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Throughout the nineteenth century, Spanish American writers and thinkers grappled with their unique circumstances of independence after three centuries of Spanish colonial rule. The emergence of a significant number of new polities that adopted representative institutions in an era when absolutism prevailed in Western Europe, their general adoption of republicanism, and their complex demographic composition, all posed serious challenges for the formation of national states in Spanish America. This volume explores how politically engaged Spanish American thinkers reflected on these issues, either in government or in opposition. Through a wide selection of texts, some previously unpublished in the English language, the volume demonstrates the multiplicity of voices across countries, perspectives and social background. The texts included are organised around main themes reflecting central concerns including history; democracy, constitutionalism and liberty; church and state; society; Spanish America and the World; and 'Fin de siècle'. This volume thus vividly demonstrates the significance of Latin America to the field of Global Intellectual History.
Spanning elementary, algebraic, and analytic approaches, this book provides an introductory overview of essential themes in number theory. Designed for mathematics students, it progresses from undergraduate-accessible material requiring only basic abstract algebra to graduate-level topics demanding familiarity with algebra and complex analysis. The first part covers classical themes: congruences, quadratic reciprocity, partitions, cryptographic applications, and continued fractions with connections to quadratic Diophantine equations. The second part introduces key algebraic tools, including Noetherian and Dedekind rings, then develops the finiteness of class groups in number fields and the analytic class number formula. It also examines quadratic fields and binary quadratic forms, presenting reduction theory for both definite and indefinite cases. The final section focuses on analytic methods: L-series, primes in arithmetic progressions, and the Riemann zeta function. It addresses the Prime Number Theorem and explicit formulas of von Mangoldt and Riemann, equipping students with foundational knowledge across number theory's major branches.
Classical Athenian democracy is rightly famous, but democracy flourished in other parts of the Greek world as well. In this clear and fascinating book, Matthew Simonton traces the emergence, growth, consolidation, and decline of democratic city-states over the millennium down to the fifth century CE. He argues for the widespread and highly participatory nature of democratic constitutions across the Greek world, particularly in the fourth, third, and second centuries BCE. Readers will also learn to appreciate the characteristic ideological, institutional, and material-cultural features of democratic poleis. The evidence marshaled includes literary texts, inscriptions, coins, archaeological remains, and monumental art. The book does not shy away from the fact that ancient Greek democracies both empowered lowerclass men and rested on a series of exclusions (of women, enslaved people, and foreigners). Nevertheless, dēmokratia emerges as a major facet of ancient Greek culture and society.
Allen Ginsberg's life and career can only be described as exceptional. Fond of pushing limits and challenging boundaries, Ginsberg produced a staggering body of work that garnered attention not just for its innovative style and personal candor, but for its range of theme and willingness to meaningfully engage the world in a bid to change it. Ginsberg is essential to an understanding of 20th century poetry. But Ginsberg was not just a poet. He was an icon, instantly recognizable to his legions of fans in underground circles, and it is impossible to overstate the importance of Ginsberg as a countercultural figure. Taking a broadly chronological approach, this volume provides a comprehensive overview of the major issues, themes, and moments essential to understanding Ginsberg, his work, and his outsized influence on the cultural politics of the postwar both in the US and globally.
Filling a gap in the literature, this book explores the theory of gradient flows of convex functionals in metric measure spaces, with an emphasis on weak solutions. It is largely self-contained and assumes only a basic understanding of functional analysis and partial differential equations. With appendices on convex analysis and the basics of analysis in metric spaces, it provides a clear introduction to the topic for graduate students and non-specialist researchers, and a useful reference for anyone working in analysis and PDEs. The text focuses on several key recent developments and advances in the field, paying careful attention to technical detail. These include how to use a first-order differential structure to construct weak solutions to the p-Laplacian evolution equation and the total variation flow in metric spaces, how to show a Euler–Lagrange characterisation of least gradient functions in this setting, and how to study metric counterparts of Cheeger problems.
Although the unattested language of Proto-Indo-European has been studied for over 200 years, the greater part of this literature has focused on its phonology and morphology, with comparatively little known of its syntax. This book aims to redress the balance by reconstructing the syntax of relative clauses. It examines evidence from a wide range of archaic Indo-European languages, analysing them through the lens of generative linguistic theory. It also explains the methodological challenges of syntactic reconstruction and how they may be tackled. Ram-Prasad also alights on a wide range of points of comparative interest, including pronominal morphology, discourse movement and Wackernagel's Law. This book will appeal to classicists interested in understanding the Latin and Greek languages in their Indo-European context, as well as to trained comparative philologists and historical linguists with particular interests in syntax and reconstruction.
