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6023 results in Facet Publishing

Page 203 of 302

  • 10 - Digital libraries and open access

    • By Gobinda G. Chowdhury, University of Technology, Sydney (UTS), Schubert Foo, College of Humanities, Arts and Social Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore
  • Edited by G. G. Chowdhury, Foo Schubert
  • Book:
    Digital Libraries and Information Access
    Published by:
    Facet
    Published online:
    08 June 2018
    Print publication:
    30 September 2012, pp 143-154

  • Summary

    Introduction

    Open access, defined simply as access to digital content free at the point of use, is a movement that began nearly two decades ago. It had its origins on the one hand in the exponential rise in the costs of scholarly information sources, especially journals, and on the other hand in the ease of publication and communication facilities that became available with the advent and proliferation of the internet and various new e-publishing models and standards. However, there is a bigger and altruistic reason behind the open access initiative. It has been driven by the need to provide better access to and sharing of information for research and scholarly activities. Open access facilitates research and scholarly activities in a number of ways, for example, by opening research and scholarly knowledge to all so that more researchers can access that knowledge build on it, thereby meeting another goal of less duplication of research efforts (JISC, 2011a). Open access benefits different stakeholders. Through open access:

  • • researchers can reach a greater audience and thus their research can be more widely read and cited

  • • institutions gain an enhanced reputation, and thus a better competitive edge, as their research becomes more visible

  • • funding agencies see a greater return on their investment because the research funded by them can reach more people

  • • publishers find that the impact of their journals increases as a result of greater access.

    • Thus, although the open access movement was initiated to find an alternative to the problems facing academic and scholarly communities due to the soaring price of journals, it does more social good by promoting better and easier access to knowledge for everyone, not necessarily the small group of people who are associated with relatively rich institutions. However,

    it a kind of second-class, cut-price publishing route. It is simply a means to make research results freely available online to the whole research community.

    (JISC, 2011b)

    This chapter discusses the issues of open access and institutional repositories in the context of open access digital libraries. It briefly introduces the concept of Open Archives Initiative (OAI) and institutional repositories.

  • 13 - Intellectual property and digital libraries

    • By Michael Fraser, Professor of Law and Director of the Communications Law Centre, University of Technology, Sydney (UTS)
  • Edited by G. G. Chowdhury, Foo Schubert
  • Book:
    Digital Libraries and Information Access
    Published by:
    Facet
    Published online:
    08 June 2018
    Print publication:
    30 September 2012, pp 179-192

  • Summary

    Introduction

    In recent years, there has been an increased use of the internet to search, gather and retrieve data and creative content. The shift to digital libraries has greatly impacted on the way people use physical libraries and the way libraries must collect, store and make information and content available to clients. After 20 years of journal subscriptionprice increases, the traditional commercial publishing model for academic research output is no longer financially sustainable on the same scale and new forms of scholarly communication and open access are becoming integral elements of library collection development activities (Rasmussen, 2009). Underlying these developments in digital libraries is the need to develop an economically sustainable library business model – as library budgets continue to be strained, particularly in the wake of the global financial crisis – while respecting and implementing the copyright entitlements of authors and publishers. This chapter proposes such a model.

    The Big Deals

    The introduction of publishers’ so-called ‘Big Deals’ (discussed in more detail later in this chapter) in the 1990s, where libraries throughout the world started forming multiple coalitions to negotiate purchases collectively with big publishers, was an initial attempt to adapt to the new world of online publishing (PCG – Publishers Communication Group, 2011). Under the Big Deal system, many university and research libraries combined in groups to buy a single ‘all-you-can eat’ subscription for a set fee and for a set period, most commonly three years (Poynder, 2011). The fees were, and still are, usually based on the cost of the member institutions’ historical print subscriptions. Under this system, universities started purchasing their subscriptions from large publishers in the form of bundled site licences, which allow electronic access to most of a publisher's subscription list at a price that depends on historical expenditure on print journals from that publisher. A publisher might supply a whole list for the price of the sum of the original print subscriptions of a library consortium, with an electronic premium added – generally in the range of between 5% and 15% – with a built-in percentage increase of around 6% per annum (Poynder, 2011). But while bundling electronic journals with print subscriptions provides researchers with extra access to journals, many librarians now find the long-term contract lock-ins inflexible. Elsevier, for one, provides a five-year package.

