It is an irony of fate that, nowadays, the demand for the enforcement of Islamic law has become surrounded by such a thick mist of misgivings that a mere reference to it, even in a Muslim country like Pakistan, raises a storm of criticism. Thus, for instance, the questions are asked: can a centuries-old legal system be adequate to fulfil the requirements of our modern state and society? Is it not absurd to think that a law which had been framed under certain particular circumstances in bygone days can hold good in every age and every clime? Do you seriously propose to start chopping off the hands of thieves and flogging human beings in this modern, enlightened age? Will our markets again abound in slaves and deal in the sale and purchase of human beings as chattels and playthings? Which particular sect’s legal system is going to be introduced here? What about non-Muslim minorities, who will never tolerate the dominance of Muslim religious law and will resist it with all the force at their command? One has to face a volley of such questions while discussing the problem, and, strangely enough, not from non-Muslims but from the Muslim educated elite!

In 1873, Sir Walter Buller published A History of the Birds of New Zealand, with a second expanded edition in 1888, both with the highly praised chromolithographic plates by J. G. Keulemans. This chapter explores the politics of extinction in colonial New Zealand through the lens of Keulemans’s ornithological illustrations and Buller’s scientific rhetoric. Buller believed that the extinction of native species was an inevitable consequence of colonization, itself an unambiguous embodiment of progress. This displacement theory of extinction was not, however, confined to the field of natural history but was frequently articulated by a range of voices in colonial New Zealand. By naturalizing colonization, displacement theory erased the agency of colonists, allowing them to justify the consequences of violent dispossession as ordained by nature and legitimizing the resulting disempowerment – if not erasure – of the Indigenous peoples of New Zealand.

The Conclusion formulates the ethical role that I attribute to multi-scalar poetics in the context of an accelerating ecological crisis. I argue that narrative fiction can enable response-ability towards multiple scales of life and scale-bound perspectives. I expand the concept of scalar irony, which I defend here as an eco-political mode of attention that fiction enables for the reader. Returning to the question of analogy, I argue against the temptation to hierarchise non-analogical tropes above analogical ones, and propose that literature’s power lies in its capacity to turn all tropes into sites of epistemic and ethical negotiation.

This chapter focuses on Pater’s two novels: Marius the Epicurean (1885) and Gaston de Latour (1888, 1896), illustrating how they stand at the heart of his work as aesthetic writer and of new currents in nineteenth-century fiction. It shows that, together, these novels aimed to provide a personal overview of European history in epochs of transition: the transition from paganism to Christianity in the case of Marius, and the Reformation for the unfinished Gaston. The chapter positions these novels in the context of their contemporary debates around the future of the novel, including attention to Henry James’s ‘The Art of Fiction’ (1884) and Emile Zola’s naturalism. The discussion then focuses on Marius as a historical novel, which interweaves history with fiction and intellectual commentary, a decadent novel engaged in the core themes of contemporary French decadence, and a cosmopolitan novel engaged in acts of translation from Latin to English.

In Chapters Two and Three, we learned about the experimental tools for investigating consciousness and about its characteristics. We are now ready to delve into the realm of theories proposed to explain consciousness.

Elizabeth Maconchy was born in Britain and is often described as a British composer; however, she had Irish parents, lived for several years in Dublin, and considered herself Irish. This chapter analyses how she negotiated dual national identities throughout her career. I explore Maconchy’s presence in twentieth-century Irish musical culture generally. My key aim, though, is to demonstrate that she attained the status of a major twentieth-century ‘Irish composer’ in her unofficial home country via a process of self-fashioning for audiences on this island and through the critical and institutional recognition that she received here. Surveying the history of her ‘Irish’ compositions – especially the ballet Puck Fair – it becomes clear that different narratives of Maconchy emerged on either side of the Irish Sea. I trace how Irish critics praised her as a rare example of a national composer succeeding in the modernist idiom and as a model for her peers.

