Context-dependent behaviour is a central feature of human and algorithmic decision-making. Unlike context-free models, which assume stable preferences or uniform mechanisms across environments, context-dependent models account for how behaviour shifts depending on external, social, temporal or emotional surroundings. This chapter reviews conceptual frameworks and computational techniques used to capture context-dependence in behavioural data science. We explore psychological theories such as framing and cue-dependence, formal models including multi-level regression, contextual bandits and conditional generative models and the role of context in real-world domains such as health, finance and human–machine interaction. We provide a taxonomy of modelling approaches, examine challenges in data acquisition and generalisability and present a worked example using environmental nudges in energy consumption. The chapter concludes with future directions for context-sensitive modelling, highlighting its importance for ethical, fair and adaptive behavioural data systems.

This chapter illustrates the central role of the Confucian classics in Song politics, culture, and society and traces the evolution of schools and examination standards in canonical education. Simplified versions of the classics facilitated the less-educated masses to familiarize themselves with Confucian cultural practices and ethical values. The canonical texts served as the core curriculum in government schools, but were marginalized in the most prestigious examinations in the early Song. Only with the growing influence of government schools on examination preparation did literati elites revive their interest in classical studies. Wang Anshi and his fellow reformers not only made new commentaries on the classics and imposed them to be the state intellectual orthodoxy but also reformed government education to serve as a mechanism for recruiting civil officials. These measures exerted large impacts on late Northern Song politics and intellectual activities. Literati in the mid-Southern Song grew dissatisfied with the examination-oriented approach of classical studies in government schools and thus turned to private academies to pursue their ideals of moral education.

This chapter studies the coverage of the transatlantic slave trade in early modern Europe. Although many Europeans were aware that their merchants and companies transported enslaved African labourers to Caribbean and American plantations, the trade itself was not deemed a newsworthy topic in the seventeenth century. The role of newspapers as gatekeepers of the various media landscapes meant that the lack of reports on the slave trade helps to explain why it took so long before the traffic of enslaved Africans lead to moral outcry. The inhumane practice of selling and buying labourers in West Africa, the dreaded ‘middle passage’, and the hardship of plantation life in the Caribbean and the American South could be pieced together by newspaper readers only with great difficulty. Hence, before 1720, even embryonic forms of abolitionism were not part of the newspapers’ fabric. This chapter, then, charts the limitations of newspapers as carriers of news from afar, emphasising their predilection for events rather than processes, and their reluctance to follow undesirable stories.

Brexit was an act of gross economic vandalism. Many leavers understood that at the time. Most were indifferent. When push came to shove, an economic hit seemed, to those who thought about it at all, to be a price worth paying for autonomy. ‘Take Back Control’ proved to be a winning formula. Ten years on, we are in a better position to decide how much control we have really gained, and how much it has been worth to us. Control and autonomy are legal and constitutional concepts, but their value depends on political realities. In a world of huge nations like the United States and China, it is in the interest of smaller nations to join together in powerful multinational blocs like the European Union. Its members have more control and more global power collectively than they can ever hope to have individually. Britain’s own ability to exercise ‘control’ over its own fate is inevitably more limited outside the European Union.

Anthropomorphic learning in behavioural data science refers to a hybrid modelling paradigm that integrates human-centric principles from decision theory with data-driven methodologies of machine learning to simulate, predict and optimise human-like behaviours in artificial systems. This chapter introduces and explores this hybrid approach, examining its theoretical underpinnings, methodological framework and practical applications. Anthropomorphic learning seeks to bridge the normative rigour of decision theory – grounded in models of preference, choice and rationality – with the empirical flexibility of machine learning, particularly in settings marked by uncertainty, complexity and interactivity. The chapter distinguishes anthropomorphic learning from conventional hybrid modelling techniques and critiques its promise through a detailed analysis of recent implementations in user modelling, digital choice architectures and autonomous agent systems. It also discusses its limitations and ethical implications, especially concerning transparency, replicability and human interpretability. By embedding agency, intentionality and bounded rationality into algorithmic structures, anthropomorphic learning represents a compelling frontier for advancing both human-aligned AI and behavioural data science.

Over the nearly 250-year history of the United States, there have been many moments of political and social discord that have tested the strength and depth of the American character, and such crises have often led to positive social changes that have expanded the American community through passage of constitutional amendments and laws that expanded voting rights, defined and expanded citizenship, codified racial and gender equality, protected workers’ rights, increased economic opportunity, and provided greater access to equal educational opportunities, among many other advances. Yet, it is also the case that the American past never fully recedes from the body politic; there has been an ongoing tug-of-war between forces seeking to overturn social and economic progress and those forces working to solidify and expand rights that have often been rights in name only. What has occurred in the past is never excised from national memory and can reappear in virulent forms; the immigration-restrictionist policies and actions that characterized the darkest aspects of the Americanization movement in the early decades of the twentieth century have come full circle in the American presidency of Donald J. Trump.

Various models of random graphs provide a rich source of constructions in extremal graph theory. We briefly study the Erdős–Rényi random graphs, random regular graphs, and the recent random polynomial graphs, in the context of extremal problems.