  • 14 - Digital preservation: interoperability ad modum

  • Edited by G. G. Chowdhury, Foo Schubert
  • Book:
    Digital Libraries and Information Access
    Published by:
    Facet
    Published online:
    08 June 2018
    Print publication:
    30 September 2012, pp 193-216

  • Summary

    Introduction

    Digital preservation (DP) is defined as the set of activities which assure ‘interoperability with the future’ (Rusbridge at al., 2005, 1). It is a key aspect of digital libraries because, without it, future users will not be able to access the wide range of digital resources created and collected today. Not only does DP address the future, it is also a prerequisite for us today to access digital resources created in the past. From this point of view it would be more correct to define it as ‘interoperability over time’.

    But then one could ask, what makes digital preservation different from technical interoperability? Why should this be a separate domain in its own right? What is so special about the time dimension of interoperability that addressing it needs to be tackled as a separate research and development domain?

    Being defined as ‘the capability to communicate, execute programs, or transfer data among various functional units in a manner that requires the user to have little or no knowledge of the unique characteristics of those units’ (ISO/IEC 1993), interoperability is a major concern within the digital library domain in a technological environment where multiple hardware and software systems and standards co-exist, and where the number of metadata schemas available is measured not in dozens, but in hundreds. Gradmann (2008) suggests that it is a multidimensional concept that can be expressed through six vectors (functionality, people, technologies, interoperational entities, information objects and multilinguality) and four abstraction levels (technical, syntactic, semantic and functional), thus forming an interoperability matrix. Where does DP fit into this matrix, or does it extend the matrix? This chapter is about digital preservation research and argues that what makes it a domain in its own right is that its primary focus is on applying interoperability ad modum, or in other words, advancing towards solutions that guarantee that digital objects will be rendered and used at any future point in time in ways that do not differ from their original intended uses. We believe that in the future digital preservation information systems will be a natural part of the ‘fabric’ of digital objects’ entire lifecycle and not necessarily a separate activity, usually undertaken towards the end of that lifecycle.

  • 7 - Towards socially inclusive digital libraries

  • Edited by G. G. Chowdhury, Foo Schubert
  • Book:
    Digital Libraries and Information Access
    Published by:
    Facet
    Published online:
    08 June 2018
    Print publication:
    30 September 2012, pp 97-112

  • Summary

    Introduction

    Many digital libraries (DLs) are designed to appeal to a much broader community than are physical libraries, and to provide an extension of the resources that are found inside physical libraries, thus transcending spatial limitations (Pomerantz and Marchionini, 2007). However, the potential of the DL to address the limitations of the physical library is only useful if, at the same time, access and usability issues can be addressed.

    At times, in the midst of reading about the recent innovation and developments of digital technologies and DLs, one gets the feeling that the current situation with digital initiatives appears to be that a big digital information party is being planned but somehow, in the excitement, someone is being left out. Joseph Licklider and Robert Taylor (1968) foresaw two of the challenges faced today: ‘In a few years, men will be able to communicate more effectively through a machine than face to face’ and ‘For the society, the impact will be good or bad, depending mainly on the question, “Will, to be on line, be a privilege or a right?”’ (52).

    As digital information and technologies encroach further and into more areas of our life and endeavours, processes of social exclusion are reproduced in the digital realm. Digital technologies have no doubt revolutionized the lives of much of the world's population. It would be a mistake, however, to assume that the impact of information and communication technologies (ICTs) has been wholly positive. The implication of ICT for economies, locally, nationally or globally, can at times be divisive. The information divide is not limited to the ‘technology insiders’ and ‘technology outsiders’ of cyberspace (Floridi, 2001). Discussions regarding the accessibility of information and digital content have moved on from a focus on digital divide to a focus on social exclusion, which is a much more complex phenomenon.

    The concepts of social inclusion and social exclusion can be said to be the two ends of a continuum that relates to how much disadvantage an individual or group suffers in the society in which they live (Hayes, Gray and Edwards, 2009). Social exclusion is not always the result of an intentional act or of intentional policy.