Roman law is justly famous, but what was its relationship to governing an empire? In this book, Ari Z. Bryen argues that law, as the learned practice that we know today, emerged from the challenge of governing a diverse and fractious set of imperial subjects. Through analysis of these subjects' political and legal ideologies, Bryen reveals how law became the central topic of political contest in the Roman Empire. Law offered a means of testing legitimacy and evaluating government, as well as a language for asking fundamental political questions. But these political claims did not go unchallenged. Elites resisted them, and jurists, in collaboration with emperors, reimagined law as a system that excluded the voices of the governed. The result was to separate, for the first time, 'law' from 'society' more broadly, and to define law as a primarily literate and learned practice, rather than the stuff of everyday life.
This Element aims to provide evidence-based, research-informed applications of translanguaging pedagogies across various multilingual classroom contexts. By offering both theoretical implications and specific examples of translanguaging in action, the Element aims to help educators to implement translanguaging pedagogy that challenges monolingual norms in educational institutions. The Element also explores new theoretical notions derived from translanguaging, such as translanguaging sub-spaces, transpositioning, transknowledging, transmodalities, transculturing, transbordering, transsemiotising, and transprogramming. Additionally, it critically examines various methodological approaches for researching translanguaging in classroom settings, proposing a combination of Multimodal Conversation Analysis and Interpretative Phenomenological Analysis to capture the complexity of classroom translanguaging practices. This Element concludes by asserting that adopting a translanguaging perspective is an ethical and pedagogical imperative, providing the essential theoretical and methodological frameworks for creating equitable, inclusive, and transformative multilingual learning environments.
Gothic Dementia: Troubled Minds in Gothic Timelines introduces Gothic studies as a valuable lens through which to critically consider how we think about dementia. It argues that the Gothic's foundational narrative techniques can model approaches to similar dementia symptoms, such as chronological confusion, fragmentation, cyclical storytelling, repetition, unreliable narrators, unstable identities, uncanny behaviours, and Otherness. If we can navigate these challenging narrative elements in literature, can we navigate similar challenging dementia signs using interpretive strategies? Gothic Dementia considers this question in two ways: (1) through Gothic literary elements that correlate to characteristics of dementia and (2) through contentious horror film depictions of characters with dementia and their caregivers. Reading Gothic works and horror films within the context of dementia studies—and vice versa—can contribute valuable insights into a feared disease that threatens the core of who we imagine ourselves and others to be.
This Element argues that movement, overseen by a movement director, is vital for theatre-making. It can support actors with characterisation and playing others responsibly and ethically, for scripted and non-scripted tasks: from dances to fights, from parades to murders, or other human behaviour. Movement directing is an increasingly common role as it helps forge an ensemble and build 'worlds' on stage, and plays a crucial part in shaping how actors work with and in space. The Element's autoethnographic approach draws on the author's movement direction for ten productions in the UK, most with director Katie Mitchell, based on his research into and experience with Gardzienice Theatre Association, Poland, from 1989. The Element offers a perspective that is missing in accounts of Mitchell's oeuvre and much British movement scholarship by examining the influence of the Grotowskian lineage on British theatre and by discussing voice work and text delivery, something often overlooked.
This Element examines how archaeology can contribute to the investigation of ancient wealth disparities, using the Jōmon and Yayoi periods in Japan as a case study. It analyzes 1,150 pit dwellings from 29 archaeological sites in southern Kantō, dating from the Late Jōmon to the end of the Yayoi period (ca. 2540 BC–AD 250). Household wealth is estimated through pit dwelling floor area, with Gini coefficients calculated for each site. Results show relatively low inequality in the Late Jōmon, a slight decline in the Middle Yayoi, and a marked rise in the Late Yayoi period. Notably, average floor area decreased in the Late Yayoi period. These patterns raise broader questions about how wealth disparities were shaped by communal norms, settlement organization, the rise of agriculture, and expanding trade networks involving iron tools. This research underscores archaeology's unique ability to illuminate long-term economic transformations.
More than half a century ago Clifford Leech published a useful essay called 'On editing one's first play', intended to 'save newly commissioned editors from a sense of frustration and an expense of time' by providing 'some guiding-lines'. The intervening years have seen massive changes in attitudes towards editing and in the technical expertise required. Neither editor nor reader can any longer be assumed to be white, male and Christian, or trained in the classics and the Bible. Editing is now recognized as a crucial intersection between critical and textual theory. Yet the skills required are not usually taught in graduate schools, and many competent scholars are uncomfortable answering such questions as 'what do editors actually do when they edit an early modern play?' This Element focuses both on the practical steps of editing (e.g. choosing a base text, modernizing, emending, etc.) and the theoretical premises underlying editorial decisions.
