This concluding chapter synthesizes the key findings of the study and extends the theoretical framework by testing its predictions in four additional authoritarian regimes — Bahrain, Egypt, pre-apartheid South Africa, and Mexico under the PRI. It argues that the most important factor in sustaining labor militancy is autonomy from political elites and strong connections with the rank-and-file. The chapter reinforces the book’s central claim that labor militancy emerges from authoritarian exclusion and the absence of partisan coalitions to represent labor interests. It concludes by discussing the broader implications of these findings for theories of labor politics, authoritarianism, and institutional change.

The chapter explores US–Russia relations in the years before Russia entered her second revolution in February 1917 and America joined the First World War in April 1917. This period was complicated by discrimination against Jews and other ethnic minorities in Russia, by ideological differences between American democracy and Russian autocracy, and by geopolitical disagreements. Yet these elements of conflict did not hamper the two states’ rapprochement, which began at the end of 1914 and at times resembled the euphoria of a honeymoon. This chapter emphasizes that the surprising thaw in US–Russia relations cannot be explained only by the convergence of the two governments’ interests: namely, that the Russian Empire desperately needed to buy American supplies for its armed forces, while Americans were eager to sell their surplus products. Interactions between Imperial Russia and the United States call for more comprehensive consideration, with a particular focus on the changes in mutual representations and the intensified process of Russians and Americans studying each other. This is precisely what this chapter sets out to provide.

Trade unions play a critical role in labour law, in representing workers, negotiating terms and conditions of employment by collective bargaining, lobbying for stronger legislation to improve working conditions and enhance job security, and assisting in the enforcement of legal rights before courts and tribunals. Employers are often hostile to trade unions, and workers need legal protection from the consequences of such hostility. In this Chapter we consider the legislation designed to protect workers from exclusion, blacklisting, discrimination, and victimization because of their trade union membership and activities. We also examine the right not to be a trade union member, as well as the purpose and implications of such a right.T

The 8-item Personal Safety Anxiety and Vigilance Scale (PSAVS; Calogero et al., 2019) assesses a person’s chronic and diffuse worry and concern about threats to their safety in relation to everyday experiences of sexual objectification and self-objectification. The PSAV construct is derived from objectification theory suggesting that personal safety represents an existential and embodied element of women’s lived experience that restricts their freedom. The PSAVS can be administered online and/or in-person to adolescents and adults who may experience gender-related and/or sexually focused violence. There is no cost associated with using the PSAVS. This chapter first discusses the development of the PSAVS and then provides evidence of its psychometrics. More specifically, the PSAVS has been found to have a unidimensional factor structure within exploratory and/or confirmatory factor analyses, and scores are variant (as expected due to power differential) between cis-gender women and men. Internal consistency reliability, test-retest reliability, convergent validity, discriminant validity, and incremental validity support the use of the PSAVS. Next, this chapter provides the PSAVS items in their entirety, its item response scale, and instructions for administration and scoring. Logistics of use, such as permissions, copyright, and contact information, are provided for readers.

The 10-item Appearance Anxiety Inventory (AAI; Veale et al., 2013) assesses cognitive processes and behaviours characteristic of body dysmorphic disorder (BDD). The AAI is derived from a theoretical model of BDD that defines appearance anxiety as a person’s responses to their perceived flaws and shame about their appearance (e.g., appearance-focused attention, comparison, rumination, checking, and avoidance). The AAI can be administered online or in-person to adolescents and adults and is free to use. This chapter first discusses the development of the AAI and then provides evidence of its psychometrics. Findings from exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis support a 2-factor structure (appearance avoidance, threat monitoring), yet a single factor accounted for most of the scale’s variance and therefore the AAI is calculated as a single appearance anxiety score. Internal consistency reliability, test-retest reliability, convergent validity, and sensitivity to change as a result of therapy support the use of the AAI. Next, this chapter provides the AAI items in their entirety, instructions for administering the AAI to participants, item response scale, and scoring procedure. Links to known translations are provided. Logistics of use, such as permissions, copyright, and contact information, are provided for readers.

Volume II charts European urbanism between 700 and 1850, the millennium during which Europe became the world’s most urbanised region. Featuring thirty-six chapters from leading scholars working on all the major linguistic areas of Europe, the volume offers a state-of-the-art survey that explores and explains this transformation, how similar or different such processes were across Europe, and how far it is possible to discern traits that characterise European urbanism in this period. The first half of the volume offers overviews on the urban history of Mediterranean Europe, Atlantic and North Sea Europe, Central and Eastern Europe, and European urbanisms around the world. The second half explores major themes, from the conceptualisation of cities and their material fabric to continuities and changes in the social, political, economic, religious and cultural histories of cities and towns.

This chapter portrays the multifaceted connections that shaped narratives of early modern Japanese–European encounters and colonial expansion in Southeast Asia. It achieves this by applying an entangled biography approach to Murakami’s knowledge networks, which integrated contemporary Japanese academia, foreign archives, and historical actors. An in-depth study of two ‘great men’ of the seventeenth century, Yamada Nagamasa and Sebastián Vizcaíno, illustrates the material and historiographical dimensions of myth-making and cultural diplomacy in the early twentieth century. The chapter finally evaluates the extent to which Murakami’s scholarship and his exposure to colonial sources contributed to the meta-narrative of early modern Japanese superiority.