  • 1 - Digital libraries and information access: introduction

    • By Gobinda G. Chowdhury, University of Technology, Sydney (UTS), Schubert Foo, College of Humanities, Arts and Social Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore
  • Edited by G. G. Chowdhury, Foo Schubert
  • Book:
    Digital Libraries and Information Access
    Published by:
    Facet
    Published online:
    08 June 2018
    Print publication:
    30 September 2012, pp 1-12

  • Summary

    Introduction

    Systematic research and development activities in digital libraries began just over 20 years ago, and during this short period of time the field of digital libraries has progressed significantly. Over the past two decades a large number of digital libraries have appeared in different countries that cover different subjects, and disciplines from health to science, engineering to arts and culture, and others. Likewise, digital libraries have been designed, developed and used by a wide range of user communities that include school children, academics, scholars, scientists and the general public. Different types of content have been created and stored in these digital library repositories, ranging from basic digital objects like photographs, music and film to more researchoriented scholarly, scientific and research data.

    Alongside this, a significant amount of resources and efforts have been invested in research into digital libraries that have given rise to over 8000 journal and conference papers and a large number of books, theses, research reports and other kinds of scholarly publications. Experts from a number of disciplines, like library and information science, computer science, engineering, psychology, business management, law, economics and others, have joined hands to address and resolve a variety of research issues and challenges associated with digital libraries.

    The field of digital libraries has evolved significantly over the past two decades, both in terms of the nature and characteristics of research and in terms of the objectives and functionalities of digital libraries. While the first phase of digital library research in the early 1990s put the focus on building technologies for management of large volumes of digital information for remote access, this focus subsequently shifted to users, usability and impact studies, open access and so on. Subsequently, with the rapid progress in web and social networking technologies, the focus of digital library research has been extended to new and upcoming challenges such as semantic access, social information retrieval and social network analysis (see for details, Theng et al., 2009; Borgman, 2007; Goh and Foo, 2007). Furthermore, digital library research that once focused primarily on content – books, journals, music, video etc. – is now being extended to managing research data as well as research output, i.e.

  • 12 - The usability of digital libraries

  • Edited by G. G. Chowdhury, Foo Schubert
  • Book:
    Digital Libraries and Information Access
    Published by:
    Facet
    Published online:
    08 June 2018
    Print publication:
    30 September 2012, pp 167-178

  • Summary

    Introduction

    Simply stated, the term ‘usability’ means how easily a product or a service can be used. In the context of digital libraries, usability studies involve both user studies and evaluation of digital library products and services. A number of models of usability have been proposed in the literature. However, usability studies originated in, and have been largely conducted in the context of, the field of human–computer interactions (HCI). Hearst (2009) comments that usability is an important quality of a user interface. Nielsen (2003, 2006) comments that usability depends on five qualities of the interface of an information service: learnability, efficiency, memorability, errors and satisfaction. These parameters focus on measuring the features of user interfaces and are built on the design guidelines of user interfaces proposed by Shneiderman and Plaisant (2010).

    However, the usability of a digital library is not limited to its interface features; rather, it should focus on the overall digital library service. Kuniavsky (2003) suggests that there are four major steps in a usability study of information systems:

  • Define the users and their goals.

  • Create tasks that address these goals.

  • Select a group of study participants for the usability study.

  • Watch them try to perform the specified tasks using the service or product whose usability is being measured.

    • While these guidelines may be used for conducting usability studies of digital libraries, a number of challenges are involved here. This chapter addresses these issues and, drawing examples from several usability studies, it discusses different approaches and techniques for conducting usability studies of digital libraries. Some socio-economic issues affecting the usability of digital libraries, such as the digital divide and emerging business models, are also mentioned.

    Usability

    ISO 9241 Part 11 (1998) defines usability as the extent to which a product can be used by specified users to achieve specified goals with effectiveness, efficiency and satisfaction in a specified context of use. This definition reminds us that the users should be able to use an information product or service with effectiveness, efficiency and satisfaction in a specified context of use.

  • 6 - The social element of digital libraries

    • By Natalie Pang, Wee Kim Wee School of Communication and Information, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore
  • Edited by G. G. Chowdhury, Foo Schubert
  • Book:
    Digital Libraries and Information Access
    Published by:
    Facet
    Published online:
    08 June 2018
    Print publication:
    30 September 2012, pp 83-96

  • Summary

    Introduction

    Since the 1990s much interest has been generated in digital libraries. This has led to several digital libraries conferences and journals, such as the International Conference of Asian Digital Libraries, the Joint Conference on Digital Libraries and the International Journal on Digital Libraries. Other than researchers, library practitioners have also shown much enthusiasm in digital libraries, with various initiatives by libraries to make digital libraries widely accessible, digitization projects and the development of document management systems. Over the years, digital libraries have broadened in their conceptualization and offer different connotations for both practitioners and researchers, although these meanings may not always be mutually exclusive.