The authors introduce a novel bootstrap approach to resampling asset price data that can be used for both finite-maturity assets and equities. The key insight is that they bootstrap primitive objects with more appealing statistical properties to avoid resampling series with strong time-series and cross-sectional dependence. They then recover the original dependence structure in an internally consistent manner via definitional identities. Their bootstrap is nonparametric in nature and so avoids the common practice of committing to a tightly parameterized pricing model with explicit assumptions on the form of cross-sectional and time-series dependence. They demonstrate the appealing finite-sample properties of their bootstrap approach in a series of simulation experiments and empirical applications.
While scholars have long considered how political messages make people feel, changes in the media environment have given people unprecedented access to the expressed emotions of others. Through both contemporary news stories and social media, people now learn how others – often strangers – feel about political events. Do people believe in the sincerity of these expressed emotions? To answer this question, we turn to expressions about one of the most pressing issues of our time: climate change. We begin with a theoretic framework of the way people perceive mediated emotional expression. Then, across six pre-registered experiments, we find people are generally skeptical of others' emotional expression – perceiving emotional posts and quotes less authentic and appropriate than more neutral content. While evaluations vary by platform, our results suggest that emotions online aren't always taken at face value – complicating the role of these expressed emotions in political communication.
This Element argues that settlers from Western Europe shaped European state formation and transformed the political and economic fate of Eastern Europe and Scandinavia between 800 and 1800. While existing work on European colonization focuses on overseas settlers, and studies of Europe's development tend to concentrate on the continent's western regions, the Element highlights a significant internal wave of settlement from Western to Eastern and Northern Europe. Beginning around 1100 and tapering off after 1400, this settler movement spurred economic development and the spread of local self-government across Eastern Europe and Scandinavia. Settlers also provided institutional templates that local rulers adapted in their efforts to build states. These rulers were increasingly compelled to bargain with politically autonomous and large cities. Over time, the emergence of new states in Eastern Europe intensified geopolitical competition across the continent.
Rewinding through five decades, this book listens closely to the bars, samples, and stories that have made hip-hop the true sound of America. Bringing together nineteen essays from leading figures in hip-hop studies, it traces lines of influence from Atlanta and Detroit all the way back to the Bronx and the Caribbean. The book's first half digs into the instrumental layers that continue to underpin hip-hop, while taking a close look at the poetic effects that lurk within key verses. For its second half, the focus turns to the larger culture, assessing the cluster of social tensions that are coming to define the US – and which can be heard in the nation's most powerful and controversial music. Accompanying the book is a 42-song playlist, including both iconic tracks and underground tapes, making it easy to follow the relevant beats and rhymes while reading each chapter.
When words and phrases combine together into whole clauses, the manner in which they combine can result in quite different meanings and in structural ambiguities that lead to lawsuits. Chapter 4 considers an “attachment ambiguity” in a false advertising suit, as in WE ARE PROVIDING GREAT REFRESHMENTS DURING THE SUPER BOWL AT CANDLESTICK PARK. The refreshments were not actually offered onsite at Candlestick Park, but at some distance from it. The ambiguity involves whether AT CANDLESTICK PARK modifies the verb, ‘We are providing at Candlestick Park great refreshments during the Super Bowl,’ or the noun phrase THE SUPER BOWL, in which case it is logically asserted only that the Super Bowl takes place there. In this latter attachment, questions of contextual inference and real-world knowledge then come into play and can still “implicate” that the services are also provided at Candlestick Park. More complex syntax, involving subordinate clauses and phrases that follow SUBJECT TO, resulted in a dispute over when or whether at all the prior condition for sale specified in this real-estate contract needed to be met. The subordinating conjunction ALTHOUGH and its “implicatures” were at the center of a libel suit in which unprofessional conduct by a lawyer and drinking to excess were alleged.
You know, for the right to vote and to have that vote counted is democracy’s threshold liberty. Without it, nothing is possible, but with it, anything is possible.
Jane Austen’s Sense and Sensibility (1811) and Emma (1815) share one easily overlooked but strikingly common aspect: in both, Austen describes privileged characters collecting people for their entertainment. Emma, the eponymous heroine of the 1815 novel, ‘collects’ impoverished women for her own amusement and that of her father, whereas in Sense and Sensibility, while his wife fills her time with collecting objects, Sir John’s ‘satisfaction in society was much more real’, focusing instead on ‘collecting’ young people who drive away the boredom country life would otherwise pose for him. While this description is arguably sinister, seeming to take agency away from those who are collected – almost always single women on the margins of gentility – the relationship in question is more ambiguous. Those less privileged benefit from the protection of the ‘collectors’ and, by allowing themselves to be ‘collected,’ are integrated into the neighbourhood in which they live. By considering this relationship, this chapter poses the question: What can Austen’s representation of the collector and the collected tell us about wealth, class, and gender in this decade?