The 13-item Appearance-Related Safety Behavior Scale (ARSB-S; Patel et al., 2022) assesses the frequency of engagement in in appearance-related safety behaviors (ARSBs; i.e., maladaptive behaviors used to reduce or manage appearance anxiety or fear of being negatively evaluated based on appearance) over the past month. The ARSB-S can be administered online and in person to adults and is free to use in any setting. This chapter discusses the development of the ARSB-S and provides evidence for its psychometric properties. More specifically, the ARSB-S has been found to have a two-factor structure within exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses with evidence for invariance based on gender. Internal consistency reliability, convergent validity, and discriminant validity support the use of the ARSB-S. Next, this chapter provides the ARSB-S items in their entirety, instructions for administering the scale to participants, the item response scale, and the scoring procedure. Logistics of use, such as permissions, copyright, and contact information, are provided for readers.

The 12-item Physical Appearance Perfectionism Scale (PAPS; Yang & Stoeber, 2012) assesses a person’s concerns about and hopes for a perfect physical appearance. The PAPS can be administered online or in-person to adolescents and adults and is free to use. This chapter first discusses the development of the PAPS and then provides evidence of its psychometrics. More specifically, the PAPS has been found to have a 2-factor structure (Worry About Imperfection, Hope For Perfection) within exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses, and evidence has supported its invariance across gender. Internal consistency reliability, test-retest reliability, convergent validity, and discriminant validity support the use of the PAPS. Next, this chapter provides the PAPS items in their entirety, instructions for administering the PAPS to participants, item response scale, and scoring procedure. Links to known translations are provided. Logistics of use, such as permissions, copyright, and contact information, are provided for readers.

This chapter establishes the theoretical foundations of the book by reviewing three major explanatory frameworks for labor protest: structural-economic, organizational, and institutional. Using quantitative data, it compares the structural features of Tunisia’s and Morocco’s economies and the organizational profiles of their labor unions. After finding existing explanations wanting, the chapter advances a integrative historical institutional perspective, underscoring the importance of labor incorporation policies, political coalitions, and internal union dynamics in shaping labor’s preferences and capacity for militancy. It argues that authoritarian strategies intended to depoliticize labor can paradoxically empower unions, equipping them with the resources and organizational capacity needed to challenge the state.

An artist’s entire family can help nurture and mentor them. This can include grandparents and siblings. In this chapter, artists share their experiences with extended family. Sometimes, supportive family members can make up for less supportive parents; other times, it can be a full familial unit that helps a young artist.

This chapter explores bias and fairness in employment testing in Türkiye across governmental and private sectors. It distinguishes fairness – equal opportunity, transparency, and uniform outcomes – from bias, especially in relation to predictive validity. The chapter situates these issues within Türkiye’s cultural, ethnic, and socioeconomic landscape, examining how historical and regional factors shape perceptions and practices. Key legal and regulatory frameworks, such as Turkish Labor Law and constitutional mandates, are reviewed to highlight protections for equal treatment. It also evaluates bias detection methods, including differential item functioning, sensitivity reviews, and predictive bias analyses, and discusses challenges from emerging technologies such as the use of artificial intelligence in personnel selection. The chapter underscores the need for strong validity evidence and proactive strategies to promote fair and equitable hiring in Türkiye.

Developments in magical realist critical discourse have benefited the study of African literature in several ways. The notion that there is no single point of origin for magical realism refocuses critical attention on African oral traditions, where the supernatural has long mingled with realist elements. And clarity over the nature and purposes of magical realism allows insight into how it simultaneously enables recuperation and critique. This essay considers the history of attempts to theorize magical realism in Africa, before turning to two often-neglected early exemplars of the mode, Thomas Mofolo and Daniel Fagunwa. Fagunwa’s countryman, Amos Tutuola, developed the African mode of magical realism in flamboyant ways, as did Ben Okri, and, later, Ngũgĩ wa Thiong’o. In interpreting the work of Ngũgĩ the discussion circles back to global interlocutors like Gabriel García Márquez and Salman Rushdie because, like them, Ngũgĩ self-consciously deploys magical realism to facilitate satire and powerful political critique.

This chapter describes the development and validation of a body-image assessment tool, the BIAS-BD. The scale consists of 17 male and 17 female contour-line drawings based on known anthropometric body dimensions of shoulder, chest, waist, hip breadth, thigh breadth, and upper leg breadth. The drawings correspond to a series of body weights ranging from 60% below the documented average to 140% above average. Differences between drawings represent a 5% change in body weight. Participants select a drawing that reflects their perceived size and their ideal size. The discrepancy between perceived and ideal size is a measure of body dissatisfaction. Test-retest reliability over a 2 –week interval was r = .86 for actual perceived size, r = .72 for ideal size, and r = .76 for body dissatisfaction. All reliability values are significantly greater than 0. No significant differences in reliability values between genders were obtained. Concurrent validity, measured as the correspondence between perceived and report size, was r = .76. Unlike other scales, the present scale uses figural drawings based on known body dimensions and has superior reliability and validity. It avoids several problems inherent in existing contour-line drawing scales, including scale coarseness, the presence of ethnic facial and body features, and the lack of documented reliability and validity in most previously published scales.

During development, cells sequentially lose their ability to differentiate into other cell types and become committed to different cellular states. This process can be described as a landscape in which the valleys are canalized one by one. This process of canalization is understood in terms of dynamical systems of interacting cells. In fact, as cells with oscillating gene expression proliferate and interact with each other, they differentiate into other expression states. Cells with oscillatory gene expression have pluripotency, either to replicate the same state or to differentiate into other cellular states, whereas cells that differentiate and lose their oscillations of expression simply replicate themselves, that is, they are committed. The proportion of each cell type is robust to changes in initial conditions and noise perturbations. Differentiation by protein expression dynamics is further stabilized by a feedback process of epigenetic modifications, such as DNA modification. The irreversibly differentiated cell state can be initialized to a pluripotent state by restoring an oscillatory state by forcing the expression of multiple genes from the outside, known experimentally as reprogramming.