The passage of submarines through waters subject to coastal State sovereignty is the focus of this chapter. Coastal State sovereignty over its territorial waters is subject to the right of all ships, including submarines, to innocent passage. Submarine passage may not prejudice the peace, good order or security of the coastal State, it must be on the surface with flag flying, and adhere to requirements in place for navigational safety, potentially including any traffic separation schemes or routeing measures. For international straits subject to the regime of transit passage and in archipelagic sea lanes, submarines may stay submerged. The requirements associated with passage through international straits and archipelagic waters are examined in this chapter, including the parameters of coastal State rights to regulate these forms of passage and respond to potential violations of passage rights.

This chapter examines international obligations imposed on all States to protect and preserve the marine environment in relation to submarine operations. However, the sovereign immunity of military submarines significantly impacts both the applicability and enforcement of international marine environmental law. At present, nuclear powered and nuclear armed submarines pose the greatest environmental risks, and we discuss nuclear liability regimes, the possible relevance of nuclear-free zone treaties, and environmental obligations when decommissioning nuclear submarines. The obligation to prevent, reduce and control marine pollution may also be relevant in the context of sonar being used to detect submarines, as concerns have arisen as to the negative implication for marine mammals. While there have been various legal initiatives to address noise pollution, it is apparent that the consequences for military submarines is slight.

Chapter 2, “The Amazon as an International Commons: Governing Principles for Negotiating Sovereignty and Environmental Imaginaries,” analyzes the international environmental governance of the Amazon through the Amazon Cooperation Treaty Organization (ACTO). In particular, it explores how ACTO has incorporated governance principles for governing international commons (‘enclosure’, ‘common heritage of humanity’, and ‘common concern of humanity’) into its discourses, instruments, and practices. The Chapter explains that despite the discursive rejection of international forces, the basin states appeal to ‘common concern’ to embrace international cooperation in localized initiatives, while through ‘enclosure’ they promote transnational extractive and infrastructure projects. Beyond the debate between internationalization and sovereignty, these principles interact under anthropocentric, ethnocentric, and state-centric premises. This produces a fragmented governance that legitimizes the expansion of extractivism under sovereign and developmental imaginaries while excluding the concerns and aspirations of Indigenous peoples and environmentalists.

The colonial period, roughly between 1600 and 1900, saw an unprecedented movement of speakers of English to locations overseas. The reasons for this movement vary considerably, from deportation of prisoners and political opponents to voluntary emigration by groups with economic motives, sometimes mixed with religious ones. The rise of first-language overseas varieties depends heavily on the founder generation and the sociolinguistic scenarios they found themselves in. In addition, many countries have second-language varieties which in general have arisen through an English-oriented educational system and, previously, through contact in colonies with English speakers.

This chapter focuses on Pater’s unstable and evolving view of Christianity. It discusses the significance of his failed attempts to be ordained into the Church of England, his rejection of religious and moral dogmatism, disavowal of spiritual after life, and paganism. Although these aspects have led critics to disregard Pater’s investment in the Church, this chapter illustrates the sensuous appeal of religious practice and how Pater valued religion for its truth-content, even if he was at different stages in his life very uncertain about what that might mean. Putting his attitude to religion in a wide-ranging context, including the works of William James, John Ruskin, and John Henry Newman, it explores the appearance of ritual, religious symbolism, and belief in works including ‘Emerald Uthwart’, ‘Pascal’, and Marius the Epicurean.

We introduce the two major branches of research on consciousness: state consciousness and content consciousness. We review and critically discuss the many empirical paradigms that are used in consciousness research, including visual masking, binocular rivalry, and anesthesia.

This chapter focuses on the different ways that strategic uses of submarines have influenced developments in international law. It highlights the security dimensions in discussions at the failed Second Law of the Sea Conference in 1960. Superpower dynamics during the Cold War also influenced decisions leading to the negotiations for the UN Convention on the Law of the Sea as well as the negotiations themselves. The growing importance of nuclear-powered submarines, as well as nuclear weapons on conventionally-powered submarines, spurred international agreements on nuclear non-proliferation and disarmament. This chapter brings to the fore the strategic importance of military submarines for major maritime powers in recent decades as it provides critical context for contemporary development and application of international law. We conclude Part I of the book in this chapter in bringing together key themes in the legal history of submarines that continue to influence the modern international law of submarines.