    Such a broad conceptualization of digital libraries is not accidental, according to Borgman (1999). She offered the explanation that research on digital libraries had attracted a large number of scholars from various disciplines, such as information retrieval, library studies, archives and computer science. This community, consisting of practitioners and researchers, has worked at different stages of the life cycle of digital libraries, in both theoretical and applied aspects. This has further led to the emergence of several definitions of digital libraries, as shown in Table 6.1. In Borgman's (1999) paper, more sources discussing each definition can be found, but for the purposes of this chapter only those that are the most encompassing of the core elements of each definition are selected.

    In addition to the definitions provided by communities of both researchers and practitioners, Borgman (1999) also pointed out that none of these definitions recognizes the many digital databases that exist on the world wide web, CD-ROMs and the hidden web such as LexisNexis. Some of these databases may be viewed as ‘incomplete’ content collections, given that they may not be organized around the information needs of specific communities, and lack standards and cataloguing. Moreover, the world wide web is not an institution and therefore would not fit in with the definition of library practitioners. However, since Borgman's paper, various institutions have initiated projects to carry out large-scale digitization and made the results available on the world wide web.

  • 11 - Conclusion

  • Emma Dadson
  • Book:
    Emergency Planning and Response for Libraries, Archives and Museums
    Published by:
    Facet
    Published online:
    08 June 2018
    Print publication:
    24 August 2012, pp 221-222

  • Summary

    The bizarre feature of emergency planning and its surrounding training is that an organization hopes never to have to implement its content in a real situation that threatens people, collections, the building or the business, despite all the hard work invested in the creation of the document. As threats to collections can never be minimized absolutely, a residual risk will always remain and so emergency planning is required. Effective emergency planning should ensure that the response to any such incident operates as efficiently as possible.

    The book has demonstrated information that institutions globally have found useful when responding to heritage and information services collections under threat of damage, or wished that they had had in hindsight. If this emergency plan information is presented well, and colleagues are familiar with how to use and navigate the document, it should be extremely useful in a real incident. Having suggested formats for forms, content for salvage guidance notes and suggestions on how roles and responsibilities may be allocated, this should provide a useful point of comparison to any institution reviewing its existing plan or an institution starting from scratch. The most important aspects from practical disaster recovery experience are to ensure that staff are clear on their role and clear on what they are authorized to do if incident control is to operate smoothly.

    Every library, archive and museum is different. A bespoke plan must be crafted for each institution, working on the basis of formats suggested within this book and templates from other comparable institutions, but developed into something fully reflecting the dynamics of the individual institution. It may be tempting to copy another institution's document but such plans rarely work effectively.

    Training is key. A plan may have very good content, but if those implementing it lack familiarity or confidence in its content, the plan will not deliver operational effectiveness. Regular training will deliver real results if your plan has to be implemented in real situations.

  • 1 - Introduction

  • Emma Dadson
  • Book:
    Emergency Planning and Response for Libraries, Archives and Museums
    Published by:
    Facet
    Published online:
    08 June 2018
    Print publication:
    24 August 2012, pp 1-16

  • Summary

    A medical records store with unique, irreplaceable patient information in hard copy; a national museum whose galleries and stores are brimming with items of cultural significance; a public record office, home to a unique historical archive; a law firm, with wills and property deeds in its strongroom; a university library, an essential tool for students and academic staff in their studies and research: these institutions include library, archive and museum services, together with historic houses, but also encompass those engaged in the information services field such as records management services. All differ in scale, their core mission, staffing and clientbase, but are linked by the potential impact of an emergency incident such as a fire or flood affecting the collections they store. Objects may either be unique, culturally significant or extremely financially valuable, and therefore impossible or extremely costly to replace. In the case of records and modern library collections, damage or destruction of these items may significantly disrupt service provision, threaten significant reputational damage or breach regulatory requirements.