The Hasse–Arf theorem is at the heart of the classical theory of ramification. In this chapter we state it as a relation between the lower ramification subgroup and the cohomological filtration for cyclic extension. The equality holds if and only if the extension is log monogenic. The proof is by induction on the degree. The first case where the degree is p is essentially proved in Chapter 3. The proof of the induction step is based on the property that the trace mapping of differential forms with log poles is non-zero if and only if the extension is log monogenic.

On the night of 23 June 2016, gathered together in the Thatcher Study at No. 10, the Cameron team saw the results in. I sat next to the Prime Minister, David Cameron; his daughter, Nancy, in her pajamas and cuddling a favourite toy, was under the round oak table made purposely to seat the G8 leaders at Lough Erne. ‘Dad, we are losing,’ said Nancy, as the results began to trickle and then pour in. Around 2am, when Sunderland declared a decisive result for Leave (61 per cent to 39 per cent), the trend was clear. John Curtice called it for Leave – who won by 52 to 48 per cent – roughly 17 million to 16 million (600,000 votes between the two) with a strong turnout of 72 per cent. At 3am, Cameron gathered a small group of us in his Den; it was game over. The answer to the question of whether the British people wanted to stay in the European Union was ‘no’. The decision to give them that choice was made by Cameron in a speech made at Bloomberg HQ on 23 January 2013, unleashing one of the most divisive periods we have known.

This chapter brings Samuel Taylor Coleridge’s ‘The Rime of the Ancyent Marinere’ and William Wordsworth’s The White Doe of Rylstone into conversation. It argues that these ‘bookend’ lyrical ballads of tragedy and hope transform their ballad storytelling sources and forms into a lyric ‘we’ voice associated specifically with the radical hymn tradition of the eighteenth century. The essay shows how Wordsworth and Coleridge bring together two archaic poetic traditions (the ballad and the hymn) to generate a new form of collective expression in keeping with the modernizing turn of the century.

This chapter investigates the architecture of belonging by examining how built environments can foster genuine emotional connection and a sense of place. Drawing insights from a Melbourne-based panel hosted by Six Degrees Architects, it explores how planners, developers, and architects can design precincts that nurture a profound sense of belonging. Emphasising the importance of emotional wellbeing and ecological sustainability, the discussion integrates Indigenous perspectives on place and custodianship, contrasting them with human-centric Western planning practices. Case studies, including Melbourne’s Public Office precinct, Canberra’s Dairy Road, and Hobart’s In the Hanging Garden precinct, illustrate creative strategies for revitalising urban spaces through adaptive reuse, community engagement, and landscape-led design. The chapter underscores the need to prioritise values of Country in architectural and urban-planning processes, advocating systemic change in procurement and planning practices, fostering authentic engagement, and promoting reconciliation through the collaborative stewardship of the built environment.

This chapter provides an overview of corporate governance within the European Union, focusing on the regulatory framework that shapes board structures, shareholder rights and stakeholder engagement. It analyses key EU directives, codes and case law that promote transparency, accountability and sustainable business practices. The chapter explores challenges in harmonizing governance standards across diverse legal systems and the role of corporate governance in enhancing investor confidence and long-term value creation. Additionally, it discusses recent developments addressing environmental, social and governance (ESG) criteria, emphasizing the evolving nature of corporate responsibility in the EU context.

This chapter examines the President’s constitutional role in overseeing law execution, arguing that the Executive Vesting Clause and Take Care Clause grant the President authority to supervise, but not personally execute, national laws. It posits that the President’s power includes appointing and removing principal officers without congressional interference, as affirmed in the "Decision of 1789" and in Myers v. United States (1926). It explores the Appointments Clause, links the removal and appointment powers, and offers a novel explanation for why the Constitutional Convention did not discuss the removal power. It also addresses inferior officers, whose removal may be vested in department heads with potential tenure protections, provided adequate control mechanisms exist. Along with the next chapter, however, this Chapter suggests that the President cannot necessarily direct principal officers in the exercise of their discretionary duties unless statutorily authorized. The chapter proposes a nuanced view: the President can demand information and remove officers but lacks a constitutional right to control their actions, distinguishing this original account of presidential power from other “unitary executive” and “persuader-in-chief” theories.

I present historical background, contemporary status, and potential future development of the psychology of religion (PoR) in South Korea, beginning with its origins: the formative people, places, and various intellectual schools of thought. Writing about the current state of the topic, I reflect on influential factors that are either facilitating or inhibiting the study of PoR, including publication options, topical emphases, practitioners, orientations, methodologies, and professional organizations.

I offer opinions concerning future development topics that are emerging as important in the immediate future and/or are perennially important in order to stimulate creative and useful research including Western theoretical relevance, the extent to which Western PoR theories may or may not contain reasonable expectations and concepts for this region, contextual nuances, Indigenous theoretical concerns, collaborative research opportunities, and common faux pas – reflections on what people unfamiliar with this region commonly and incorrectly assume about conducting PoR work in this context.