concentrated specifically on collective memory and the ways memories (re)construct history/ies, identity/ies, genres, nations, ethnic groups, gender, and social class. Much folklore scholarship during this time has explored the interplay among narrative, structure, individual creativity, performance and their power to formulate, preserve, and transmit group identity. Despite all the efforts, both private and governmental, that went into creating a volunteer force to counteract the General Strike, few scholars have taken seriously the political and symbolic import of the volunteers' activities. Corpus volunteers were responding to the atmosphere of the day; there was not much more on their minds than enjoying a patriotic lark and doing their duty. Much of the article is devoted to describing the activities of Corpus men in 1926.

Much of the inquest for Pace case considered circumstantial evidence: the state of the Pace marriage, the rumours of Beatrice Annie Pace's affairs, the course of Harry Pace's illness and the care he received. Inquest juries not only declared a cause of death but also, if relevant, named a suspect or suspects. Their charge would lead to a trial at what was then the main court for dealing with serious crime: the centuries-old, semi-annual circuit court known as the 'assizes'. Beatrice was represented by G. Trevor Wellington from the Gloucester firm of Wellington, Clifford and Matthews. The evidence presented at the inquest fell roughly into many categories. One of the categories include that there was testimony from the Pace family. This chapter considers the vivid testimony given by the Pace children, the police, family friends and forensic experts.

This introduction presents an overview of the key concepts discussed in the subsequent chapters of this book. The book traces the creation, maintenance, and contestation of the militarized environments from the establishment of France's first large-scale and permanent army camp on the Champagne plains in 1857, to military environmentalism in the first decade of the twenty-first century. It argues that army commanders have kept faith with the belief that a soldier is moulded through a combination of military culture, discipline, and training that takes place within the environment despite the possibilities offered by computer-simulated training. The book shows how militarized and civilian environments overlap, as well as oppose, each other. The fluid military-civilian boundary illustrates the complexity of the history of French militarized environments and the military mobilization of nature.

This chapter suggests a number of ways in which Sappho, Algernon Charles Swinburne, and Amy Lowell are connected. It argues that Sappho's influence on Swinburne and Lowell is instrumental in creating an anxiety that subsequent readers and critics 'ward off ' by 'forgetting' their work. This results in the devaluation and neglect of both poets despite their considerable contributions to poetry. The chapter demonstrates how Amy Lowell's response to Sappho is mediated by Swinburne's earlier versions of the 'Tenth Muse'. In order to ward off the threatening aspects of Swinburne and Lowell's verse critics directed their own form of critical 'abuse' at the corpus of the two poets by attacking and insulting their physical bodies. Antony Harrison expands on Swinburne's engagement with medieval literature, discerning 'formal and thematic similarities' between Swinburne's work and troubadour poetry, demonstrating his 'deep engagement with the values and ethos of courtly love literature'.