The chapter aims to inform researchers and speech language pathologists on current definitions, key constructs, tenets, available resources, and challenges in the field, serving to tighten the existing, but overall loose, connection between the study of child bilingual phonological development cross-linguistically and the diagnosis, assessment, and therapy protocols in the context of bilingual children’s speech disorder. The chapter provides an overarching review of apposite literature to date, discussing the evolution of terms and key issues, and their relevance in bridging the gap between psycholinguistics research, theory, and clinical practice for bilingual children’s speech sound disorders nowadays. Ultimately, the chapter utilizes existing knowledge to project the canonical perspective that a universal classification of phonological disorders can be informed only by a single mechanism driving its manifestations across children, albeit one that needs to take into consideration every child’s spot on the spectrum of disorder, and on the global map of linguistic and cultural diversity. Gaps and future directions are integrally sketched.

Vignette experiments are vignettes are brief descriptions of social objects including a list of varying characteristics, on the basis of which survey respondents state their evaluations or judgments. The respondents’ evaluations typically concern positive beliefs, normative judgments, or their own intentions or actions. Using a study on the gender pay gap and an analysis of trust problems in the purchase of used cars as examples, we discuss the design characteristics of vignettes. Core issues are the selection of the vignettes that are included out of the universe of possible combinations, the type of dependent variables, such as rating scales or ranking tasks, the presentation style, differentiating text vignettes from a tabular format, and issues related to sampling strategies.

We survey the role of structurability in the theory of countable Borel equivalence relations.

Social integration in European countries seems increasingly dependent on the “we” that draws on tribal markers of identity. This type of belonging, in good times flatteringly called demos, tends to resurface in its far uglier exclusionary versions when times get more difficult and resources more scarce – and at the same time, the horrors of previous wars are either forgotten or strategically rehashed. The European Union (EU), however, still has a window to change these dynamics and reorient Europe towards prosperity. For Europe, this is both a task and a necessity: the EU cannot socially integrate but via the imaginaries of prosperity, all the while it emerged with a task to prevent the excesses of tribalism.

Few writings have shaped the world as much as the book of Isaiah. Its lyricism, imagery, theology, and ethics are all deeply ingrained into us, and into Jewish and Christian culture more generally. It has been a cultural touchstone from the time when it was formed, and it influenced later biblical authors as well. The book of Isaiah is also a complex work of literature, dense with poetry, rhetoric, and theology, and richly intertwined with ancient history. For all these reasons, it is a challenge to read well. The Cambridge Companion to Isaiah serves as an up-to-date and reliable guide to this biblical book. Including diverse perspectives from leading scholars all over the world, it approaches Isaiah from a wide range of methodological approaches. It also introduces the worlds in which the book was produced, the way it was formed, and the impacts it has had on contemporary and later audiences in an accessible way.

“Ancient Near Eastern Prophecy and the Study of Isaiah” by Jonathan Stökl approaches the study of the Book of Isaiah from the perspective of other ancient Near Eastern texts attesting to prophecy, including material from the second and first millennium bce. The attested texts support the idea that prophecies of doom and of peace are very much part of the religious literary imagination. The chapter also enquires whether the Neo-Assyrian compilations can act as empirical examples of the early stages of the evolution of the Book of Isaiah as literature. The third complex area discussed is that of gender and prophecy as attested in ancient Near Eastern sources, with relevance also for the portrayal of prophecy in the book of Isaiah.

The end of this book will concern connections between Freudenthal and composition algebras on the one hand and Lie algebras and group schemes on the other. We begin with Lie algebras, the subject of this chapter. The classification of finite-dimensional simple Lie algebras over the complex numbers leads to the notion of root system, a language that will be used for the rest of the book. In that classification, one finds infinite families that are related to the unitary, orthogonal and symplectic involutions of n-by-n matrices. The five isolated cases are usually referred to as exceptional, and those cases are where we find the closest links with Albert and octonion algebras. Most of this chapter is devoted to the study of the algebra of derivations of a non-associative or para-quadratic algebra.

This chapter discusses the first level of contemplation, namely, psychic contemplation. The point of departure is Plotinus’ view of perception as a multi-level activity and his claim that we perceive external things by virtue of internal images. In the realm of affective experience, we also co-create our emotions rather than receive them passively. The fall is a distortion of the states of knowing (perceptions) and the states of loving (affects) as well as of the sense of the body, the world, and the self. In the first phases of contemplative ascent, virtues purify our experience of the self, and we begin to overcome the sense of the world as external and our emotional enslavement to it. The result is peace and freedom. The analysis of perception and affective experience shows that for Plotinus contemplation is a natural state of our soul. It is not adding something which is not there but recovering our awareness of what is already going on when we perceive experience affects or relate to our body.

We introduce countable Borel equivalence relations and survey some of the fundamental structural results.

This chapter discusses the rise of the Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam's (LTTE) de facto state after the retreat of the Indian military in 1990, when the movement firmly asserted itself as the sole voice of Tamil nationalism, and its climax during the internationalised peace process of the 2000s. The subsequent LTTE defeat and its aftermath are discussed in Chapter 4. Like other insurgent movements and unrecognised forms of government (Arjona, Kasfir and Mampilly 2015; Caspersen 2012; Corcuff 2012; Kyris 2022; Mampilly and Stewart 2021; Staniland 2014; Alice Wilson 2016), the LTTE operated in the conviction that acting like a state may lead to being seen as a state, which may lead to implied forms of acceptance and a better prospect of becoming a state. The movement set out to normalise and stabilise control over people and territory with an array of governing institutions, thus probing its trajectory towards more established institutions and implied forms of recognition. Other authors have described the probationary character of such an unfinished aspirational trajectory as a ‘dress rehearsal’ (McConnell [2016] in relation to Tibet) or an ‘aporetic state’ (Bryant and Hatay [2020] in relation to north Cyprus). I will describe the evolution of the LTTE's institutional framework as a sovereign experiment, an exploratory pursuit that comprises sovereign mimicry and sovereign encroachment.

Sovereign mimicry is a form of citational practice (Weber 1998) whereby insurgencies replicate prior institutions, rules, buildings, uniforms, emblems and flags but make small adjustments. Like any other form of mimicry, this yields outcomes that seem like duplicates of the state but are in fact slightly different, and herein lies their unsettling potential (Bhabha 1994; see also Klem and Maunaguru 2017, 2018). Sovereign encroachment entails a practice of tacit restraint towards the purportedly hostile institutions of the Sri Lankan state and deliberate attempts at percolating and co-opting these institutions – a form of bricolage in support of insurgent assertions of rule. Crucially, the performative efforts of insurgent movements like the LTTE are undergirded by the capacity for violence, of both a disciplinary and a spectacular kind.