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11967 results in Cambridge Handbooks

Page 595 of 599

  • 10 - Design Applications of Visual Spatial Thinking

  • Edited by Priti Shah, Akira Miyake, University of Toronto
  • Book:
    The Cambridge Handbook of Visuospatial Thinking
    Published online:
    05 June 2012
    Print publication:
    18 July 2005, pp 383-425

  • Summary

    Neuropsychological evidence offers a great deal to the understanding of normal cognition. This chapter focuses on the techniques and systematic investigations of both individual case studies and of groups of individuals who exhibit disorders of visuospatial working memory following damage to the brain. It addresses the possibility that working memory is best viewed as a multiple component system, and that within such a system, there might be further fractionation between visual and spatial resources with performance on some spatial tasks requiring the use of executive functions. This chapter talks about the relationship between visuospatial working memory, and other parts of the cognitive system by exploring whether or not visuospatial working memory acts as a gateway between perception and long-term memory. It then considers the impairments of different aspects of visuospatial working memory that arise from the phenomena of unilateral spatial neglect and of cortical blindness.

  • 3 - Disorders of Visuospatial WorkingMemory

  • Edited by Priti Shah, Akira Miyake, University of Toronto
  • Book:
    The Cambridge Handbook of Visuospatial Thinking
    Published online:
    05 June 2012
    Print publication:
    18 July 2005, pp 81-120

  • Summary

    Abstract

    In this chapter we argue that visuospatial working memory offers a useful theoretical construct, possibly open to further fractionation, that can account for a variety of symptoms shown by neuropsychological patients as well as for some important aspects of visuospatial cognition in the healthy brain. We discuss evidence that draws on studies of a range of impairments of visuospatial cognition that arise following focal brain damage in human adults, and specifically the condition known as unilateral spatial neglect, together with investigations of mental discovery and of immediate visuospatial memory in healthy adults. This evidence is incompatible with common assumptions about working memory as a temporary buffer between sensory input and long-term memory. It is also not consistent with assumptions that mental visual imagery and the processes of visual perception share broadly overlapping cognitive functions and/or neuroanatomical networks. It is proposed that visuospatial working memory can be viewed as part of a mental workspace in which visually presented material can be made available in an interpreted form together with other information in working memory derived from other sensory input or from the long-term store of knowledge.

  • 5 - Sex Differencesin Visuospatial Abilities

  • Edited by Priti Shah, Akira Miyake, University of Toronto
  • Book:
    The Cambridge Handbook of Visuospatial Thinking
    Published online:
    05 June 2012
    Print publication:
    18 July 2005, pp 170-212

  • Summary

    Abstract

    Sex differences are found in a variety of tests of visuospatial abilities ranging from standardized paper-and-pencil or computerized tasks to tests of way-finding ability and geographical knowledge. The size of those differences and their direction vary (although most tasks favor males) depending on the type of skill being tested and the age and background of research participants. Sex differences may relate to differences in processing strategies, discrete underlying processes (e.g., working memory capacity), or expectations. Factors such as neural structure or function, sex hormone exposure, formal and informal learning experiences, and societal stereotypes appear to contribute jointly to these differences. Suggestions for further research include the design of better tests of visuospatial abilities, development of educational programs to enhance visuospatial performance, and a better understanding of the cognitive components that underlie visuospatial abilities, as well as the relationship of visuospatial abilities to mathematics and other cognitive skills.

  • 9 - Spatial Situation Models

  • Edited by Priti Shah, Akira Miyake, University of Toronto
  • Book:
    The Cambridge Handbook of Visuospatial Thinking
    Published online:
    05 June 2012
    Print publication:
    18 July 2005, pp 334-382

  • Summary

    This chapter explores what is known about mental imagery, and about visual imagery in particular. It reviews some of the findings to make clear visual images do function in important ways as if they were mental pictures, and that the processes of imaging do resemble for actual seeing. The chapter presents data showing that visual imagery relies heavily on brain areas ordinarily involved in visual perception, and points the way toward the conception of visual imagery that avoids the problematic notions of mind's eye and mental pictures. Differences between the discoveries that can be made from mental images and those that can be made from actual pictures are discussed. After an overview on the question of just how "visual" visual images truly are, the chapter explores the possibility that some tasks that might seem to rely on visual imagery may in fact rely on some other form of representation.

Page 595 of 599