    Emergency response must be prompt, well organized and competent in order to protect collections, facilitating salvage and restoration at the earliest opportunity. The question is whether it is necessary to have a plan for such an emergency to ensure an adequate response. Can professional, capable individuals source the solutions required dynamically on the day to minimize damage without preparation? In an age where an internet search will list a dozen plumbers who would be able to repair a leaking pipe, or find websites detailing procedures for dealing with wet microfiche, is an emergency plan redundant? Surely common sense, a phone and internet access is all that is needed to resolve problems as they emerge on the day?

    Why is a plan important?

    More effective response through pre-incident planning

    Experiences from countless emergency salvage operations in such institutions indicate that disaster recovery is anything but straightforward. Preincident preparation is critical to maximize the success of salvage if the limited time after the incident before which existing damage will rapidly deteriorate can be used to greatest effect. Failure to respond quickly to an incident involving leaking of water, and organize staff and equipment to control and isolate the source of the damage, will potentially result in a leak of a longer duration, resulting in a much larger overall quantity of damaged material, which could have been avoided through quicker action.

  • 4 - Incident control

  • Emma Dadson
  • Book:
    Emergency Planning and Response for Libraries, Archives and Museums
    Published by:
    Facet
    Published online:
    08 June 2018
    Print publication:
    24 August 2012, pp 61-90

  • Summary

    Introduction

    The procedures an organization uses to report and respond to an incident – so that it is controlled and contained as quickly as possible – are discussed in this chapter. It examines how to organize a response to an emergency safely and sensibly in order to limit damage and subsequent impacts, and considers which incidents might constitute an ‘emergency’ and therefore fall within the scope of the plan.

    The impact of successful incident control

    If the first phase of incident response is managed successfully, its discovery, reporting and immediate control, the potential for reduction in damage and subsequent service disruption is significant. If 100 litres of water discharge from a burst pipe each minute, obviously swift control of the leak, containment of the seeping water, and protection of collections will all serve to minimize the impact of this emergency, potentially averting substantial damage to the collections and building.

    Unfortunately, this emergency phase can prove very challenging and very overwhelming. Some individuals can panic and start taking immediate action without any recourse to procedures, or even consideration of their own safety or that of others. Sometimes the shock of the situation can make individuals freeze, making action very difficult as the individual cannot think clearly or act decisively, as demonstrated in this account by Carrie Taylor of the Wordsworth Trust:

    No coherent thoughts raced through my head, only to contact the curator even though it was a Saturday. Within a minute other members of the security and estates team were assembled. Stopcocks needed to be located and at first noone could remember where they were, only the horror of uncertainty. We thought the main one was located in the road way under the snow and ice and it took some considerable time and effort to locate the grid.

    It can be very difficult to predict how individuals will react in these suddenly pressurized situations. Some individuals can remain composed and think about safety sensibly and take appropriate actions to contain the incident as quickly as possible with or without a plan. This is where a plan should fit in: it can corral a diverse group of people into responding to an emergency situation in the most appropriate way, which will ensure damage is minimized and safety risks are assessed and reduced.

  • 5 - Planning the recovery operation

  • Emma Dadson
  • Book:
    Emergency Planning and Response for Libraries, Archives and Museums
    Published by:
    Facet
    Published online:
    08 June 2018
    Print publication:
    24 August 2012, pp 91-110

  • Summary

    If the procedures for responding to emergencies that were given in Chapter 4 are followed, the emergency will be either under control or being controlled. Now the mitigation of the damage to collections, buildings and services begins. Some assessment of the scale and potential impact of the incident is required to formulate a strategy to minimize further damage. This phase can be simple for smallscale incidents but the response and recovery operation of major incidents must be project managed. In disaster recovery situations, time is limited before additional damage might occur and pragmatic decisions may be required.

    Emergency Management Team meeting

    Members of the emergency team should meet and decide their approach for managing the incident. If access to the building is possible ask some or all of the team to conduct a site tour, so they can observe the scale of the incident; this knowledge will be important in planning the recovery operation.

    If the area is not accessible, set up a control point (preidentify potential locations in the plan), which is private and where the response can be planned. It may be necessary to set up a separate area for communications, including dealing with the press. Liaison will be required with the emergency service personnel if they continue to control the site, but organization of disaster recovery should start using whatever information can be gleaned, including locations and levels of damage, the status of utilities, when access will be permitted and any anticipated structural damage. The fire service's commander will be positioned outside the building and one person from the Emergency Management Team should liaise with that person. If the damage is severe, it is crucial to ensure that the required resources are in position at full strength as soon as entry is permitted.

