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Phonological underspecification for English vowels is addressed using data from language production. Patterns in speech errors induced by means of the experimental SLIPS procedure argue for radical underspecification; the underspecified vowel place features are [-high], [-low], [-back], and [-round] (as in /ε/). Similarity effects in naturally-occurring speech errors lead to the same conclusions. With respect to the question of why the underspecification of place features is consistent across languages for consonants but highly variable for vowels, it is argued that the difference between vowels and consonants is rooted in similar crosslinguistic differences in phoneme frequencies.
This article explores the nature of morphological categories by examining two of the most ubiquitous denominal adjective types, the possessionat (bearded) and similitudinal (friendly) adjectives. Sometimes these adjectives are morphologically distinct, sometimes not; compare icy road and icy hand. This suggests that they are related yet not related. Language provides two means of generating these adjectives: TRANSPOSITION, which alters the lexical category of the base but not its grammatical features, and FUNCTIONAL DERIVATION, which alters the latter but not the former. This article shows how both adjectives may be derived simultaneously by both means. In order to understand fully the semantic effect of transposition on the base, it is necessary to clarify the distinction between the morphological and semantic categories involved and to demonstrate the impossibility of reducing either set of categories to the other.
Languages differ as to whether they are accusative or ergative. In other words, grammatical rules in some languages are sensitive to the distinction between Subjects and Objects; in others, to the distinction between ergatives and absolutives. The central thesis of this paper is that, similarly, rules in some languages are sensitive to the distinction between Direct Objects and Indirect Objects; but in others, they are sensitive to a distinction between Primary and Secondary Objects. A Primary Object is an Indirect Object in a ditransitive clause or a Direct Object in a monotransitive clause, while a Secondary Object is a Direct Object in a ditransitive clause.
