This chapter traces the way that employers used the expense account and the deduction for entertainment, meal, and travel expenses to facilitate a rapid expansion of tax dodging. Employers were able to divert taxable compensation that would have been subject to the steep post-war marginal rates to business expenses that the employer could deduct and the employee could exclude from his individual income tax return. People of modest means were able to live lavishly, encouraging the development of country clubs, dinner clubs, expensive restaurants, and post-dinner entertainment options such as theaters and operas, to service this new demand. Resorts also began to host business conferences to attempt to make vacations tax deductible. Moreover, the rise in conspicuous consumption appeared to induce others to seek out similar opportunities to finance personal consumption with tax-deductible dollars.

This chapter emphasizes the growth and consolidation of democratic regimes across the ancient Greek world beginning in the fourth century BCE. The conquests of Alexander the Great and the policies of his successors did not spell the death of ancient Greek democracies but instead may have actually increased their number. Highly participatory institutions, including assemblies, magistracies, and law courts, can be found across the Mediterranean and beyond. Democracies shared best practices in this period on how to fend off tyranny, oligarchy, excessive demagoguery, and other threats to the democratic constitution. Festivals, monumental art, religious cult, and coinage contributed to a specifically democratic culture. At the same time, democracies settled on a general paradigm in which citizen women, while enjoying certain civic privileges, were excluded from political decision-making; democratic stability also depended on the presence of an enslaved class.

Chapter 3 explores the representation of the royal body—both literal and metaphorical—in early eighteenth-century New Spain. It argues that references to the body of the king, the body politic, and the body of Christ were used strategically to affirm loyalty and unity under Bourbon rule. Drawing on sermons, ephemeral art, and royal portraiture, this chapter shows how the perceived contrast between the frail Carlos II and the youthful, fertile Felipe V was mobilized to reinforce a narrative of imperial resurrection. Through symbolic condensation, sacred imagery such as Lazarus, the Eucharist, and the phoenix converged to suggest the rebirth of the monarchy. The chapter also introduces the idea of ‘composite identities,’ in which loyalty to king, kingdom, and locality were expressed through overlapping symbolic systems. It highlights how cultural producers in New Spain helped local subjects imagine themselves as part of a revitalized imperial body.

Pregnancy induces vast physiological shifts within several systems of the expectant mother’s body, including haemodynamic, haematological, renal, endocrine and metabolic functions. These are necessary to adjust conditions for optimal growth and development of the fetus but are finely tuned to avoid subsequent compromise to maternal health; an imbalance of which may present with medical complications to both mother and baby.

It is essential to understand normal physiological changes in pregnancy in order to appreciate pathology, which may arise. This chapter aims to outline the main changes that occur, and further, to delineate a few common obstetric emergencies and complications that may develop during pregnancy.

An anonymous and rarely cited text, Fe política de un colombiano was consulted by the editors at the John Carter Brown Library, whose catalogue attributes it to Eloy Valenzuela (1756–1834), a Catholic priest from Santander, Colombia. However, it is highly unlikely that Valenzuela, who was close to Simón Bolívar at the time of publication, penned a pamphlet which appeared to be criticizing (though not in explicit terms) the Convención de Ocaña, convened by Bolívar to replace the existing 1821 Constitution. The main message of the Fe política was against the concentration of power in the executive, then perceived to be Bolívar’s purpose in convening the Ocaña Convention. On April 1, 1826, the Gaceta de Colombia registered its publication stating that “the author … was born in one of the departments of the antigua Venezuela.” Its author might have been Javier Francisco Yanes (1776–1846), particularly as in his Manual político del venezolano, Yanes used the Fe política without attribution, in a book that is seemingly generous in acknowledging the work of others. But if the Gaceta de Colombia was right, this would rule out Yanes’ authorship as he was not born in Venezuela but in Cuba.

Cyclotomic fields, fields obtained by adjoining the nth roots of unity to the rational numbers, play a pivotal role in number theory as they contain all abelian extensions of the field of rational numbers according to the Kronecker–Weber theorem. They also offer insights into reciprocity laws and certain Diophantine equations, such as the Fermat equation.

In this chapter, we offer a second proof of the quadratic reciprocity law, which shows how Gauss sums over roots of unity encode quadratic residue behavior. This approach reveals the intrinsic connection between quadratic fields and cyclotomic fields.

We prove the particular case of the Kronecker–Weber theorem asserting that a quadratic field of discriminant D is contained minimally in the cyclotomic field of |D|th roots of unity.

Of great historical relevance is Kummer’s proof of the first case of Fermat’s Last Theorem for regular primes, which uses the unique factorization of ideals in cyclotomic fields. Kummer introduced ideal theory to overcome limitations posed by the non-unique factorization of elements in attempted proofs of FLT. His work laid the foundation for modern algebraic number theory, illustrating the profound utility of cyclotomic methods in solving classical problems and establishing these fields as central objects in arithmetic geometry.

This chapter reflects on the book’s exploration of drama and performance that reveal the entanglements of natural phenomena and human behaviours in society, each shaping one another in dynamic interplay. The book concludes by considering how artists continue to want to make work about anthropogenic ecological change. We suggest here that performative actions of dissent can offer shared optimistic moments. This chapter looks at the tactics of tactics of artists and activists who perform actions to physically resist, slow or block ecological damage, attempting to hold big corporations and politicians to account and keep urgent ecological issues under public scrutiny.

Depression is common in the perinatal period and is linked to negative consequences for pregnant and postpartum women and other childbearing individuals and their families, including the potential for long-term adverse outcomes in children. While the clinical approach to depression in pregnancy and postpartum is similar to that of the non-perinatal period in many ways, specific considerations include the role of reproductive hormones in the aetiology of the disorder, unique psychosocial stressors that may precipitate or perpetuate symptoms, and the safety of psychotropic medication in pregnancy and lactation. This chapter is an overview of depression in pregnancy and the first year postpartum, including a summary of its epidemiology, theories about aetiology, presentation, course, outcomes and an approach to management.

This chapter moves from low- and mid-ranking bureaucrats to higher-ranking officials and their ‘great projects’ (al-masharī‘ al-kubra) – the revolution’s signal achievements in governmental media. The chapter describes how this type of achievement was considered extraordinary, given the struggle to coordinate across fragmented and conflicting state institutions. Moreover, the chapter analyses one of the Ministry of Culture’s greatest and longest-lasting projects: to build a new Egyptian human being (binā’ al-insān al-miṣri). I argue that the need to cultivate the Egyptian masses was not purely born from a desire to civilise, but by a political imperative to build a new people to be governed by the revolutionary command. In contrast with Younis’s pejorative description of the people envisaged by the Revolution as a ‘mass’ (gumū‘) or a ‘herd’ (qatī‘), this chapter presents the meliorative side of the same project: the yet-to-exist People as a collection of ‘righteous citizens’ (muwaṭinīn ṣāliḥīn).

This chapter describes infant mental health and why it is important. Those working in perinatal mental health services have a key role in ensuring that it is attended to by assessing and supporting the developing mother-infant relationship. The journey into services and the roles of team members and others are presented. Effective interventions to support the primary and wider family relationships should be offered when required.