Valentín Letelier (1852–1929) was a Chilean educator, philosopher, and jurist who, after an assignment in Prussia in the early 1880s, contributed to the reform of the Chilean educational system, particularly through the creation of the teacher-training institute, the Instituto Pedagógico attached to the University of Chile. A committed positivist and leader of the Radical Party, Letelier was a chaired professor of law who became rector of the University of Chile for two periods beginning in 1906. His principal works include Filosofía de la educación (1892), La evolución de la historia (1900), Génesis del Estado (1917), and Génesis del derecho (1919). As a member of Congress, he joined the opposition to the government of José Manuel Balmaceda, signing the articles of impeachment that led to his arrest and exile in 1891, the year of the Civil War that ended with the victory of the congressional forces. The current selection provides Letelier’s rationale for the opposition to Balmaceda and advances a passionate defense of the role of organized political parties in a democracy, the rule of law, and the meritocratic selection of public officials.

This chapter describes the rapid spread of democracy in the later fifth and earlier fourth centuries BCE. The reader imagines the life cycle of a democratic citizen in Classical Athens, from birth in the deme to political participation in mid-life to arbitration work in old age, with detours into the court system, festivals, the Athenian Funeral Oration, and ostracism. Comparative evidence is introduced from fourth-century BCE Argos. The Athenian monumental building projects of the period of the high empire (Parthenon, Propylaea, Erectheion, etc.) receive their own subsection, with a focus on democratic art. The reader is introduced properly to oligarchic institutions and ideology, which almost managed to reverse democratic gains for good in this period. The chapter ends with a discussion of the stasis or civil strife that broke out between democrats and oligarchs in so many Greek poleis.

We now address additive questions involving prime numbers, particularly the problem of expressing an integer as a sum of k primes:

Martina Barros Borgoño (1850–1944) was a pioneering Chilean who advanced women’s rights in significant ways, not least in terms of advocating for suffrage, but also in terms of a critical approach to nineteenth-century thinking on gender distinctions. Born in a socially distinguished milieu, Martina Barros encountered John Stuart Mill’s The Subjection of Women (1869) at a young age and embarked on the translation and commentary of the source by 1872. Barros’ prologue celebrated some aspects of Mill’s work, but bemoaned others. She acknowledged the role of her husband, the liberal physician Augusto Orrego Luco, in the writing of the prologue, but affirmed that the ideas were her own in her autobiography. Both had previously read Mill’s On Liberty (1859), and shared his condemnation of the tyranny of customs, challenging gender traditions and participating actively in publications and intellectual circles. Her views, however, were far from radical. As she stated in her autobiography, “my aim in promoting the independence and culture of women was not to make them rivals of men, but rather their dignified companions.”

Eating disorders can have a profound impact on women during the pre-conception, antenatal and postnatal periods, and this has implications for their care and treatment. This chapter describes the rate, course and risk factors for eating disorders within the context of the perinatal period. It covers what is known from current research and clinical evidence about the effect of the most common eating disorders on pre-conception health, pregnancy and birth outcomes. Drawing on existing clinical guidance and research evidence, it provides an overview of the guidance and recommendations for the assessment, management and treatment of eating disorders from pre-conception through to the postnatal period.

Chapter 1 examines three distinct organic farming movements that arose in Germany in the 1920s as pioneering examples of environmental ideals in practice. Though disparate in their origins and political commitments, all three organic tendencies found considerable common ground with Nazism, in some cases well before the Nazis came to power. Tracing their divergent fates under Hitler’s regime after 1933, the chapter offers a dense historical reconstruction of early environmental ambitions that were sometimes thwarted and sometimes fulfilled through active cooperation with Nazi agencies. A core aspect of the analysis centers on the implicit and explicit influence of racial ideologies within the emerging organic milieu and the opportunities and challenges this opened up under the conditions of Nazi rule. The chapter is built around a comprehensive range of archival sources, many of which have never been examined before, and provides the fullest portrait yet in German or English of the inception of organic farming currents in the context of proto-environmental politics.

This book comes in two parts; the first, consisting of §§1–7, offers an informal axiomatic introduction to the basics of set theory, including a thorough discussion of the axiom of choice and some of its equivalents. The second part, consisting of §§8–14, is written at a somewhat more advanced level, and treats selected topics in transfinite algebra; that is, algebraic themes where the axiom of choice, in one form or another, is useful or even indispensable.

This book comes in two parts; the first, consisting of §§1–7, offers an informal axiomatic introduction to the basics of set theory, including a thorough discussion of the axiom of choice and some of its equivalents. The second part, consisting of §§8–14, is written at a somewhat more advanced level, and treats selected topics in transfinite algebra; that is, algebraic themes where the axiom of choice, in one form or another, is useful or even indispensable.

Millions of women and girls worldwide experience violence. Violence against women and girls takes many forms, including physical, emotional and sexual violence and abuse, which is associated with a range of adverse impacts on women, their families and society as a whole. Health professionals supporting women during the perinatal period should assess the risks posed by exposure to previous or current violence and how this may affect them during pregnancy. As an important risk factor in a woman’s mental health presentation, psychiatrists working with pregnant and postpartum women should consider the presence of violence in their formulation; it can increase the risk of anxiety, depression and post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Domestic violence and abuse increase the risk of domestic homicide and may play a role in many perinatal suicides. Sensitive assessment and effective management of women exposed to violence can improve engagement with mental health services and response to treatment.

In 1962, John F. Kennedy proposed withholding for taxes on dividends and interest to close the large gap between dividends and interest paid and reported. Despite the familiarity with wage withholding, the proposal encountered an enormous wave of public opposition, generating one of the most significant letter-writing campaign ever mounted. Congress relented and stripped the dividend and interest withholding provision from the bill in favor of new information reporting requirements. Why did dividend and interest withholding generate such a populist revolt? In part, the populism on this issue was manufactured by the business community. Banks and corporations mobilized their depositors and investors to contact their congressmen to protest the proposal. This is only part of the story, however. The industry-led campaign struck a chord with taxpayers who had become disaffected by the special tax preferences and shelters enjoyed by high bracket taxpayers. They viewed omitting dividends and interest as their form of self-help, while others were indignant that Congress would attack tax evasion by going after them before solving high-end tax evasion first.