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The organization of taking turns to talk is fundamental to conversation, as well as to other speech-exchange systems. A model for the turn-taking organization for conversation is proposed, and is examined for its compatibility with a list of grossly observable facts about conversation. The results of the examination suggest that, at least, a model for turn-taking in conversation will be characterized as locally managed, party-administered, interactionally controlled, and sensitive to recipient design. Several general consequences of the model are explicated, and contrasts are sketched with turn-taking organizations for other speech-exchange systems.
In Spanish non-sentence constructions, beginning elements establish a datum of reference to what is already known by carrying meaning within the confines of conventionalized order-class paradigms. Following elements, on the other hand, narrow the possibilities of syntagmatic combination to give final, new definition to the expression.
At the beginning of constructions, the potential paradigms that occur first are smaller in extension, and thus more contrastive; paradigms nearer the center are larger, and more complex. The value of relative complexity or contrast of each such paradigm is closely connected to its characterizing semantic tag.
Following elements possess syntagmatic contrast similar to the contrast perceived in initial paradigms; preceding elements, which are non-contrastive, are perceived as syntagmatically complex. Phrases and clauses, by nature complex, are placed at the end of constructions, allowing the possible modulation or neutralization of end contrast.