    If the overall volume of damage, range of objects affected and extent of water penetration inside the boxes are estimated it will help quantify the response required. Include a ‘readyreckoner’ in the plan, so that should there be water damage to the whole bottom row of a store, the Emergency Management Team can calculate the approximate number of crates that will be required.

  • 3 - Roles and responsibilities

  • Emma Dadson
  • Book:
    Emergency Planning and Response for Libraries, Archives and Museums
    Published by:
    Facet
    Published online:
    08 June 2018
    Print publication:
    24 August 2012, pp 43-60

  • Summary

    Introduction

    This chapter is designed to help readers work out how best to organize their team to manage the various activities that need to be completed if a plan is activated. If there is a major emergency, the tasks required for completion will broadly be the same regardless of the type of the institution: restoring the building and its contents, resuming services, and taking care of staff. Although the tasks are the same, one size does not fit all. Differences will emerge related to the varying sizes of institution and their staff, and differences in emphasis given to salvage of collections and business continuity. Some organizations have certain activities, particularly facilities and press functions, completed by colleagues in other departments. Each institution must work out how best to divide the tasks that are required for completion.

    The roles and responsibilities outlined here must be adapted when formulating or reviewing your emergency plan: the dissemination of the responsibilities will vary. The detail of how to approach this is discussed throughout this book. Practical experience indicates that giving individuals a clear notion of their role and what they are required, able and authorized to do makes response much quicker and clearer. Referring back to the template guidance referred to in Figure 1.4 (page 12), this chapter provides information on how to formulate your own Emergency Management Team and generic advice on what their roles should entail.

    Emergency response activities

    Consider an emergency such as a burst pipe, causing damage in a public area of a library across two floors. What will need to be organized in order to respond effectively to this incident? Someone will need to deal with the source of the water itself and try to isolate it. Services may be interrupted as people cannot use the affected area, rendering some parts of the collection inaccessible and limiting workspace. Items within your collection are becoming damaged and need to be protected.

    What about a power cut? What demands would that place on an archive? IT would be down. How long can services run on emergency lighting? Can a retrieval service operate? Is there any impact on the collections as a result of the sudden cessation of the environmental control system?

  • 10 - Ensuring the plan's efficacy

  • Emma Dadson
  • Book:
    Emergency Planning and Response for Libraries, Archives and Museums
    Published by:
    Facet
    Published online:
    08 June 2018
    Print publication:
    24 August 2012, pp 207-220

  • Summary

    It is vital to write a plan determining your emergency procedures, but this is only the initial step in ensuring you can make an effective emergency response. However good an emergency plan is in theory, additional effort is required to make sure that the content is well presented and userfriendly, and that staff can confidently and competently implement it.

    Making your plan user-friendly

    Consider the potential circumstances of implementing an emergency plan. It could be dark, your workplace under the control of the fire services, with an unknown amount of damage to collections you've striven for years to preserve. Good procedures and content are critical, but so is the presentation of that information. Where possible, use bullet points, tables and flowcharts to communicate procedures rather than prose. The rationale behind the instructions should already be understood by the Emergency Management Team through preincident training and familiarization. It should not be necessary to justify your recommended procedure with explanatory padding. Such information merely adds to the girth of the plan, which can make it unwieldy.

    It is very helpful to salvage volunteers if salvage information is presented in a table, with all relevant formats listed in the first column, followed by basic guidance on packing, airdrying and dealing with large incidents (as in Table 10.1 overleaf); this can act as an invaluable checklist. Instructions for individual formats on a single sheet can also be provided and included in kits in a larger font size, together with photographs of the techniques required. Laminate these if possible.

    Try to use a large font size. Avoid jargon wherever possible and use simple and direct language. Some institutions prefer to use paragraph numbering systems rather than bullets so that particular paragraphs can be referred to with maximum speed. Use page numbers and provide a contents page.

    Diagrams and photographs are very useful to demonstrate techniques that are complex to explain in text. A photograph of a wind tunnel may be easier to follow than written instructions on how to construct one. Disaster kits should have contents of containers listed, and individual paper types labeled so salvage staff can be reminded what they are for, as outlined in Chapter 7.

Page 203 of 302